This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D1998 − 21

Standard Specification for

Polyethylene Upright Storage Tanks1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1998; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-

1.1 This specification covers flat-bottom, upright, cylindri- dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
cal tanks molded in one-piece seamless construction by rota- ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tional molding. The tanks are molded from polyethylene for Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
above ground, vertical installation and are capable of contain- mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ing aggressive chemicals at atmospheric pressure. Included are Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, 2. Referenced Documents
dimensions, tolerances, workmanship and appearance. Tank
capacities are from 1900 L (500 gal) up. 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
1.2 This specification covers the design of stationery vessels D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
for use at atmospheric pressure intended for use with liquids D1693 Test Method for Environmental Stress-Cracking of
heated below their flash points and continuous service tem- Ethylene Plastics
peratures below 66°C (150°F) for Type I tanks and below 60°C D2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis
(140°F) for Type II tanks. for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design Basis
1.2.1 NFPA Standards 30 and NFPA 31 shall be consulted for Thermoplastic Pipe Products
for installations that are subject to the requirements of these D3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics
standards. D4703 Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic
1.3 For service requirements beyond the scope of this Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets
specification (1.2), such as externally imposed mechanical E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
forces, internal pressure or vacuum, higher temperature Determine the Precision of a Test Method
service, etc., other relevant sources of standards, for example, F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
local and state building codes, NFPA, ASME, ARM, etc., shall 2.2 OSHA Standard:
be consulted. 29 CFR 1910.106 Occupational Safety and Health
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Administration, Flammable and Combustible Liquids3
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 2.3 ANSI Standard:
only. B-16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings4
2.4 NFPA Standards:
NOTE 1—ISO 13341:2005+A1:2011 and ISO 13575:2012 are similar, 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquid Code5
but not equivalent to this standard.
31 Installation of Oil Burning Equipment5
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the 2.5 ISO Standards:6
test methods portion, Section 11, of this specification: This ISO 13341:2005+A1:2011 Static Thermoplastic Tanks for
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, the Above Ground Storage of Chemicals – Blow Moulded
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
2
environmental practices and determine the applicability of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
regulatory limitations prior to use. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200
Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210.
1 4
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
5
and Molded Products (Section D20.15.01). Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Current edition approved July 15, 2021. Published August 2021. Originally Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
6
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D1998 - 15. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D1998-21. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D1998 − 21
or Rotationally Moulded Polyethylene Tanks – Require- polyethylene shall be 197°C (390°F) and the platen shall be
ments and Test Methods kept closed under full pressure for five minutes at the specified
ISO 13575:2012 Static Thermoplastic Tanks for Above temperature in order to bring about the crosslinking reaction. If
Ground Storage of Domestic Heating Oils, Kerosene and the test specimens are rotational molded, the conditions for
Diesel Fuels – Blow Moulded and Rotationally Moulded rotational molding shall be similar to the conditions used for
Polyethylene Tanks and Rotationally Moulded Tanks molding a tank from this polyethylene.
Made of Anionically Polymerized Polyamide 6 – Require-
NOTE 2—The stress-cracking test is not used as an indicator of general
ments and Test Methods chemical resistance of a polyethylene. Refer to the polyethylene supplier’s
or molder’s chemical-resistance chart for information on the resistance of
3. Terminology the polyethylene to specific chemicals or products, or test specific
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this speci- products or chemicals prior to use.
fication and associated with plastics issues, refer to the termi- 5.2 All tanks used for outdoor installation shall contain an
nology contained in Terminologies D883 and F412 and the ultraviolet stabilizer at a level adequate to give protection for
Association of Rotational Molders (ARM) Glossary of Terms,7 the intended service life of the tanks. This stabilizer shall be
unless otherwise indicated. compounded into the polyethylene.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.3 Any pigments added must be compatible with the
3.2.1 bottom knuckle radius, n—the outside corner radius. polyethylene and shall not exceed 0.5 % dry blended, and 2 %
3.2.2 impact failure, n—any crack in the test specimen compounded in, of the total weight.
resulting from the impact and visible in normal room lighting NOTE 3—The use of dry-blended pigments can have an effect on
to a person with normal eyesight. physical properties, that is, impact strength.
3.2.3 rotational molding, n—a three-stage commercial pro- 5.4 Each resin used in designing tanks covered by this
cess consisting of loading the mold with powdered resin, specification shall have hydrostatic-hoop-stress data available.
fusing the resin by heating while rotating the mold about more
than one axis, and cooling and removing the molded article. 6. Design Requirements for Both Type I and Type II
3.2.4 service factor, n—a number less than 1.0 (that takes Tanks
into consideration all the variables and degrees of safety 6.1 Cylinder Shell (Unsupported Portion of Tanks)—The
involved in a polyethylene storage tank installation) that is minimum required wall thickness of the cylindrical shell at any
multiplied by the hydrostatic design basis to give the design fluid level (F) shall be determined by the following equations,
hoop stress. but shall not be less than 4.7 mm (0.187 in.) thick. The
tolerance indicated in 9.1.2 applies to these dimensions.
4. Classification
HL 5 HM 2 F (1)
4.1 Tanks meeting this specification are classified according
to type as follows, and it is the responsibility of the purchaser where:
to specify Type I or Type II: HL = head at level F, m (ft),
4.1.1 Type I—Tanks molded from cross-linkable polyethyl- HM = maximum fluid head, m (ft), and
ene. F = any fluid level, m (ft).
4.1.2 Type II—Tanks molded from non-cross-linkable poly- For illustration, see Fig. 1.
ethylene.
T 5 P 3 OD/2 SD (2)
5. Materials where:
5.1 This specification is based upon the use of 100 % virgin T = wall thickness, mm (in.),
polyethylene intended for the rotational molding process. Any P = pressure, MPa (0.0098 MPa/m-H2O × SG × HL (m)),
use of regrind, recycled or reprocessed materials, or combina- or psi (0.433 psi/ft-H2O × SG × HL (ft)),
tions of such materials, shall not rely upon the performance SG = specific gravity of fluid,
data of their original constituents, but must meet the require- HL = head at level F, m (ft),
ments of this specification in its own right. OD = outside diameter of tank, mm (in.), and
5.1.1 The polyethylene shall have a stress-cracking resis- SD = hydrostatic design stress, MPa (psi).
tance of 500 h minimum F50 in accordance with Test Method 6.1.1 The hydrostatic design stress that is used to determine
D1693, Condition A, full-strength stress-cracking agent. The the minimum wall thickness at any fluid level must be based on
test specimens shall be compression molded or rotational hoop stress data for the resin. The hoop stress data, obtained in
molded. If compression molded, Procedure C of Annex A1 of accordance with the procedures of Test Method D2837, pro-
Practice D4703 shall be followed for both types of polyethyl- vide a hydrostatic-design-basis for the resin. The hydrostatic-
ene with a minimum platen temperature of 177°C (350°F) for design-basis must be reduced by a service factor to determine
Type II materials. The temperature for Type I (cross-linkable) the actual hydrostatic design stress. The maximum service
factor shall be 0.5 for wall thicknesses less than 9.5 mm (0.375
7
Available from Association of Rotational Molders, 800 Roosevelt Road, C-312, in.). For thicknesses equal to or greater than 9.5 mm (0.375
Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, tel: 630-942-6589. in.), the maximum service factor shall be 0.475. For example,

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 D1998 − 21

FIG. 1 Illustration of Cylinder Shell

if the hydrostatic-design-basis for the resin is 8.7 MPa (1260 7. Fittings

psi), the hydrostatic design stress for a tank with wall thickness 7.1 Fabricated nozzles, gaskets, and other fitting accessories
greater than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) is 0.475 × 8.7 = 4.1 MPa (or must be chemically compatible with the materials to be
0.475 × 1260 = 600 psi). handled in the tanks.
6.1.2 Tank hoop stresses shall be derated for service above
23°C (73.4°F). 7.2 Openings that are cut in tanks to install fittings must not
have sharp corners. Holes shall have minimum clearance to
6.2 Cylinder Shell (Externally Supported Tanks)—The mini- insure best performance of fittings.
mum required wall thickness for the cylinder straight shell
7.3 The size, location, and specification, and so forth, for
must be sufficient to support its own weight in an upright
manways and fittings shall be agreed upon between the
position without any external support, but shall not be less than
purchaser and the manufacturer.
4.7 mm (0.187 in.) thick. The tolerance indicated in 9.1.2
applies to these dimensions. 7.4 The vents must comply with OSHA 1910.106 (F) (iii)
(2) (IV) (9) normal venting for atmospheric tanks, or other
6.3 Top Head—Must be integrally molded with the cylinder accepted standard, or shall be at least as large as the filling or
shell. The minimum thickness of the top head shall be equal to withdrawal connection, whichever is larger but in no case less
the top of the straight wall. than 25.4 mm (1 in.) nominal inside diameter.
6.4 Bottom Head—Must be integrally molded with the 7.5 Fittings installed in tanks shall be of appropriate
cylinder shell. The minimum thickness for a full-supported strength to meet manufacturer and purchaser specifications.
flat-bottom head shall be 4.7 mm (0.187 in.). The radius of the
bottom knuckle of a flat-bottom tank shall not be less than 25.4 7.6 Bolts securing mechanical fittings must be manufac-
mm (1 in.) for tanks with a diameter less than 1.8 m (6 ft) and tured of materials compatible with tank contents.
38.1 mm (1.5 in.) for a diameter greater than 1.8 m (6 ft). The 7.7 Provisions shall be made to attach hold-down devices to
minimum thickness of the radius shall not be less than the the tanks for outdoor service.
maximum thickness of the cylinder wall. 7.8 For all flanged connectors, the flange drilling and
6.5 Bottom Knuckle Radius—The minimum thickness of the bolting shall be in accordance with ANSI/ASME B-16.5 for
outer radius shall not be less than the maximum thickness of 150 psi (1 MPa) pressure class straddling the principal center-
the cylinder wall. line of the vessel.
NOTE 4—Since it is difficult to control the absolute radius dimension 8. Performance Requirements
and, in the absence of any FEA or scientific analysis, it is recommended
that the outside radius of the bottom knuckle of a flat-bottom tank not be 8.1 The following performance requirements shall be met
less than 25.4 mm (1 in.) for tanks with a diameter less than 1.8 m (6 ft) by Type I and Type II tanks:
and 38.1 mm (1.5 in.) for a diameter greater than 1.8 (6 ft).
8.1.1 Low-Temperature Impact—Low-temperature impact
6.6 Open-Top Tanks—The top edge of open tanks shall be shall be determined using the test method described in 11.3.
reinforced by design to maintain its shape after installation. The requirements for Type I and Type II tanks are as follows:

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 D1998 − 21

Impact energy, 11.3.1 Scope—This test method is for the determination of

Wall thickness, mm (in.)
min. J (ft-lb) the impact property of rotational-molded polyethylene tanks at
4.7 mm (0.187 in.) to and including 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) 122.0 (90)
low temperature. The test method is used on tanks molded from
6.6 mm (0.26 in.) to and including 12.9 mm (0.50 in.) 135.5 (100) both crosslinked and non-crosslinked polyethylenes.
12.9 mm (0.51 in.) to and including 19.3 mm (0.75 in.) 203.2 (150) 11.3.2 Summary of Test Method—Test specimens are cut
19.3 mm (0.76 in.) to and including 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) 271.0 (200)
Greater than 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) 271.0 (200) from available areas on the tank and conditioned at −29°C
(−20°F) for a specified time. A suitable type of test apparatus
8.1.2 Percent Gel, for Type I Tanks Only—The percent gel
is shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The specimens are placed,
level shall be determined using the test method described in
inside-surface down, in the sample holder and immediately
11.4. The percent gel level for Type I tanks on the inside 3.2
impacted from a prescribed height with a dart of specified
mm (0.125 in.) of the wall shall be a minimum of 60 %.
weight and tip radius. The specimen is observed for failure on
both surfaces. The test prescribes a minimum impact value that
9. Dimensions and Tolerances
the specimen must pass.
9.1 General—All dimensions will be taken with the tank in 11.3.3 Significance and Use:
the vertical position, unfilled. Tank dimensions will represent 11.3.3.1 The dart impact test at −29°C (−20°F) produces a
the exterior measurements. value that is used as an indication of the quality of the tank. If
9.1.1 Outside Diameter—The tolerance for the outside the molding conditions were inadequate and a homogenous
diameter, including out of roundness, shall be 63 %. melt was not obtained, the impact will likely be low. Higher
9.1.2 Shell Wall and Head Thickness—The tolerance for impact values are obtained with ideal molding conditions
average thickness at each elevation shall be − 10 % of the indicating that a quality part with good impact resistance has
design thickness on the low side and shall be unlimited on the been molded.
high side. The tolerance for individual audit readings shall be 11.3.3.2 The impact test gives a true indication of how well
limited to − 20 % of the design thickness. The total amount of the tank was molded.
surface area on the low side of the tolerance shall not exceed 11.3.4 Procedure:
10 % of the total surface area. 11.3.4.1 Cut specimens to loosely fit the 127 mm by 127
9.1.3 Placement of Fittings—The tolerance for fitting place- mm (5 in. by 5 in.) sample holder (See Fig. 3). Specimens shall
ments shall be 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) in elevation and 2° radial at be approximately 127 mm by 127 mm (5 in. by 5 in.), or the
ambient temperature. maximum size available. In those tanks where specimens of the
above size are not available, the supplier must show correlation
10. Workmanship data between the smaller size and the recommended size.
10.1 Type I finished tank walls shall be free, as commer-
cially practicable, of visual defects such as foreign inclusions,
air bubbles, pinholes, pimples, crazing, cracking and delami-
nations that will impair the serviceability of the vessel. Fine
bubbles are acceptable with Type II tanks to the degree to
which they do not interfere with proper fusion of the resin melt.
10.2 The acceptable finish shall be predetermined by agree-
ment between the molder and the buyer.

11. Test Methods

11.1 Test Specimens—Test specimens shall be taken from an
area that is representative of the bottom side wall. If no
representative sample cut-out area in the tank is available, test
specimens shall be molded in a test mold. In either case, prior
testing shall verify that the tank wall and the test specimen
have equal impact resistance.
11.1.1 The test mold shall be constructed of the same type
material and have the same wall thickness as the tank mold.
The thickness of the specimen from a test mold shall be the
same as the thickness of the bottom sidewall within the
tolerances as defined in 9.1.2. The test mold shall be molded
with each tank.
11.2 Conditioning—If requested, test specimens shall be
conditioned at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 10 %
relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to testing in
accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618.
11.3 Low-Temperature Impact Test: FIG. 2 Dart Drop Impact Test Apparatus

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 D1998 − 21

FIG. 3 Dart Drop Impact Test Apparatus

11.3.4.2 Cool bath to −29°C (−20°F) by immersing small specimens. The test apparatus is shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
quantities of dry ice in isopropyl alcohol used as the bath 11.3.5 Report the Following Information:
medium or chill the specimens in a freezer if available. 11.3.5.1 Identification of the tank,
(Warning—Care shall be exercised as the dry ice will agitate 11.3.5.2 Date of test,
the solution violently.) 11.3.5.3 Impact energy used for the test in J (ft-lb), and
NOTE 5—An alternative temperature for impact is −40°C (−40°F) or, in 11.3.5.4 Pass or fail.
some cases, the service temperature. In applications that have a service 11.3.6 Precision and Bias:
temperature between −29°C (−20°F) and −40°C (−40°F), either the ser- 11.3.6.1 Table 1 is based on a round robin conducted in
vice temperature or −40°C (−40°F) shall be used. For applications that 1991 in accordance with Practice E691, involving two mate-
have a service temperature below −40°C (−40°F), the impact temperature
shall be at or below the service temperature.
rials tested by seven laboratories and two materials tested by
four laboratories. For each material, all of the samples were
11.3.4.3 Immerse the specimens in the bath for a minimum molded at one source. Each laboratory tested 20 specimens of
of 30 min while maintaining the bath temperature. More a material on two different days under the same conditions.
immersion time is required for specimens greater than 6.4 mm 11.3.6.2 Table 2 is based on a round robin conducted in
(0.25 in.) thick or for specimens chilled in air instead of 1988 in accordance with Practice E691, involving two mate-
alcohol. A minimum of two hours is required for air chilled rials tested by seven laboratories. For each material, all the
specimens.
11.3.4.4 Remove specimens from the freezer or bath one at
a time. Within five seconds, release the dart and impact each TABLE 1 Precision Summary—Impact Strength at –29°C (–20°F)
specimen on the outer surface. Use the impact energy specified
Material Average Sr A SR B Vr C VR C rD RD
in 8.1.1 as calculated by multiplying the nominal dart weight
6 44.4 9.1 11.7 20.5 26.4 25.6 32.8
(known to 61 %) by the drop height (Fig. 2). The specimen 3 119.8 7.3 11.4 6.1 9.5 20.4 31.9
shall not fail at the specified impact energy (see 3.2.2 for the 4 119.8 3.1 15.4 2.6 12.9 8.6 63.1
definition of failure). Whenever possible, choose a dart weight 5 121.6 6.6 26.3 3.8 20.0 12.8 67.9
A
that permits the drop height to be between 0.8 and 2.3 m (2.5 B
Sr is the within laboratory repeatability.
SR is the between laboratory reproducibility.
and 7.5 ft) in order to minimize the effect of velocity on the C
Vr and VR are the coefficients of variation (standard deviation expressed as a
result of the test. percent of the average).
D
r and R are the 95 % limits for a single sample for repeatability and reproducibility
NOTE 6—Ductile failures indicate proper molding for Type I and Type respectively.
II tanks, while cracking or shattering indicates improperly molded

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 D1998 − 21
TABLE 2 Precision Summary—Impact Strength at –40°C (–40°F) measure of the extent of the crosslinking network, but indi-
Material Average Sr A SR B Vr C VR C rD RD rectly serves to provide a good measure of the crosslinking. It
2 155.5714 5.1686 16.3623 3.3 10.5 14.472045.8146 is, therefore, valuable as a test for the quality of the crosslinked
1 167.6429 6.2393 13.6268 3.7 8.1 17.470038.1551 polyethylene part.
Average: 3.5 9.3
A
11.4.4 Apparatus:8
Sr is the within laboratory repeatability.
B
SR is the between laboratory reproducibility.
11.4.4.1 Extraction Apparatus:
C
Vr and VR are the coefficients of variation (standard deviation expressed as a (1) Resin Kettle 2-L
percent of the average). (2) Heating Mantle 2-L
D
r and R are the 95 % limits for a single sample for repeatability and reproducibility
respectively. (3) Clamp, Resin Kettle
(4) Condenser, with ground taper joint to fit hole in resin
kettle lid
(5) Variable Transformer
samples were prepared at one source, but the individual
(6) Stand with clamp to support the kettle and condenser
specimens were prepared at the laboratories that tested them.
(7) Metal pan, for setting the apparatus in to retain the
Each test result was the average of 20 individual determina-
o-xylene in the event the kettle breaks
tions. Each laboratory obtained two test results for each
11.4.4.2 Analytical Balance, that weighs to four decimal
material. (Warning—The following explanations of r and R
places.
are only intended to present a meaningful way of considering
11.4.4.3 Stainless Steel Screen, 100-mesh.
the approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table
11.4.4.4 Muffle Furnace.
1 and Table 2 shall not be rigorously applied to acceptance or
11.4.4.5 Forced-Draft Oven.
rejection of material, as those data are specific to the round
11.4.4.6 Reagents:
robin and are not necessarily representative of other lots,
(1) O-xylene, technical grade
conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of this test method
(2) Cyanox 2246, antioxidant9 or equivalent (2,2’-
shall apply the principles outlined in Practice E691 to generate
Methylenebis(4–methyl-6–tert-butylphenol))
data specific to their laboratory and materials, or between
11.4.5 Hazards:
specific laboratories. The principles shown below would then
11.4.5.1 Care shall be exercised in handling o-xylene. The
be valid for such data.)
Material Safety Data Sheet shall be consulted prior to its use.
11.3.6.3 Concept of r and R—If Sr and SR have been
O-xylene is listed in Subpart Z—Toxic and Hazardous Sub-
calculated from a large-enough body of data, and for test
stances of 29 CFR Ch. VII (7-1-88 Edition). Other applicable
results that were averages from testing 20 specimens:
EPA and government standards shall also be consulted.
(1) Repeatability, r—In comparing two test results for the
11.4.6 Test Specimens:
same material, obtained by the same operator using the same
11.4.6.1 The test specimen shall be from the 3.2 mm (0.125
equipment on the same day, the two test results shall be judged
in.) thickness of the interior wall of Type I tanks. It shall be
not equivalent if they differ by more than the r value for that
cleanly cut so there are no frayed edges or corners.
material.
11.4.6.2 The specimen shall be taken from a manway, drain
(2) Reproducibility, R—In comparing two test results for
opening or similar area that is normally removed from the tank
the same material, obtained by different operators using differ-
before use.
ent equipment on different days, the two test results shall be
11.4.7 Procedure:
judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the R value
11.4.7.1 Weigh a 0.3 g specimen cut from the molded part to
for the material.
60.0002 g. Record the specimen weight as W1.
(3) Any judgment in accordance with (1) or (2) would have
11.4.7.2 Cut a 35 by 76 mm (1.5 by 3 in.) piece of 100-mesh
an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being correct.
stainless steel screen for each specimen. Clean the screen with
11.3.6.4 There are no recognized standards by which to
o-xylene, rinse with acetone, and dry in a stream of air.
estimate the bias of this test method.
11.4.7.3 Fold the screen to form a 38 by 38 mm (1.5 by 1.5
11.4 O-Xylene-Insoluble Fraction (Gel Test): in.) square. Make a fold about 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in.) along each of the
11.4.1 Scope—This test method is for determination of the two open edges to form a pouch, and staple the folds.
ortho-xylene insoluble fraction (gel) of crosslinked polyethyl- 11.4.7.4 Place the specimen into the screen pouch, fold the
ene. (Type I tanks) remaining edge, staple the fold and identify each screen with a
11.4.2 Summary of Test Method—A weighed specimen of metal tag. Do not squeeze the pouch sides together. Leave
the crosslinked polyethylene sample is placed in a screen space for the specimen to swell. Weigh the sample plus screen
container and the total weight is taken. The container is to 60.0002 g and record this weight as W2.
submerged in boiling o-xylene overnight, which dissolves the
NOTE 7—An alternative specimen holder is a reusable cage made from
uncross-linked portion of the sample. The container with the
specimen is dried in an oven and weighed. The percentage gel
content is calculated from the weight loss and the original 8
Suitable apparatus is available from many laboratory supply firms.
9
specimen weight. The sole source of supply of this reagent known to the committee at this time
is Cytec Industries, Inc., Five Garret Mountain Plaza, West Paterson, NJ 07424. If
11.4.3 Significance of Test—The o-xylene insoluble portion
you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
(gel) of crosslinked polyethylene is an indication of the amount International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
of crosslinking in the polyethylene. The gel is not a direct meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.

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100-mesh stainless steel screen as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. A size of
15.2 mm by 35.6 mm (0.6 in. by 1.4 in.) has been found satisfactory for
the cage. The cages must be cleaned after each test by burning off
remaining polyethylene at 427°C (800°F) for approximately 30 min in a
muffle furnace.
11.4.7.5 Place 1500 mL of o-xylene and 10 g of Cyanox
2246 or equivalent antioxidant in the resin kettle and heat to
reflux.
NOTE 8—The antioxidant is added to prevent further crosslinking of the
polymer during the extraction.
11.4.7.6 Suspend the sample screen in the refluxing solvent
for 16 h. An overnight run is convenient.
NOTE 9—Do not test more than eight specimens per run to avoid
saturating the solvent with dissolved polyethylene.
11.4.7.7 Remove the sample screen while hot and dry to
constant weight (W3) in a forced-draft oven at 170°C (338°F)
for about two h. FIG. 5 Gel Cage
11.4.8 Calculation:
TABLE 3 Precision Summary—O-Xylene Insoluble Fraction (Gel)
@ W 1 2 ~ W 2 2 W 3 ! # 3 100
Gel Weight, % 5 (3) MaterialA Average Sr B SR C Vr D VR rE RE
W1 D

where: 6 79.9605 2.4733 4.1864 3.1 5.2 6.9251 11.7219

5 81.9357 2.1598 3.4861 2.6 4.3 6.0475 9.7612
W1 = weight of sample, g, 4 82.1852 1.2954 3.0863 1.6 3.8 3.6271 8.6415
W2 = weight of sample plus screen, g, and 1 84.1072 1.6594 2.9802 2.0 3.5 4.6462 8.3447
W3 = weight of sample plus screen after extraction, g. 7 84.6600 2.0078 2.9978 2.4 3.5 5.6219 8.3938
8 85.4129 1.7201 3.2507 2.0 3.8 4.8164 9.1019
11.4.9 Report the Following Information: 3 91.4138 2.9248 5.1655 3.2 5.7 8.1894 14.4633
11.4.9.1 Identification of the tank, 2 92.5576 0.9363 1.8244 1.0 2.0 2.6217 5.1083
Average: 2.2 4.0
11.4.9.2 Date of the test, and A
The thicknesses of the molded samples from which the specimens were taken
11.4.9.3 Percentage of gel determined in 11.4.8. were as follows:
11.4.10 Precision and Bias: in. mm
11.4.10.1 Table 3 is based on a round robin conducted in 6 >3 ⁄ 4 >19
5 > 1⁄ 2 >13
1989 in accordance with Practice E691, involving eight mate- 4 > ⁄4
1 >6
rials tested by seven laboratories. For each material, all the 1 1 ⁄4 6
samples were prepared at one source, but the individual 7 > 3⁄ 4 >19
8 1⁄ 4 6
specimens were prepared at the laboratories that tested them. 3 1⁄ 2 13
Each test result was the average of two individual determina- 2 1⁄ 4 6
tions. Each laboratory obtained three test results for each The materials were the same for samples (2 and 3), (4, 5 and 6) and (7 and 8).
Sample 1 was different from the others.
material. (Warning—The following explanations of r and R B
Sr is the within-laboratory repeatability and
are only intended to present a meaningful way of considering C
SR is the between-laboratory reproducibility
D
Vr and VR are the coefficients of variation (standard deviation expressed as a
percent of the average)

the approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table

3 shall not be rigorously applied to acceptance or rejection of
material, as those data are specific to the round robin and are
not necessarily representative of other lots, conditions,
materials, or laboratories. Users of this test method shall apply
the principles outlined in Practice E691 to generate data
specific to their laboratory and materials, or between specific
laboratories. The principles shown below would then be valid
for such data.)
11.4.10.2 Concept of r and R—If Sr and SR have been
calculated from a large enough body of data, and for test results
that were averages from testing two specimens:
(1) Repeatability, r—In comparing two test results for the
FIG. 4 Gel Cage same material, obtained by the same operator using the same

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 D1998 − 21
equipment on the same day, the two test results shall be judged 13. Packing, Packaging and Marking
not equivalent if they differ by more than the r value for that 13.1 All packing, packaging, and marking provisions of
material. Practice D3892 shall apply to this specification.
(2) Reproducibility, R—In comparing two test results for
the same material, obtained by different operators using differ- 14. Shipping
ent equipment on different days, the two test results shall be 14.1 Since there are variations in methods of shipping and
judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the R value handling, the manufacturer’s instructions shall be followed in
for the material. all cases.
(3) Any judgment in accordance with (1) or (2) would have
an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being correct. 14.2 A suitable means shall be provided, if required, at the
11.4.10.3 There are no recognized standards by which to open end of open-top tanks to keep the loaded tank rigid.
estimate the bias of this test method. 14.3 All fittings and flange faces shall be protected from
11.5 Visual Inspection—The tank shall be visually inspected damage by covering with suitable plywood, hardboard or
to determine such qualities as are discussed in the Workman- plastic securely fastened. Tanks shall be positively vented at all
ship Section. times.
11.6 Water Test—Each tank shall be hydrostatically tested 14.4 Pipe and tubing, fittings and miscellaneous small parts
by the supplier by filling the tank completely with water. The shall be packaged. Loose items that scratch the interior surface
tank shall also be pre-tested at the time of installation by the shall not be placed inside the tank during shipment. Additional
user by filling the tank completely with water. Such a test also protection, such as battens, end wrapping, cross bracing, or
allows final inspection for proper installation of all fittings. other interior fastenings shall be used as required to assure such
individual equipment pieces are not damaged in transit.
12. Marking 14.5 Upon arrival at the destination, the purchaser shall be
12.1 The tank shall be marked to identify the producer, date responsible for inspection for damage in transit. If damage has
(month and year) of manufacturer, capacity, maximum specific occurred, a claim should be filed with the carrier by the
gravity of tank design, serial number and Type I or Type II. The purchaser. The supplier shall be notified if the damage is not
marking shall be permanent. first repaired by the fabricator prior to the tank being put into
service. The purchaser accepts all future responsibility for the
12.2 The proper caution or warning signs as prescribed by effects of the tank failure resulting from damage.
OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910.106 shall be affixed to the tank.
12.3 Tank capacity shall be based on the fluid level used to 15. Keywords
determine the minimum wall thickness as defined in 6.1. 15.1 polyethylene; tanks; upright

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, D1998 - 15,
that may impact the use of this standard. (July 15, 2021)

(1) Adopted terminology statement from ASTM D4968 for (2) Removed the word “may” from Note 3.
Section 3.

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