Format Presentation Day 1 - ADx

Flow Assurance
Ahmed Dahroug
Schlumberger Flow Assurance
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Day 1: Introduction, Classification, Sampling
& PVT Analysis
Definition of flow assurance

Reservoir fluids & phase behavior
Organic Solids - asphaltene, wax & hydrates
Inorganic solids (scales), soaps & mercury
Heavy oil, foams, emulsions, erosion , corrosion and sands
Representative fluid sampling technologies
Laboratory PVT measurements methodologies
Theory of thermodynamic fluid modeling
Field example: effect of oil-based mud contamination on fluid properties
Classroom exercise - Thermodynamic fluid properties modeling
2 AJ
11/4/2010
Flow Assurance
“Maintain flow from pore to process”

Deepwater Challenges
Colder temperatures
Greater hydrostatic head
Longer tiebacks, and hence complex thermo-
hydraulic fluid behaviour
Gas condensate production
Organic/Inorganic solids precipitations
Commingled production – complex fluid
systems
Reservoir Complexity - shallow reservoir,
HPHT, compartmentalised, …
Reduce uncertainties and minimize risks
CAPEX versus OPEX

Flow Hindrance Elements –
Especially Critical in Offshore Arena Fluid Properties - PVT
FluidFlow & Heat
Transfer
Oilfield Scales
Asphaltene
Wax
Hydrate
Scales
Naphthenates - Soaps
Heavy Oils
Foams/Emulsions
Mercury
Corrosions/Erosions/Sand
Understanding the fundamentals of these elements are the
key to design management strategy
4 AD
11/4/2010
Actual Extended Chromatogram
5 AD
11/4/2010Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Compositional Analysis
Component MW Flashed Gas Flashed Liquid Monophasic Fluid

(g/mole) WT % MOLE % WT % MOLE % WT % MOLE %
Carbon Dioxide 44.01 0.27 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.08
Hydrogen Sulfide 34.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nitrogen 28.01 0.23 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.10
Methane 16.04 65.31 85.19 0.00 0.00 7.45 51.79
Ethane 30.07 6.12 4.26 0.00 0.00 0.70 2.59
Propane 44.10 9.55 4.53 0.06 0.36 1.15 2.90
I - Butane 58.12 2.13 0.77 0.04 0.17 0.28 0.53
N - Butane 58.12 6.66 2.40 0.20 0.85 0.93 1.79
I - Pentane 72.15 2.91 0.84 0.26 0.89 0.56 0.86
N - Pentane 72.15 1.86 0.54 0.25 0.86 0.43 0.66
C6 84.00 2.44 0.61 0.94 2.82 1.11 1.47
M-C-Pentane 84.16 0.53 0.13 0.33 1.00 0.36 0.47
Benzene 78.11 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.05 0.07
Cyclohexane 84.16 0.20 0.05 0.24 0.71 0.23 0.31
C7 96.00 0.82 0.18 1.22 3.19 1.17 1.36
6 AJ
11/4/2010
McCain’s Generalizations for Fluid Types
Black oil Volatile Oil Retrograde Wet Gas Dry Gas
Gas
Initial producing <1,750 1,750 – >3,200 >15,000* 100,000*

GOR, scf/STB 3,200
Initial stock-tank <45 >40 >40 up to 70 No liquid

liquid gravity,
o
API
Color of stock- Dark Colored Lightly colored Water white No liquid
tank liquid
Phase change in Bubble point Bubble point Dew Point No phase No phase
reservoir change change
Heptane-plus, > 20 20 – 12.5 <12.5 <4* <0.7*

mole %
Oil FVF at <2.0 >2.0 - - -

bubble point
7 AJ
11/4/2010
Range of Composition by Fluid Type
Dry Gas Wet Gas Volatile Black
Gas Condensate Oil Oil
N2 0.3 0.2 3.68 1.21 0.36
CO2 1.1 2.1 1.28 2.10 0.29
C1 90.0 85.0 85.2 60.50 23.97
C2 4.9 4.7 5.36 7.75 6.42
C3 1.7 3.2 1.75 4.75 7.64
i-C4 0.6 1.2 0.36 2.27 1.79
n-C4 0.5 1.0 0.46 2.01 5.29
i-C5 0.3 0.9 0.19 1.96 2.98
n-C5 0.2 0.8 0.16 0.88 3.27
C6 0.2 0.3 0.22 1.90 4.85
C7 +0.2 +0.6 0.39 2.51 7.09
C8 0.44 2.45 7.67
C9 0.20 1.68 5.19
C10 0.12 1.45 4.47
C11 0.06 1.05 2.96
C12+ 0.15 5.53 15.76
8 AJ
Phase Behavior
Phase behavior of a reservoir fluid over a range of P&T is an “average” of the phase
behavior of each of the pure components within the fluid
P-v diagram 1
component
P-T diagram 1 component

one unique pressure at
which two phases exist for a
given temperature
9 AJ
11/4/2010
P-T Diagram – 2 components
range of pressures at which two
phases exist for a given
temperature
10 AJ
11/4/2010
Fluid Classification – Dry Gas
Liquid
A Original
reservoir
conditions
Pressure
Critical
Point
Liquid % 100
75
50
25
0 Gas
Stock tank
B
Tatm Tr
Temperature
11 AJ
11/4/2010
Fluid Classification – Wet Gas
Liquid
Critical Point A Original
reservoir
conditions
Pressure
% liquid 100
75 Separator
50
25 Stock tank Gas
5
0 B
Tatm Tres
Temperature
12 AJ
11/4/2010
Fluid Classification - Condensate
Undersaturated
Liquid Critical Point A`
A
Saturated
% liquid
Pressure
100 Retrograde
75 B
Separator
50
25 C Gas
5 Stock tank
0
Tatm Tres
Temperature
13 AJ
11/4/2010
Fluid Classification – Black Oil
A`
Liquid
100
A Critical Point
Pressure
75
Dew-Point
Point Curve
50
Separator 25
Stock tank
B
C 0 Gas
Tatm Tres
Temperature
14 AJ
11/4/2010

Classification of Hydrocarbons - Summary
+ GOR + Saturation Pressure
15 AJ
11/4/2010
Hydrocarbon Classifications - Chemistry
Normal-paraffins (Alkanes)
CnH2n+2
Structure Formula Name Abbr.
H
H-C -H CH4 Metha ne C1
H
HH C 2H6 Etha ne C2
H-C -C-H
HH
CnH2n+2
Isomers of Alkanes (Isoparaffins)
Structure Formula Name Abbr.
-C-C-C-C-C- C 5H 12 n-Pentane n-C5
C 5H 12 iso-Pentane i-C5
-C-C-C-C-
C
C neo-Pentane i-C5
C 5H 12
-C-C-C-
C
16 AJ
11/4/2010
Hydrocarbon Classifications - Chemistry
Cyclo Alkanes (cyclo-paraffins or naphtenes) C nH 2n
S tru c tu re F o rm u la Nam e A b b r.
C
C C C5H10 C y c lo p e n ta n e C5
C -- C
CH3
C C6H12 M e th y l C y c lo p e n ta n e C6
C C
C -- C
C
C C C y c lo h e x a n e C6
C C C6H12
C
C 6 H 6 - n (C H 2 )
Arenes (Aromatics) S t r u ct u r e Fo r m u l a N ame A b b r.
C
C C C6 H6 Be n z e n e C6
C C
C
CH3
C To lue n e C7
C7 H8
C C
C C
C
CH3
C
C C C8 H1 0 Xy le n e C8
C C
C
CH3
17 AJ
11/4/2010 Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved
Fluid Classification by Viscosities, Densities & oAPI
Viscosity 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000

(mPa, cP)
Light Heavy Tar Sand

Crude Oil Crude Oil Oil (Bitumen)
Density (kg/m3) 802 934 966 1000 1076

Gravity (°API) 45 20 15 10 5
18 AJ
11/4/2010
Simplified View Of Petroleum
Asphaltene
Resin
Aromatic
Saturate
19 AJ
11/4/2010
Crude oil composition
COLLOIDAL THEORY
CONTINUOUS PHASE DISPERSE PHASE

MALTHENES
SATURATES AROMATICS RESINS ASPHATENES
PARAFFINS BENZENE
NAPHTENS TOLUENE
XYLENE
20 AJ
11/4/2010
Typical Aromatic & Resin Components
Aromatics
OH
Resins
S
21 AJ
11/4/2010
Hypothetical Structure Of Asphaltene
CH
3
CH N
3
CH
3
N CH
S 3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
22 AJ
11/4/2010
Asphaltene Precipitation
Changes in pressure change the fluid density

asphaltenes precipitation deposition
Mixing the reservoir fluids with a different gas

asphaltene problems. Lean gas or CO2 for enhanced oil
recovery destabilize asphaltene in the crude oil
Stimulation practices (acidizing) destabilize asphaltene

equilibrium asphaltene problems.
23 AJ
11/4/2010
Roles of Asphaltene
Wax crystallization nucleus

Emulsifier
Oil wets inorganic particulates
Binding agent
Aromatic
s
Paraffin,
Naphteni
c and
olefin
Molecule
s
Resin
s
Asphaltenes
24 AJ
11/4/2010
Deposition Sites
The deposition occurs in:
• Near Wellbore & Perforation Decreases production and
• Wellbore & Production tubing reduces equipment
• Wellhead efficiency and reliability
• Flow lines
• Surface separation facilities
Flowlines
Wellhead
1000
PRODUCTION (BOD)
Asphaltene
Deposition
100 Event
TIME
25 AJ
11/4/2010
Impact of Asphaltene Deposition
Slow irreversible process.
Reservoir
• Near wellbore asphaltene deposition can severely impair inflow performance
Tubing.
• Deposits can restrict tubing diameter reducing outflow performance
• Deposits can foul operating equipment: GLV’s, SSSV’s , etc
Surface Facilities
• Can Stabilize emulsion
• Plugging first stage gas separator, can lead to pressure build up.
• Plugging compressor inlet, leading to starving
• Solid disposal problem
26 AJ
11/4/2010
Asphaltene Precipitation and Deposition in Near Wellbore
4,000 4,000
High permeability Low permeability
3,000 2,000
27 AJ
11/4/2010
Paraffin Wax Definition
Waxes are higher molecular weight saturated carbons (>C20)
mainly from normal paraffins CnH2n+2 plus minor isoparaffins,
naphthenes and appreciable aromatic content.
Tend to precipitate when temperatures are reduced
Precipitates as crystalline waxy solids.
28 AJ
11/4/2010
Paraffin Wax Definition
Branched chain alkanes have a lower melting point compared to a similar straight chain length.
Branched molecules do not pack so easily when they come into close contact on cooling. This
physical property difference is taken into account when designing treatment chemicals.
29 AJ
11/4/2010
Paraffin Properties
Compound Formula Molecular Melting Point

o
Weight C ( ºF )
Methane CH 4 16 -182( -295)
Pentane C 5 H 12 72 -129( -200)
Octane C 8 H 18 114 -57( -71)
Undecane C 11 H 24 156 -25.5( -14)
Pentadecane C 15 H 32 212 10(50)
Eicosane C 20 H 42 282 36(97)
Triacontane C 30 H 62 422 65.5(150)
Tetracontane C 40 H 82 565 81(178)
Pentacontane C 50 H 102 702 92(198)
Heptacontane C 70 H 142 982 105( 221)
30 AJ
11/4/2010
Precipitation of Paraffins
Paraffin wax Solubility in Crude Oils

• Higher molecular weight less soluble
• Lower temperature less soluble
31 AJ
11/4/2010
Factors Influencing Paraffin Deposition
Primary causes
• Temperature (cloud point, pour point )
• Pressure depletion (loss of light ends)
• Paraffin concentration and molecular weight
• Laminar flow
Secondary causes
• Solids and pipe surface (nucleating material)
• Others (pH, water cut)
32 AJ
11/4/2010
Key properties of waxy crudes
Highly Non-Newtonian Mildly Non-Newtonian Newtonian
15-25 oC
Pour Point Cloud Point

Temperature Wax Appearance
Temperature (WAT)
33 AJ
11/4/2010
Hydrates – Ice That Burns
Crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules each surrounded by a cage of

water molecules.
Hydrate usually forms at high P & low T
One volume hydrate can carry 160-180 volumes of methane
Hydrate Formers:
C1 C2 C3 i-C4
n-C4 N2 CO2 H2S
O2 Ar cyclo-C3
others
34 AJ
11/4/2010
Interest in Gas Hydrates –
• Flow hindrance – blocking flow lines

• Energy Resource
• Operational hazard
Slope stability
Drilling
• Global warming
Methane 20 times more
effective greenhouse gas than
CO2
35 AJ
11/4/2010
Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved Ref: T.S. Collette (USGS)
Gas Hydrate Occurrences
Ref: Matsumoto et al., 1999
36 AJ
11/4/2010
Hydrate Structures
46H20
136H20
34H20
37 AJ
11/4/2010
Inorganic Scales
“Hard Adherent Mineral Deposits that Precipitate From Brine Solution”
thickness of Quartz
calcite
scale
Rock Matrix
Quartz
Barite
Anhydrite
Tubulars
38 AJ
11/4/2010 Scaled up pipe: Topside Example from an Oilfield in Sumatra, Indonesia
Most Common Scales
• Calcite (CaCO3)
– Formed due to the presence of calcium ions and
bicarbonate ions in the produced water
– Pressure changes may cause precipitation
• Barite (BaSO4)
– Generally formed when there is co-production of
formation water (Ba2+) and injection water
(SO4-)
Barite
Anhydrite
39 AJ
11/4/2010
Oilfield Scale
Mineral scale is a major flow assurance issue associated with

oil and gas production both for offshore and onshore
production environments
Scale formation results in reduced productivity and costly
remediation/ workovers. Best strategy is to prevent than
remediate.
Ability to control scale formation effectively can determine the
economic viability of the field
Important factor for input into the “decision and risk analysis”
process for field development & redevelopment
40 AJ
11/4/2010
General Oilfield Scales
Common Scales (solubility in pure water at 25 oC)

Acid Insoluble (Sulphates)
Barium Sulphate BaSO4 (2.3 mg/l)
Strontium Sulphate SrSO4 (114 mg/l)
Calcium Sulphate CaSO4 (2,000 mg/l)
Generally form as Solid Solutions Ca/Sr with barite lattice
Acid Soluble (Carbonates)
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 (53 mg/l)
Most Common Carbonate Scales
41 AJ
11/4/2010
Deposition Sites
The deposition occurs in:
• Near Wellbore & Perforations
• Production tubing Decreases production and
• Wellhead reduces equipment
• Flow lines efficiency and reliability
• Surface processing facility
Flowlines
Wellhead
1000
PRODUCTION (BOD)
Scale
Deposition
100 Event
TIME
42 AJ
SPE 93011
Soaps – Calcium Naphthenates
Solid deposits formed by a family of naphthenic acid (ARN acids) &
calcium
• Formation criteria naphthenic acids, calcium & pH-buffers
Found in separators
Large structures C80H142O8
43 AJ
11/4/2010
Heavy Oil 101 - Terminology
API Gravity Metric Density
Light Oil 45o 800
Heavy Oil light 40o 825
35o 850 light

Conventional Heavy Oil 31.1o
30o 875
Extra--Heavy Oil
Extra medium 900 (25.7o API)
25o 900
22.3o
Bitumen 20o 925
960 (15.7o API)
heavy 15o 950
Oil Sands ( & Tar Sands)
10.0o 975 heavy
10o
Diluents (Pentanes) Bitumen
5o 1050
extra heavy (bitumen)
Blended Bitumen 0o 1075
Synthetic Crude Industry Government

oil sand
Upgraded Crude
44 AJ
11/4/2010
Viscosity vs API Gravity
10000000
Canada
1000000
Bitumen US
Extra Venezuela/Colombia
Viscosity (cP) at reservoir T
100000 heavy China

India/Indonesia
10000 US
Heavy Canada
1000
100
10
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
API Gravity
Source: OGJ EOR Survey (April 2004)

45 AJ
11/4/2010
Foams
Characteristics
Foams are air/gas bubbles in liquids
Characteristics of heavy oil
Forms in separators
Problems
Difficult to measure liquid level in
separator when foam appears
46 AJ
11/4/2010
Oilfield Emulsion – The Problem
Naturally occurring surface active agents (asphaltene/wax) stabilize water

in oil emulsions in produced fluids.
Emulsion increases viscosity and hence increase pressure drops causing
problems in gathering systems and treatment facilities.
Require specialized treatment vessels, chemicals or excessive residence
time Resulting in increased CAPEX and OPEX.
47 AJ
11/4/2010
Potential Emulsification Sites
Potential Emulsification Sites
2
1
1 Surface Pumps
2 Beans, Valves
3 Artificial Lift
3
4 Perforations
4
5
5 Formation
48 AJ
11/4/2010
Type of Emulsions
Oil-in-Water
Water-in-Oil
Complex Emulsions
49 AJ
11/4/2010
Erosion – The problem
Erosion
Recession of surfaces by repeated localized mechanical

trauma, e.g. material loss caused by impingement of high
velocity liquid droplets /solid particles
50 AJ
11/4/2010
Corrosion – The Problem
Courtesy:
Corrosion
Club
Source: Corrosion Club
51 AJ
11/4/2010
Corrosion Locations
Production tubing
Production gathering system/pipeline
Water disposal lines
Oil storage tank
Source water well system
Water storage tank
Injection well tubing
Gas compression/cooling/scrubbing system
Gas sweetening unit
Gas dehydration unit
"Dry" gas transmission line
52 AJ
11/4/2010
Corrosion Failure
Corrosion failures account for:

25% of all safety incidents
5% of lost production
Add 10% to the lifting costs
53 AJ
11/4/2010
Corrosion Facts
Essential for a facility to operate safely and ensure the

flow of fluids
25 billion dollars is believed to be spent annually on
corrosion problems, which could have been reduced by
addressing corrosion fundamentals
Corrosion fundamentals should be considered prior to
facility construction to reduce apparent costs
Proper inspection and maintenance is also essential to
reduce the number of corrosion failures
54 AJ
11/4/2010
Corrosion Classification
Wet Environment: Wet corrosion or

electrochemical corrosion, occurs in the presence of an
electrically conductive medium, and electrolyte.
Dry Environment: Dry corrosion can be best

characterized as a reaction occurring in the absence of
an electrically conductive medium
Biological
55 AJ
11/4/2010
Mercury Release in Environment
• Fremont Glacier in Wyoming shows a
substantial increase in atmospheric
mercury since industrialisation
• Worldwide, Coal fired power stations release ~2000
tonnes of mercury per year, ~ 50% of the mercury
released by human activity
• Coal fired power stations in the US release around 48
tonnes of mercury to the atmosphere each year.
• The highest release from a single plant is around 750
kg/year
• Some oil platforms in SEA are on their own producing
10 tonnes of mercury per year
56 AJ
11/4/2010
Mercury in Hydrocarbon Deposits
North Africa
Hg (gas) = 50-80 µg/m3** Northern
Europe & Russia
Hg (cond.) = 26-40 ppb*
Europe
Hg (gas) = 180 µg/m3*
North Asia
America
1987 : Cain
1973
SE Asia, Australia
2004 Hg (gas) = 200-300 µg/m3*
Chemicals Sonatrach Middle Hg (cond.) = 10-800 ppb
(Chocolate Bayou) (Skikda) East
Africa
Central
America
South
America
Africa (Nigeria)
Hg (gas) = 50-80 µg/m3* Australia & Pacific
Hg (cond.) = 500-1000 ppb**
South America
Hg (gas) = 50-120 µg/m3** 2004: Santos (Mumba)
Hg (cond.) = 26-40 ppb*
Incidents caused by Mercury :
coldbox failure
coldbox failure + explosion
57 AJ
11/4/2010
Sand Production
Lun - 1 , 3 , 4 & 6 Core Data
Cumulative Weight -vs- Particle Size
100
90
80
70
Cum ulative Weight [%]

60
50
Condensate-Water Separator
40
(Courtesy of A. Kooijman/Mike Gunningham)
30
20
10
0
10000 1000 100 10 1
Parti cle Size [mi cron]
Reservoir Characterization
• Porosity,
• Permeability,
• Particle Size - d50
• Fines
58 AJ
11/4/2010
Reservoir Fluid Sampling Categories
Surface Sampling
Surface Recombination Samples
Wellhead Samples
Subsurface Sampling:
Casedhole
DST Conveyed
Openhole
59 AJ
11/4/2010
Surface Sampling
60 AJ
11/4/2010
Bottomhole Sampling
Mechanical/
Bottomhole sampling applies when: Electrical Clock
Air Chamber
Pwf > Ps (bubble point or dew point pressure) Regulator Valve

Closure Device
Small volumes (0.25 - 4.0 Litres) Floating Piston
Most accurate fluid properties data is required Sampling ports

Fixed Piston
Spool Valve
Asphaltene study
Wax analysis
Aquifer sampling
61 AJ
11/4/2010
Bottomhole Sampling - Near Wellbore Effects
62 AJ
11/4/2010
Single-phase Bottomhole Sampling
Single-phase vs. Conventional (Oil Reservoir)
Liquid
Initial Pr & Tr
APO Reservoir Fluid
Hydraulic Fluid
Pressure
2Φ Nitrogen Gas
Gas
PV ∝ T
Temperature
Conventional Bottomhole Sampler Single-phase Bottomhole Sampler
63 AJ
11/4/2010
Cased Hole Single-Phase Bottomhole Sampling
Single-phase Reservoir Sampler (SRS)
SRS Mechanical/
Electrical Clock
Length 4.14 m (13.7 ft) Air Chamber
Weight 35 kg (77 lbs) Regulator Valve
Closure Device
Max OD 0.044 mm (1.75”) Floating Piston
Sample capacity 600 cc (37 cu.in.)

Sampling ports
Fixed Piston
Test pressure 155 Mpa (22,500 psi)
Spool Valve
Working Pressure 103 Mpa (15,000 psi)
64 AJ
11/4/2010
DST Conveyed Bottomhole Samplers
Slip joint
• Run as part of DST
toolstring Single shot
reversing valve
• Typically fired by applying
Multi-cycle
annulus pressure Circulating Valve
• 2.25 inch full bore Pressure Controlled

Tester Valve
• 5 to 7.75 inch OD PORT* Pressure Operated
Reference Tool
• Annular chamber or multiple
chambers in a carrier Pressure Recorder
Carrier
SRS Sampler Carrier
Testing Jar
Safety joint
65 AJ
11/4/2010
SCAR-B Specifications
SCAR-B
Length 18.8 ft (5.73 m)
Max OD 5.5” (13.97 cm)
Max ID 2.25” (5.7 cm)

Rupture Disc
Fishing Neck 5” (12.7 cm)
Trigger
Pressure Rating 15,000 psi (103 Mpa)
SLS
Temperature 350 oF (177 oC)
Slimline
Service Sour Sampler
Number of Samplers Up to 8 SLS
Max Sample Volume 2.4 litres
Connections 3.5” IF or PH-6
66 AJ
11/4/2010
Sample Carrier (SCAR) Assembly
4 SRS Samplers
installed in SCAR-A top-sub
67 AJ
11/4/2010
Open Hole Bottomhole Sampling
FT RFT MDT Modular
Formation Repeat Formation Dynamics
Tester Formation Tester Tester
Electrical Power
Hydraulic Power
Probe
Dual-probe Dual
Packer
Flow control
Optical Fluid Analyzer
Multisample
Sample
Sample
Pumpout
1955 - 1975 1975 - Present 1991 - Present
68 AJ
11/4/2010
MDT - Modular Formation Dynamics Tester
Single Probe Multi-Probe Dual Packer
MDT COMMUNICATION WITH THE RESERVOIR

69 AJ
11/4/2010
Open Hole Bottomhole Sampling
Pumpout Module
• To pump the Mud Filtrate from the formation until reservoir fluid is
identified by the Resistivity Cell or Fluid Analyzer
Fluid Analyzer (Optical, NMR, etc….)
• To differentiate mud, mud filtrate, oil, water and gas during cleanup
and sampling
Multi Sample Module:
• For collection of pressured subsurface samples
• May be pressure compensated single-phase or non-pressure
compensated
• May be transportable or require on-site transfer
• Volumes vary from 250 cc to 1,000 cc
• Large volume containers are available to 2.75 and 6 gal
70 AJ
11/4/2010
MDT Pumpout Module
Standard
• 585 cc/stroke
• 4100 psi differential
High Pressure
• 440 cc/stroke
• 5500 psi differential
71 AJ
11/4/2010
MRMS Multi-Sample Module
450 cc
Transportable
Bottle
Now up to 5 MRMS’s allowed in a toolstring!!!
72 AJ
11/4/2010
Open Hole Single-phase Bottomhole Sampling
Single-phase Multisample
Chamber (SPMC)
Purge to
Wellbore
73 AJ
11/4/2010
SPMC v’s MPSR
Single-phase Chamber: Conventional
Chamber:
250 cc Sample Volume
450 cc sample volume
20,000 psi MWP
20,000 psi MWP
400 degF MWT
400 degF MWT
400 degF Max transfer temp.
200 degF Max transfer
Maintains sample above
temp.
reservoir pressure using
Nitrogen pressure DOT Transportable
compensation
Transferred to Single-phase
Sample Bottle for
transportation
74 AJ
11/4/2010
MDT Sample Handling
MDT Agitation Frame
─ For MDT 1 & 2.75 gallon sample
chambers
─ Allows inversion of chamber @ Res
P&T
─ For sample agitation using a split-piston
agitator
─ To remove immiscible mud
contamination prior to recombination
75 AJ
11/4/2010
Quicksilver Probe
76 AJ
Before After
11/4/2010
Quicksilver – Reduce OBM Contamination while
Sampling
Standard sampling.
One pump.
One sampling line.
Kv/Kh and Filtrate mobility enable contamination.
Longer cleanup, limited contamination level.
Focused Sampling Concept.

Step change on sampling technologies.
Sampling using two synchronized pumps.
Split/independent flow lines for both pumps.
Optimize guard and Sampling line rates ratio.
Proven reduction in clean-up times.
Lowest contamination levels
77 AJ
11/4/2010
Quicksilver Results Pump
LFA
Focused-probe
11.1% after 8 hrs LFA2

2.0% after 4 hrs
MRPQ Focused Probe
Conventional Probe Pump2
*Source Peter Weinheber, NGC Reservoir

78 AJ
11/4/2010
Fluid Sampling Options During Testing
Cores
Logs Bottomhole Sampling w RFT (Obsolete)
RFT
MDT (VIT/MiniDST) Openhole Bottomhole Sampling
• Surface Sampling
Well Testing • Casedhole Bottomhole Sampling
• DST Conveyed Bottomhole Sampling
• Surface Sampling
Production
• Phase Sampler (MPFM)
Testing/Monitoring • Casedhole Bottomhole Sampling
79 AJ
11/4/2010
Sampling Condensate Reservoir – Multi-rate
Sampling
C
Condensate Gas Ratio (CGR)
Optimum CGR E
B D
A E
Condensate Flow Rate

80 AJ
11/4/2010
Sampling Condensate Reservoir – Multi-rate
Sampling
C
Condensate Gas Ratio (CGR)
Optimum CGR E
B D
A E
Condensate Flow Rate

81 AJ
11/4/2010
Standard Fluid Analysis Requirements
Sample validation and preparation
Fluid composition
Phase behavior/fluid type
Physical properties
82 AJ
11/4/2010
Sample Validation and Preparation
Log sample types and sample information

Bottomhole (open or cased hole), surface samples, wellhead
Single Phase or multi-phase, opening P&T, signs of leakage
Reservoir P&T, test separator P&T & rates, wellhead P&T
Restore samples to reservoir conditions
Heat to Tres and agitate if not single phase samples
Recombine separator samples to well test GOR
Establish multiple sample consistency
Measure density, GOR, composition
Make judgment on which sample(s) to test
83 AJ
Sample Restoration Equipment
84 AJ
Compositional Analysis
What is oil and gas?

Mixture of a vast number of different hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon molecules
The proportion of each type of molecule defines the fluid type and the phase
behavior of the fluid at a given P&T
Compositional analysis is the attempt to quantify both the type and distribution of
these molecules in a given fluid sample
85 AJ
Chromatography Lab

Gas Chromatography
• Injected sample carried by He through column

• Molecules separated by size in the column
• As each molecule leaves column it is counted by
the detector
87 AJ
Typical Detector Response
88 AJ
Actual Extended Chromatogram
89 AJ
11/4/2010
Laboratory Phase Behavior Tests
To confirm fluid type, phase behavior tests are completed in the PVT lab
Single-Stage Flash Test
BS&W, Gas-Oil-Ratio, API, Composition to C30+
After fluid type confirmation, series of additional tests are completed to define
behavior of the fluid from reservoir P&T conditions to stock tank conditions (Standard
PVT)
Black Oil - Constant Composition Expansion (CCE), Differential Liberation (DL),
Separator Test (ST)
Condensate – CCE, Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
From results of these tests, wide range of reservoir fluid volumetric properties
are determined
Psat, Bo, Bg, Rs, Co, retrograde liquid deposit, produced liquid volumes etc.
90 AJ
Single-Stage Flash using Gasometer
5000 +/- 1 cc gasometer
Counter balanced piston
• position encoder
3 ft x 1 ft footprint
Accessories
• liquid trap 25 +/- 0.02 cc
• vacuum pump
• gas sample port
• j-type thermocouple
• digital pressure
transducer
91 AJ
Black Oil CCE Test
11,000
13,000
15,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
9,000
Single Phase Sample Transfer
Single Phase Expansion
Bubble Point
Two Phase Expansion
Abandonment
92 AJ
Black Oil CCE Data Table
Black Oil PVT Study
Constant Composition Expansion @ Tres 4500
Pressure Liquid Relative Liquid Compressibility Y-
Single
(psia) Volume % Volume Density Co Function
4000 Phase
Two Phase
3 -6 -1
(%) Vr =Vtot/Vsat (g/cm ) (10 psi ) Value
8000 100.00 0.955 0.729 6.8

7400 100.00 0.959 0.726 7.4
3500
Pressure (psig)
6800 100.00 0.964 0.723 8.1
6200 100.00 0.969 0.719 8.8
5600 100.00 0.974 0.715 9.7
5000 100.00 0.980 0.711 10.5
4400 100.00 0.986 0.706 11.5
Psat
3700
3300
100.00
100.00
0.995
1.000
0.700
0.697
12.7
13.4
3000
3100 96.40 1.020 3.317
Psat = 2280.5
2500
1900
84.72
70.74
1.105
1.264
3.054
2.790
psig
1300 53.11 1.610 2.524 Vsat = 65.83
700 30.66 2.653 2.248
2500 cm3
2000
Vr = a+ b exp(-P/c) P - psia Y=
Psat - P
P(V/Vsat - 1)
1500
a= 0.91101367 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
b= 0.14561416
c= 6693.0791 - d(lnVr)
Y-Function is only valid for Pressures < Psat
Co =
dP Total Volume (cm3)
Equations for the Relative Volume and Fluid Compressibility are only valid for Pressures > Psat
93 AJ
Condensate CCE Test
11,000
13,000
15,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
9,000
Invert Visual Cell

Truncated Cone Piston
Single Phase Sample Transfer
Single Phase Expansion
Dew Point
2 Φ Retrograde Expansion
2 Φ Revaporization Expansion
Abandonment
94 AJ
Typical CCE DATA (Gas Condensate)
20
18

16

14
12
% Liquid
10

8
4
Cloud seen at ~ 5000 psia
2

0 • • • • •
500 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500 6500
Pressure (psia)
95 AJ
Differential Liberation (DL)
Designed to simulate a pressure depletion process in reservoir

All gas generated below the bubble point is assumed to be
produced
True black oils are relatively insensitive to pressure depletion step
size
Measured Data
Gas oil ratio (GOR) / Liberated Gas
Formation volume factor, Bo
Gas properties: MW, density, Z, Bdg
Liquid properties: density, viscosity
96 AJ
Differential Liberation Experiment
Gas Off
V4 = V3 = V2 < Vsat
V1 = Vsat
V3 = V2 < Vsat
V5 < V4 < Vsat

V2 < Vsat
P1 = Psat P2 < Psat P2 < Psat P2 < Psat P3 < P2 < Psat
97 AJ
Vapor Compositions in Mole %
(Differential Liberation Study)
98 AJ
DL Oil Table
DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION TEST - LIQUID PHASE PROPERTIES
GOR Data Liquid Data

Pressure Cumulative Produced Solution Gas GOR Calculated Oil Oil Viscosity Ratio
(psia) 1 1 2 3
GOR RS Oil Density FVF Viscosity Oil/Gas
3
(scf/STB) (scf/STB) (g/cm ) (bbl/STB) (mPa-s)
3300 0 824 0.697 1.456 0.38

2500 211 613 0.721 1.363 0.46 22.6
1700 393 431 0.745 1.282 0.57 33.2
1000 536 288 0.766 1.218 0.73 47.9
500 633 191 0.782 1.173 0.93 65.6
15 824 0 0.815 1.036 1.87 171.6
Dead Oil Density at STD Conditions (60°F & 15.0 psi a) 0.844 g/cm3; 36.1 °API
1
Gas Volume @ STD / Residual Oil @ STD
2
BO, Reservoir Oil Volume @ P,T per Unit Volume of Residual Oil @ STD
3
Gas Viscosity Calculated from Lee et al. correlation
99 AJ
DL Gas Table
DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION TEST - VAPOR PHASE PROPERTIES
Vapor Data Total

Pressure Vapor Vapor Vapor Z Gas Total Two Phase Calculated
(psia) 1 2 3 4 6
Density MW Gravity Factor FVF FVF Co Gas Viscosity
3 3 -6 -1 (mPa-s)
(g/cm ) (g/gmol) (air=1) (ft /scf) (bbl/STB) (10 psi )
3300 - - - - - 1.5 - -
2500 20.390 20.4 0.707 0.875 0.0066 1.6 853 0.0203
1700 20.050 20.1 0.695 0.884 0.0097 1.8 1222 0.0172
1000 20.420 20.4 0.708 0.910 0.0171 2.5 2248 0.0153
500 22.010 22.0 0.763 0.939 0.0352 4.2 5447 0.0142
15.0 49.220 49.2 1.707 0.989 1.2580 136.0 847205 0.0109
1
Vapor Phase MW/MW Air
2
Z=PV/nRT
3
BG, Reservoir Gas Volume @ P,T / Gas Volume @ STD
4
BT, Oil FVF + [(Total liberated gas)* Gas FVF]
5
Co=-1/Bo[(dBo/dP)-BG(dRs/dP)]
6
Lee et al. Correlation (Lee A., Gonzales M.H., Eakin B.E., JPT, 997-1000, Aug., 1966)
100 AJ
Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
Designed to simulate a pressure depletion process – Volatile oil and gas
condensate
Only gas is produced below the bubble point
Volatile oils are not as sensitive to pressure step as condensates
There is some difference between DL data and CVD data for volatile oils
Measured Data
Produced gas volumes
Liquid volume fraction
Gas properties: MW, density, Z, Bdg
Liquid properties: density, viscosity
Cannot get simulation tables directly from these data. Data is used for
EOS tuning.
101 AJ
Constant Volume Depletion (CVD) Experiment
Volatile Oil
Gas Off
V2 > V3 > Vsat

V1 = Vsat
V4 = Vsat
V5 > Vsat
V2 > Vsat
P1 = Psat P2 < Psat P2 P2 P3 < P2 < Psat
102 AJ
Constant Volume Depletion Data
at a Reservoir Temperature
103 AJ
Schematic for CVD Recovery
C2 (gas)
C3
Liquid Yields (wellstream)
Plant
C4 C4+ C3+Including Condensate
C5+
C2 (gas)
OR C3
Liquid Yields
Plant
C4 C4+ C3+(Separator Gas 1)
C5+
Separator C2 (gas)
C3
Liquid Yields
Plant
C4 C4+ C3+(Separator Gas 2)
C5+
Separator
Tank Gas (no liquids)
Dew Point CVD Depletion Condensate

Stock Tank
104 AJ
Multi-Stage Separator Test
Simulates the Surface Separation Process

In the past several were run to optimize separation
conditions (liquid yield)
Used to correct (DL) tables
Today mostly used to tune EOS models
Measured Data
GOR – total and separator
Gas properties, MW, density, Z factor, heating value, plant
liquids, etc.
Liquid formation volume factor
Liquid properties, density, etc.
105 AJ
Schematic of Two Stage Separator
Gas Gas
Inlet
Oil Oil
H2O Second Stage

Ambient Conditions
First Stage Separator
106 AJ
Two Stage Separator Test
Gas Gas
GOR GOR
SCF/Sep BBL SCF/Sep BBL
@ Ts & Ps @ T0 & P0
Standard:
Inlet
T0 = 15 0C
P0 = 1 Atm
Oil Oil
Reservoir Fluid
@ Tr & Psat H2O Second Stage
Ambient Conditions
First Stage Separator
107 AJ
Volumetric & Density Data - Separator Test
SEPARATOR TEST
Initial Charge (@ 6000 psia & 115°F) = 13.50 cc

Oil Density (@ 6000 psia & 115°F) = 0.683 g/cc
Property Stage #1 Stage #2 Stage #3

215 psia, 115°F 200 psia, 135°F 16 psia, 90°F
Vapor Volume
3 105.31 0.680 124.85
(cm )
Liquid Volume
3 9.76 9.84 9.20
(cm )
Vapor Density
3 0.013 0.012 0.002
(g/cm )
Liquid Density
0.809 0.801 0.836
(g/cm3)
GOR1 911.4 5.3 73.8
Separator Volume
1.079 1.089 1.018
Factor2
SEPARATOR SUMMARY DATA

1
Total Separator Gas-Oil Ratio (scf/bbl) 990.5
Separator Stock Tank Oil Gravity at 60°F 34.8
Separator Formation Volume Factor
o o
(bbl Reservoir Oil @ 105.1 F, 3916 psia / bbl STO @ 60 F) 1.485
Notes:
1. Standard Cubic Feet of Gas / bbl of Oil @ 15.025 psia and 60°F
2. bbl of Oil at P,T per bbl of STO @ 15.025 psia, 60°F
108 AJ
Physical Properties
During PVT Experiments, also make physical property

measurements of the live crude oil
Key Physical Properties are Viscosity and Density
109 AJ
Oil Viscosity
µ vs p
p1
V
Electro Magnetic Viscometer
Piston Coils
p1
T = constant
110 AJ
DBR Electromagnetic Viscometer
111 AJ
High Pressure Densitometer
112 AJ
Quality Assurance
Overall mass balance

Overall mole balance
Individual component molar balance
Equilibrium
113 AJ
Consistency Check of Compositional Data
(Equilibrium)
1,000
C2
100
C3
K - value ((yi/xi)
I-C4
N-C4
10
I-C5
N-C5
1 C6
0.1
20 40 60 80 100
Molecular Weight (g/mol)
114 AJ
Thermodynamic Modeling - EoS
 a
• Van der Waals Equation  p + 2 (v − b)= RT
 v 
(1873)
 a(T ) 
• Redlich-Kwong Equation  p+ (v − b)= RT
T v(v + b)
 0.5 

(1949)
 p + a(T , ) (v − b)= RT

 ω 
• Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation
T 0.5v(v + b)
 

(1972)
 aα 
• Peng & Robinson  p+ 2 (v − b)= RT
 + −
v 2bv b  2
(1976)
115 AJ
11/4/2010
Peng Robinson EOS
 aα 
p+ 2 (v − b ) = RT
 v + 2bv − b 
2
Polynomial form of PR
EOS  RT  2  aα 2bRT  b 2 RT aαb
v + b −
3
v +  − 3b −
2
 v+b +
3
− =0
 P   P P  P P
Polynomial form of PR EOS in terms of z Pv

z=
• Substituting the formula for z in polynomial RT
form
  aα b 2 RT aαb
3 2
3 RT   RT   RT  2  RT 2bRT 
z   +  b − z +   − 3b −
2
z + b +
3
− =0
 P   P   P   P  P P  P P
( ) (
z 3 − (1 − B )z 2 + A − 3B 2 − 2 B z− AB − B 2 − B 3 = 0 )
116 AJ
11/4/2010
Peng Robinson EOS
Parameters
R 2Tc2 RTc
a = 0.45724 b = 0.07780
Pc Pc
[ ( )( )]
2
α = 1+ 0.37464+ 1.54226ω − 0.26992ω 2
1− Tr0.5
aα P αp r bP p p T
A= = 0.45724 B= = 0.07780 r pr = Tr =
R 2T 2 Tr2 RT Tr pc Tc
Mixing Rules for Multicomponent Systems
aα = ∑∑ y y (aα ) i j ij
b= ∑yb i i (aα )ij (
= 1 − kij ) (aα )i (aα )j
A= ∑∑ yi y j Aij B= ∑ yi Bi ( )( )0.5
Aij = 1 − kij Ai A j k ii = 0
117 AJ
11/4/2010
Field Example: Decontaminating OBM-Induced Fluids
and Estimating Properties – Deepwater Condensate Field
Objective:
• Reduce uncertainties in fluid properties estimation
• Calculate contamination-free liquid yield
Challenges:
• Fluid samples collected from a deepwater prospect was
contaminated with oil-based mud filtrate
118 AJ
11/4/2010
Scope of Work
Samples : 5 gas condensate BHS and 1 SS
Uncontaminated Fluids Composition – EOS Method
Model Fluid Properties (GOR, Dew Point, API, STO)

3 methods to correct fluid properties:
• Heriot-Watt University method
• EOS method
• Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model
Liquid Yield values for C3+, C4+ and C5+
119 AJ
11/4/2010
OBM Quantification
Measured Corrected OBM Expon. (Corrected)

Gas Chromatogram 10 60
50
8 Subtraction Method
Measured Fluid (wt %)

40
OBM (wt %)
6
30
4 2
R = 0.9907
20
2
10
0 0
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Carbon Number
Skimming Method
Weight %
Molecular Weight
120 AJ
11/4/2010
OBM Contamination Correction
BHS 1.01; Subtranting Method; Live Oil Basis

100
10
1
Compositions
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
CO2
N2
C2
i-C4
i-C5
C6
Benzene
C7
Toluene
C2-Benzene
o-Xylene
C10
C12
C14
C16
C18
C20
C22
C24
C26
C28
C30+
Components
Res. Fluid (mole %) Uncontaminated (mole %)

Drilling Mud (mole %)
Correction to mathematically eliminate OBM contamination

121 AJ
11/4/2010
Uncontaminated Fluid Composition
100.00
BHS 1.01
BHS 1.02
BHS 1.03
BHS 1.04
BHS 1.05
10.00
RSS 1.16 & 1.17
Compositions
1.00
0.10
0.01
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
C21
C22
C23
C24
C25
C26
C27
C28
C29
C30+
Components
122 AJ
11/4/2010
Fluid Properties Extrapolation to Zero Contamination
Dew Point GOR
5500 27,000
5300
25,000
5100
4900 23,000
GOR (scf/bbl)
Dew Point (psia)
4700
4500 21,000
4300
19,000
4100
3900 17,000
3700
15,000
3500
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Contamination (wt%) Live Oil Basis
0.90
0.85
STO density (g/cm3)
STO density 0.80
0.75
0.70
0 2 4 6 8 10
123 AJ
11/4/2010
Phase Envelope - EOS Model (PVT Pro)
4500
Pres & Tres

4000
3500
Calculated
Dew Point
3000
Quality Lines
Pressure (psia)
2500
2000
0.80 Gas mole fractions

0.90
1500
0.95
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (F)
124 AJ
11/4/2010
CCE & CVD Prediction - EOS Model (PVT Pro)
8.00
12
CCE CVD
7.00
10 BHS 1.04
OBM = 8.24%
BHS 1.03
6.00
OBM = 2.42%
BHS 1.03
OBM = 2.42% RSS
8 OBM = 1.3%
RLD (% of vol @ Pd)

RLD (% of vol @ Pd)
5.00
RSS
OBM = 1.3% 4.00
6
Model Reservoir
Fluid 3.00
Model Reservoir Fluid
4
2.00
2
1.00
0 0.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure (psia) Pressure (psia)
125 AJ
11/4/2010
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model – PVT Expert
CCE- ANN CVD- ANN
12 8.00
BHS 1.04
OBM = 8.24% 7.00 BHS 1.03
10
BHS 1.03 OBM = 2.42%
OBM = 2.42%
6.00
RSS
RLD (% of vol @ Pd)
8 OBM = 1.3%
RLD (% of vol @ Pd)

5.00
RSS
OBM = 1.3%
6 4.00
3.00
4 ANN Method
OBM = 0.0%
ANN Method
2.00
OBM = 0.0%
2
1.00
0 0.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure (psia) Pressure (psia)
126 AJ
11/4/2010
Cumulative Liquid Recovery
3.0
Cumulative Liquid Recovery (mole%) Exp. C3+ Exp. C4+
Exp. C5+ C3+
2.5
C4+ C5+
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure (psia)
127 AJ
11/4/2010
Results - Conclusions
Reservoir Uncontaminated Fluid Composition
Corrected Fluid Properties – Three independent methods

agree well
GOR (scf/bbl) 24,264 ± 920
Dew Point (°F) 3,800 ± 120
STO density (g/cm3) 0.817 ± 0.015
API gravity 41.707 ± 0.015
Yield Values at abandonment pressure

P = 815 psia Contaminated Un-Contaminated
C3+ 55.55% 59.79%
C4+ 49.47% 54.98%
C5+ 43.45% 50.12%
128 AJ
11/4/2010
Asphaltene Modeling
Polymerization type Association Model

Propagation (P = Asphaltene) Termination (T = Resin)
129 AJ
11/4/2010
Data Integration
16000
Hydrate
14000
Wax
12000
Reservoir
10000
Pressure ((psia)
8000
Asphaltene
6000
4000 Flow Line
2000
Liquid – Vapor
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature (°F)
130 AJ
11/4/2010
Day 2: Solids Characterization & Modeling
Characterization methodologies
Asphaltenes
Wax
Hydrate
Emulsions
Scales
Soaps
Sands
Classroom exercise - solids modeling using dbrSOLIDS
software
Asphaltenes
Waxes
131 AJ
11/4/2010

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Flow Assurance

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Definition of flow assurance

“Maintain flow from pore to process”

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Component MW Flashed Gas Flashed Liquid Monophasic Fluid

Initial producing <1,750 1,750 – >3,200 >15,000* 100,000*

Initial stock-tank <45 >40 >40 up to 70 No liquid

Heptane-plus, > 20 20 – 12.5 <12.5 <4* <0.7*

Oil FVF at <2.0 >2.0 - - -

P-T diagram 1 component

Copyright ©2009 NExT. All rights reserved

Structure Formula Name Abbr.

-C-C-C-C-C- C 5H 12 n-Pentane n-C5

Viscosity 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000

Light Heavy Tar Sand

Density (kg/m3) 802 934 966 1000 1076

CONTINUOUS PHASE DISPERSE PHASE

SATURATES AROMATICS RESINS ASPHATENES

Changes in pressure  change the fluid density 

Mixing the reservoir fluids with a different gas 

Stimulation practices (acidizing)  destabilize asphaltene

Wax crystallization nucleus

High permeability Low permeability

Compound Formula Molecular Melting Point

Paraffin wax Solubility in Crude Oils

Highly Non-Newtonian Mildly Non-Newtonian Newtonian

Pour Point Cloud Point

 Crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules each surrounded by a cage of

• Flow hindrance – blocking flow lines

Ref: Matsumoto et al., 1999

“Hard Adherent Mineral Deposits that Precipitate From Brine Solution”

Mineral scale is a major flow assurance issue associated with

Common Scales (solubility in pure water at 25 oC)

Large structures C80H142O8

Heavy Oil light 40o 825

35o 850 light

Synthetic Crude Industry Government

100000 heavy China

Source: OGJ EOR Survey (April 2004)

Naturally occurring surface active agents (asphaltene/wax) stabilize water

Potential Emulsification Sites

Recession of surfaces by repeated localized mechanical

Source: Corrosion Club

Corrosion failures account for:

Essential for a facility to operate safely and ensure the

Wet Environment: Wet corrosion or

Dry Environment: Dry corrosion can be best

Cum ulative Weight [%]

Pwf > Ps (bubble point or dew point pressure) Regulator Valve

Small volumes (0.25 - 4.0 Litres) Floating Piston

Most accurate fluid properties data is required Sampling ports

Single-phase Reservoir Sampler (SRS)

Length 4.14 m (13.7 ft) Air Chamber

Weight 35 kg (77 lbs) Regulator Valve

Max OD 0.044 mm (1.75”) Floating Piston

Sample capacity 600 cc (37 cu.in.)

Working Pressure 103 Mpa (15,000 psi)

• 2.25 inch full bore Pressure Controlled

Changes in pressure change the fluid density

Mixing the reservoir fluids with a different gas

Stimulation practices (acidizing) destabilize asphaltene

Crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules each surrounded by a cage of

Reservoir Uncontaminated Fluid Composition

Corrected Fluid Properties – Three independent methods

Yield Values at abandonment pressure