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1.3.1 Binary
Logic

+92 333 8003655

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Chapter 3

1.3.1 Binary Logic

Have Read
To Revise

Prepared
S No Learning Outcome

To Read

Have
1.3.1: Logic gates
22 use logic gates to create electronic circuits
Understand and define the functions of NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR and
XOR (EOR) gates, including the binary output produced from all the
23
possible binary inputs (all gates, except the NOT gate, will have 2
inputs only)
24 Draw truth tables and recognise a logic gate from its truth table
25 Produce truth tables for given logic circuits,
Produce a logic circuit to solve a given problem or to implement a
26
given written logic statement
27 Write down logic statement of given logic circuit
28 Simplify the logic circuit
29 Boolean algebra
30 Solving past paper questions
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1.3.1 Logic Gates

Many electronic circuits have to make decisions. They look at two or more inputs and
use these to determine the outputs from the circuit. The process of doing this uses electronic logic,
which is based on digital switches called Logical Gates.
Logic gates are devices that can combine multiple inputs at independent logic levels and come up
with an output accordingly. They are used by implementing Boolean algebra. Logic gates have two
or more input and one output except NOT Gate which has one input and one output.
The most common Logical Gates are given below:

For example, The most obvious use is for simple control. Imagine designing a washing machine so
that the water only turns on when the washing is loaded (logic-1), the door is closed (logic-1) but the
clothes are not yet wet (logic-0). This can be done by ANDing the first two conditions, and inverting
the third. Now, AND these together, and you get a high only when all three conditions are satisfied.
Two or more logic gates can be connected to produce a logic circuit with one or more outputs from
two or more inputs.
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1) NOT Gate (Inverter):

A NOT gate or an inverter is the simplest kind of logic gate. Its function is to give the opposite output
to its input - if it gets a high (1), it gives a low (0), and vice versa.
This is equivalent to saying that the output is not the input.
NOT Gate
Input A Output X
0 1
1 0
The output X) =1 if
INPUT A is NOT 1 (i.e. 0 or OFF).

2) AND Gate
An AND gate gives an output 1 only when both inputs are 1.
If one or more inputs are 0, then the output is also 0.

Input A Input B Output x

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

The output X=1 IF both inputs are 1.

The output (called X) is true (i.e. 1 or ON) only if the (INPUT A AND INPUT B) are both true (i.e. 1
or ON).
The x=1 if
INPUT A is 1 AND INPUT B is 1

3) OR Gate
An OR gate gives a high (1) output if any input is high (1). If all inputs are low (0), then the output is
low (0).
Input A Input B Output x
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
The output X=1 IF Any one Input is 1.
The output (called X) is true (i.e. 1 or ON) if the (INPUT A OR INPUT B) are true (i.e. 1 or ON).
The OUTPUT X=1 IF
Either INPUT A is 1
OR INPUT B is 1
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4) NAND Gate
This NOT AND combination is shortened to just NAND. A NAND gate gives a 0 output only when
both inputs are 1. If one or more inputs are 0, then the output is 1.
Input A Input B A AND B OUTPUT X
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
The output X=0 IF both inputs are 1.
The output (called X) is true (i.e. 1 or ON) if (INPUT A AND INPUT B) are NOT both true (i.e. 1 or
ON) is 1

5) NOR Gate
This NOT OR combination is shortened to just NOR. A NOR gate gives a 0 output if any input is 1.

Input A Input B A OR B OUTPUT X

0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
The OUTPUT x=0 IF
either A is 1 OR INPUT B is 1

6) XOR Gate
The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a 1 output if either, but not both, of its two
inputs are 1. If both inputs are same then output will be 0 else output will be 1

Input A Input B Output x

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
The OUTPUT X=1 IF 1 1 0
Either A is 1 AND B is NOT 1
OR A is NOT 1 AND B is 1
Or it may be said that X=1 If A is 1 OR B is 1 BUT NOT BOTH
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Truth tables
“A truth table is used to show the output of a logic gate or circuit for all possible combinations of
input values.”
Usually the binary values are used, 1 and 0, as shorthand for True and False.
The truth table for a two-input gate needs four rows (2 2=4) while for 3-input gate needs eight rows
(23=8).

The truth table for a two-input gate needs four rows.

INPUT OR AND NAND NOR XOR
A B

0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0

Logic circuits
Two or more logic gates can be connected to produce a logic circuit with one or more outputs from
two or more inputs. A logic circuit can process logical expressions and binary numbers.
When producing a truth table for a logic circuit:
• it is helpful to add a column for each intermediate output as well as for the final output
• as for a single logic gate with two inputs, a logic circuit with two inputs needs four rows.
Combinational logic circuits with three inputs
We only need to be able to produce a truth table for a logic circuit with a maximum of three inputs
and six gates.
The truth table for a three-input logic circuit needs eight rows.

Designing simple logic circuits

Sometimes, it is cheaper to design and hard-wire a logic circuit for a simple automated system that
only requires a fixed pattern of output depending on the current values of the inputs, than to program
a microcontroller or computer.
We can use the words AND, OR, NOT, NAND and NAND as operators in a logical equation, such
as L = (A AND B) OR NOT B. We use brackets to indicate that the logical operation within the
brackets takes priority.
We can design a logic circuit to solve a written statement of a logical problem. First, we rewrite the
statement using brackets to clarify the binary value of each variable and the priority of the logical
operations. Then we can write the logical equation. From the logical equation, if not an earlier stage
in the rewriting process, it should be possible to draw the required logic circuit and a truth table to
confirm that it has the required behaviour.
Testing logic circuits
We have seen how to use a truth table to check whether a logic circuit has solved a given problem,
rather as we use a trace table for dry running a flowchart or pseudo code algorithm. We can also
check that a logic circuit solves the problem by building the circuit using logic simulation software or
electronic circuitry, with appropriate attention to safety.
Practice Questions
Q 1) Complete the following truth table
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INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Q 2) Draw the logic circuit required to fulfil the following statements:

a Output C = (NOT(A AND B)) AND (A OR B)

b Light (L) is on if Switch A is on OR (Switch B is on AND Input C is off.

Q 3) Copy and complete the truth tables for the following logic circuits:

INPUT Workspace OUTPUT

A B C
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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A B C Working D
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

Q 4) Three digital sensors A, B and C are used to monitor a process. The outputs from the sensor
s are used as the inputs to a logic circuit.
A signal, X, is output from the logic circuit:

Output, X, has a value of 1 if either of the following two conditions occur:

• sensor A outputs the value 1 OR sensor B outputs the value 0
• sensor B outputs the value 1 AND sensor C outputs the value 0
Draw a logic circuit to represent these conditions.

A B C Working X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
Q 5) Write a logic statement that describes the following logic circuit.

............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
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Q 6) Complete the truth table for the following logic circuit:

A B C X
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0

Q 7)Complete the truth table for the following logic circuit:

A B C X
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0

Q 8) Complete the truth table for the following logic circuit: A B C X

1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0

A B C X
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
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Quick Revision Questions

Q 3.1) Identify each of the following gates from truth table:
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0

……………………………. ………………………………….
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 0 0 0 o
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0

……………………………………. ……………………………………
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

……………………………………. ……………………………………

Q 3.2) Summer 2015 P11

3 (a) Complete the truth table for the following logic circuit:

A B C Workspace X
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
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(b) Write the Boolean statement for the following logic statement:
X = 1 if ((A is NOT 1 OR B is 1) AND C is 1) OR (B is NOT 1 AND C is 1)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [3]
(c) Draw the logic circuit for the logic statement given in part b

(d) Write a logic statement which corresponds to the following logic circuit:

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................[3]
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Q 3.7a) A greenhouse control system has four input parameters (H, D, T, W) and two outputs (X, Y
).
Description of
Parameter Binary value Condition
parameter
0 Too low
H Humidity
1 Acceptable
0 Night
D Day
1 Day
0 Too high
T Temperature
1 Acceptable
0 Closed
W Windows
1 Open

The watering system turns on (X = 1) if:

either it is daytime and the temperature is too high
or the humidity is too low.

The fan turns on (Y = 1) if the temperature is too high and the windows are closed.
Draw a logic circuit to represent the greenhouse control system. [6]

(b) Complete the truth table for the logic expression: X = NOT A AND (B NAND C) [4]

A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
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Q 3.8a) An alarm system (X) is enabled and disabled using either a switch (A) or a remote control (
B).There are two infra-red sensors (C, D) and one door pressure sensor (E).

Description of
Parameter Binary value Condition
parameter
1 Switch enabled
A Switch
0 Switch disabled
1 Remote enabled
B Remote control
0 Remote disabled
1 Activated
C Infra-red sensor
0 Not activated
1 Activated
D Infra-red sensor
0 Not activated
Door pressure 1 Activated
E
sensor 0 Not activated
The alarm sounds (X = 1) if the alarm is enabled and any one or more of the sensors is
activated.
Draw a logic circuit to represent the alarm system.

(b) Complete the truth table for the logic expression: X = A OR (B XOR C) [4]
A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
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Draw a logic circuit corresponding to the logic statement: [3]

X = (A is ON OR B is ON BUT NOT BOTH) OR (NOT(C is ON AND A is ON))
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Q 3.9a) A student needs to design a logic circuit to model the requirements for membership of a
snooker club. Membership (X) depends on four criteria, as shown in the table:
Description of Binary
Parameter Condition
parameter value
1 True
A Over 18
0 False
1 True
B Recommended
0 False
1 True
C Full-time
0 False
1 True
D Retired
0 False

Membership is approved (X = 1) if the person:

• is over the age of 18 and has been recommended by a pre-existing member
and
• either is working full-time or is retired, but not both.

Draw a logic circuit to represent the membership requirements.

(b) Complete the truth table for the logic expression: X = (A XOR B) AND NOT C [4]

A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
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Q 3.7) Marking Scheme Q 3.9) Marking Scheme

Q 3.8) Marking Scheme

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From 2020, logic statements in the Paper 1 examination might not include the output and input
values, such as 1 and 0. Therefore candidates must know how to interpret logic statements both
with and without input and output values being written in the logic statement.
For example, the logic statement:
X = 1 if ((A is 1 OR B is 1) AND (A is 1 AND B is 1)) OR (C is NOT 1)
Can also be written as:
X = ((A OR B) AND (A AND B)) OR (NOT C)
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Logic Building Block

It is possible to build up any logic gate, using NAND or NOR gates only.
NAND and NOR Gates can be used to build any other gates, and called ‘logic building block’. It is
cost effective for manufacturer to use a single gate to build any logic circuit.
For example, the AND, OR and NOT gates can be built from these gates as shown below:
NAND as NOT:
If single input is given to NAND or NOT gate output will inverted

NAND as AND:
NAND on NAND will become AND

NAND as OR:

NAND as NOR

NAND as XOR
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For example

Re-draw the logic circuit shown opposite, using

NAND and NOR gates only.

Complete the truth table for following circuits:

A B Working X
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Which single gate performs the same function? ………………………….

A B Working X
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Which single gate performs the same function? ………………………….

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Simplification Logic Circuit:

Simplification means reducing the number of components in a logic circuit. As a result of
simplification the cost of production can be less. This can also improve reliability and make it
easier to trace faults if they occur.
The following logic circuit can be simplified to use only one gate.

Give the name of this single gate.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

Q 3.3)Show by drawing a truth table which single logic gate or what else has the same function as
the logic circuit drawn in
a)
INPUT Workspace OUTPUT
A B X
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

b)

INPUT Workspace OUTPUT

A B C
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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c)
INPUT Workspace OUTPUT
A B X
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

d)
INPUT Workspace OUTPUT
A B C
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
e) Explain why a single logic gate is often replaced by a logic circuit such as shown in part a, b, c
and d.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................[1]

Q 3.4)What could replace the whole logic circuit?

INPUT Workspace
P Q R X
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
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Multiple output:
Q 3.5) Multiple outputs can be obtained from a logic circuit. For example in the given logic circuit 2 outputs ‘S’
and ‘C’ are generated.
INPUT OUTPUT
A B S C
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Q 6)The following three logic statements define the light sequence:

• R = 1 IF (A is NOT 1)
• G = 1 IF (B is 1 AND C is 1)
• Y = 1 IF (A is 1 AND NOT (B is 1 AND C is 1))
Draw the logic circuit that directly combines ALL three of these logic statements and
produces three outputs R, G and Y. [5]
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Q 7) Four sensors (numbered 1 to 4) produce binary output which controls the lights at a rock
concert. The diagram shows how the sensors are connected:

Complete the truth table for this logic circuit. [4]

inputs Outputs
sensor 1 sensor 2 sensor 3 sensor 4 A B C
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1

(b) (i) Complete the truth table for the logic circuit. [2]

A B Working space X Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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Deriving Logic Statement and Drawing Logic Circuit from Given Truth Table.
Logic statement and circuit can be derived from truth table. Following are the steps:
1. Consider the output which are ‘1’
2. Find a condition of input when output is ‘1’
3. Check all above conditions produce output ‘1’ or not.
For example

So the logic statement will be

X=1 If (D=1 AND S=0) OR (S=1 AND T=0)
The Circuit diagram will be

Q 3.6) Write logic statement for the following truth table:

A B C OUTPUT X
1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0

Candidate Example response

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Examiner comment – high

In part (a) this candidate has drawn a neat and correct logic circuit. Candidates should make sure that gates are
drawn clearly and accurately as this is what is assessed first.
In part (b) this candidate has correctly worked out the output for each section in the truth table. They have made good
use of the working space available to do this; it is good practice for candidates to do so.
In part (c) this candidate has given the correct four outputs for the XOR gate.

Marks awarded for (a) = 5 out of 5

Marks awarded for (b) = 4 out of 4
Marks awarded for (c) = 1 out of 1

Total mark awarded = 10 out of 10

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Examiner comment – middle

In part (a) this candidate has drawn a neat and correct logic circuit. Candidates should make sure that gates are
drawn clearly and accurately as this is what is assessed first.
In part (b) the candidate starts off well with one correct set of output. After this it appears that they begin to
misunderstand the logic and cannot given any further correct sets of outputs.
In part (c) the candidate almost gets the correct answer, but is not quite right in their first output, so they do not get a
mark.

Marks awarded for (a) = 5 out of 5

Marks awarded for (b) = 1 out of 4
Marks awarded for (c) = 0 out of 1

Total mark awarded = 6 out of 10

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Examiner comment – low

In part (a) the candidate does not draw a logic circuit that will gain any marks. They also make a common error
drawing one of their logic gates, the NOT gate. They miss off the small circular part at the tip of the gate, in the first
gate. If candidates do this in their answer this cannot be classed as a NOT gate, as it is not drawn correctly.
In part (b) the candidate is able to make two sets of correct conversions.
In part (c) the candidate makes a common error with the last output. They have forgotten that if both inputs in an XOR
gate are 1, the output will be 0 and not 1, like in an OR gate.

Marks awarded for (a) = 0 out of 5

Marks awarded for (b) = 2 out of 4
Marks awarded for (c) = 0 out of 1

Total mark awarded = 2 out of 10

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3 (a) Complete the truth table for the following logic circuit:

A B C Workspace X
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0

(b) Draw a logic circuit which corresponds to the following logic statement:
X = 1 if ((A is NOT 1 OR B is 1) AND C is 1) OR (B is NOT 1 AND C is 1)
(c) Write a logic statement which corresponds to the following logic circuit:

.........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................[3]
Examiner s Comments on Question 3 (a), (b) and (c)
Many candidates gained most of the marks for this question, demonstrating a good standard of knowledge and application with
logic gates.
In part (b), for some candidates’ work, it was difficult to identify the difference between the AND gate and the OR gate.
Candidates need to make sure that they draw the gates very clearly. For this question, candidates either understood the logic and
provided an accurate circuit, or had little understanding of the logic and were unable to provide a circuit that gained any marks.
For part (c) many candidates gained at least two marks. Some candidates provided a description of the logic circuit rather than a
logic statement and did not gain marks as a result.
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6 A gas fire has a safety circuit made up of logic gates. It generates an alarm (X = 1) in response to certain
conditions.
Input Description Binary Conditions
value
1 gas pressure is correct
G gas pressure
0 gas pressure is too high
1 carbon monoxide level is correct
C carbon monoxide level
0 carbon monoxide level is too high
1 no gas leak is detected
L gas leak detection
0 gas leak is detected

The output X = 1 is generated under the following conditions:

gas pressure is correct AND carbon monoxide level is too high
OR
carbon monoxide level is correct AND gas leak is detected
(a) Draw a logic circuit for this safety system. [5]

(b) Complete the truth table for the safety system. [4]

G C L Workspace X
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
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(c) Complete the truth table for the XOR gate:

Examiner s comments on Questions 6(a), 6(b) and 6(c)

Many candidates demonstrated a good level of knowledge of producing logic gates in part (a). Candidates just need to make sure
that they draw the gates very clearly. They need to make sure that the small circle at the front of a NOT logic gate is included and
is visible in order for it to be a valid NOT gate. The most common error was the emission of the NOT logic gates from the circuit.
In part (b) the full range of marks were awarded. Those candidates gaining higher marks normally correlated to a correct answer
given in part (a).
In part (c) around 50% of candidates could correctly give the output of an XOR gate.
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5 A computer-controlled machine produces plastic sheets. The thickness of each sheet must be
within a certain tolerance. The sheets are kept below 50 °C as they move over rollers at 10 metres
per second.
Three parameters need to be monitored all the time.
Binary
Parameter Description Conditions
value
1 thickness of sheet in tolerance
D sheet thickness
0 thickness of sheet out of tolerance
1 roller speed = 10 metres/second
S roller speed
0 roller speed <> 10 metres/second
1 temperature < 50 °C
T temperature
0 temperature >= 50 °C

An alarm, X, will sound if:

thickness is in tolerance AND (roller speed <> 10 metres/second OR temperature >= 50 °C)
OR
roller speed = 10 metres/second AND temperature >= 50 °C

(a) Draw a logic circuit to represent the above monitoring system. [6]

(b) Complete the truth table for the monitoring system. [4]
D S T Working Space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 290

Complete the truth table for this logic circuit. [4]

A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

(b) Draw a logic circuit corresponding to the following logic statement:

X = 1 if ( ( A is 1 OR B is 1 ) AND ( A is 1 AND B is 1 ) ) OR ( C is NOT 1 )
 PAGE 291

(c) Re-draw the following logic circuit using NAND gates only.

Logic circuit re-drawn:

Examiner Report Question 7 (a), (b) and (c)

In part (a) most candidates were able to list the correct outputs.
In part (b) many candidates were able to produce a correct logic circuit. Candidates created this in a variety of ways. Candidates
are reminded to make sure that they accurate and clearly draw each logic gate. Some candidates did not draw a correct NOT logic
gate, leaving the circle off the front. In some candidate’s circuits, it was difficult to distinguish the difference between the AND
gate and the OR gate.
In part (c) many candidates were able to gain some marks through the creation of a logic circuit using NAND gates. A common
error was using an AND gate in the middle of the circuit, rather than two NAND gates. The question required only the use of
NAND gates.
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7 (a) Complete the truth tables and name the single logic gate that could replace each logic circuit:

(i) A B Working space X

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Single logic gate ............................................................................................................[3]

(ii) A B Working space X

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Single logic gate ............................................................................................................[3]

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(b) (i) Draw a logic circuit to represent the following logic statement:
X = 1 if (A = 1 AND B = 1) OR ( (B = NOT 1) AND C = 1) [4]

(ii) Complete the truth table for the logic statement in part (b)(i). [4]
A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
Examiner Report
In parts (a)(i) and (ii) many candidates could complete the truth tables correctly, but were not able to state the correct
single logic gate that the table represented.
In part (b)(i) many candidates could draw a correct logic circuit. A small number of candidates used circles to
represent a logic gate. Candidates must ensure that they use the correct logic gate symbols, and that they are drawn
clearly and accurately.
In part (b) many candidates could correctly complete the truth table.
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5 Three switches, A, B and C, each send values of 0 or 1 to a logic circuit. Value X is output from
the
logic circuit.

Output X has a value of 1 depending on the following conditions:

Switch A sends value 1 AND Switch B sends value 0

OR
Switch B sends value 1 AND Switch C sends value 0
(a) Draw a logic circuit to represent the conditions above.

(b) Complete the truth table for the conditions given at the start of question 5. [4]
A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 295

2 The diagram below shows five logic gate symbols and five names.
Draw a line between each logic gate symbol and its correct name.

Examiner Report
Nearly all candidates correctly identified the five logic gates shown.
 PAGE 296

14 A system controls the flow of vehicles through a barrier based on three lights, A, B and C.
When a light is red, the signal is zero. When a light is green, the signal is one.
The barrier will open when the output X is one.
The barrier opens if either:
• light A is red and lights B and C are both green
or
• light A is green and lights B and C are both red
(a) Design a logic circuit for the system

.
(b) Complete the truth table for the system given at the start of Question 14. [4]
A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

Examiner Report
(a) This was generally well answered.
(b) This was generally well answered.
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10 (a) Complete the truth table for the NOR gate. [1]

(b) Write a logic statement that corresponds with the following logic circuit.

X = ............................................................................................................................. [3]
Examiner Comment on Q 10(a)
Many candidates provided the correct outputs for the logic gate.
Examiner Comment on Q 10(b)
Some candidates gave a correct statement. Some candidates did not use brackets in their statement andtherefore could only was awarded a single
mark for the connecting AND. Candidates are reminded to makesure that they use brackets, where necessary, in their logic statements.
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10 For this logic statement:

X = 1 if (( A is 1 AND B is 1 ) OR ( B is 1 AND C is NOT 1 ))
(a) Draw the logic circuit.

(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic statement. [4]
Working space
A B C X

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

Examiner Comment on Q 10(a)

Many candidates provided a correct logic circuit.
Examiner Comment on Q 10(b)
Many candidates provided a correct truth table.
 PAGE 299

7 Draw a logic circuit to represent the logic statement: [7]

X = 1 if (A is NOT 1 AND B is 1) AND (A is NOT 1 AND C is NOT 1) OR (B is 1 AND C is 1)

5 (a) Draw a logic circuit for the logic statement:

X = 1 if ((A is 1 AND B is 1) OR (A is NOT 1 AND C is 1)) [4]

(b) Draw the symbol for an XOR gate and explain the function of this logic gate.

Explanation ........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [5]
 PAGE 300

7 (a) For this logic circuit:

Complete the truth table. [4]

Working space
A B C X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

(b) For this logic statement:

X = 1 if (B is 1 OR C is NOT 1) AND ((A is NOT 1) AND (B is 1 OR C is 1))
Draw a logic circuit.

(c) Complete the truth table for the logic statement given in part (b). [4]
Working space
A B C X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 301

6 Consider the logic statement:

X = 1 if ((A is NOT 1 OR B is 1) NOR C is 1) NAND ((A is 1 AND C is 1) NOR B is 1)
(a) Draw a logic circuit to represent the given logic statement. [6]

(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic statement. [4]
A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 302

7 Consider the logic statement:

X = 1 if ((A is 1 AND B is NOT 1) NAND C is 1) XOR ((A is 1 AND C is 1) OR B is 1)
(a) Draw a logic circuit to represent the given logic statement. [6]

(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic statement. [4]
A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 303

3 A greenhouse uses a system to monitor the conditions that plants need to grow.
The inputs to the system are:
Input Binary value Condition
1 Window is open
W
0 Window is closed
1 Temperature >=26°C
T
0 Temperature <26°C
1 Humidity >=50%
H
0 Humidity <50%
The system will sound an alarm when certain conditions are detected.
Alarm (X) will sound (=1) when:
window is closed and temperature >=26°C
or
temperature <26°C and humidity >=50%
Draw a logic circuit to represent the system. [5]
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10 A logic circuit is shown:

(a) Complete the truth table for the given logic circuit. [4]

Working space
A B C X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

(b) Draw a logic circuit corresponding to the logic statement:

X = 1 if ((A is 1 AND B is 1) AND (A is 1 OR C is NOT 1)) OR (B is 1 AND C is NOT 1) [6]
 PAGE 305

5 Consider the following logic statement:

X = 1 if ((A is 1 NAND C is 1) NOR A is NOT 1) OR (B is 1 AND C is NOT 1)

(a) Draw a logic circuit that represents the given logic statement. Your logic gates must have a
maximum of two inputs. Do not simplify the logic statement. [6]

(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic statement. [4]

Working space
A B C X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 306

2 Rajesh creates a logic circuit.

He uses three different logic gates in his circuit. Each logic gate has a maximum of two inputs.
He describes the logic of each gate.
(a) “The only time the output will be 1 is when both inputs are 1.”
State the single logic gate ...................................................
Draw the single logic gate: [2]

(b) “The only time the output will be 1 is when both inputs are 0.”
State the single logic gate ...................................................
Draw the single logic gate: [2]

(c) “The only time the output will be 0 is when both inputs are 1.”
State the single logic gate ...................................................
Draw the single logic gate: [2]
 PAGE 307

8 Consider the logic statement:

X = 1 if ((A is 1 NOR C is 1) AND (B is NOT 1 NOR C is 1)) OR (A is 1 AND B is 1)
(a) Draw a logic circuit to match the given logic statement. Each logic gate used must have a
maximum of two inputs. Do not attempt to simplify the logic statement.

[6]
(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic statement. [4]

A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 308

4 A factory that manufactures cleaning products has a system that monitors conditions throughout
the manufacturing process. The inputs to the system are:
Input Binary value Condition
1 pH > 7
A
0 pH < = 7
1 Temperature < 35°C
T
0 Temperature > = 35°C
1 Pressure > = 80%
P
0 Pressure < 80%
(a) The system will sound an alarm (X) when certain conditions are detected.
The alarm will sound when:
The pressure > = 80% and the temperature > = 35°C
or
• The temperature < 35°C and the pH > 7

[4]

(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic problem. [4]
A T P Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 309

8 Consider the logic circuit:

(a) Write a logic statement to match the given logic circuit.

............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic circuit. [4]
A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 310

6 (a) Complete the truth table for the given logic circuit. [4]

Do not attempt to simplify the logic circuit.

Working space
A B C X

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 311

(b) A water control system uses a switch and two pressure sensors.
The outputs of the switch and sensors are shown in the table.
Sensor or Switch Output of 1 Output of 0
Switch (S1) On Off
Pressure Sensor ( P1) >= 3 <3
Pressure Sensor ( P2) >= 3 <3
Create a logic circuit that will produce an output (X) of 1 when:
The switch S1 is on
and
either P1 is less than 3 or P2 is less than 3, but not both.
All logic gates used must have a maximum of two inputs. [4]
 PAGE 312

4 (a) Identify the name and draw the single logic gate that can replace the given logic circuits.
(i)

Name of gate: …………………………… Drawing of gate: [2]

(ii)

Name of gate: …………………………… Drawing of gate: [2]

(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic statement: [4]
X = (((A OR C) AND (NOT A AND NOT C)) XOR B)
Working space
A B C X

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 313

2 Consider the logic statement:

X = (((A NAND B) OR (B XOR C)) AND NOT C)

(a) Draw a logic circuit to match the given logic statement.

All logic gates must have a maximum of two inputs. Do not attempt to simplify the logic statement. [5]

(b) Complete the truth table to represent the given logic statement. [4]

Working space
A B C X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 314

4 Consider the logic statement:

X = (((A NAND B) NOR (B AND C)) OR C)
(a) Draw a logic circuit to match the given logic statement.
All logic gates must have a maximum of two inputs. Do not attempt to simplify the logic statement. [4]

(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic statement. [4]
A B C Working space X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
 PAGE 315

10 Consider the following logic statement:

X = ((B AND NOT A) XOR (A OR C))
(a) Draw a logic circuit to match the given logic statement.
All logic gates must have a maximum of two inputs. Do not attempt to simplify the logic statement. [4]

(b) Complete the truth table for the given logic statement. [4]

Working space
A B C X
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

5 Computers use logic gates.

(a) State the single logic gate that produces each truth table. [3]
Truth table Logic gate
 PAGE 316

(b) An aeroplane has a warning system that monitors the height of the aeroplane above the ground, whether
the aeroplane is ascending or descending, and the speed of the aeroplane.
Input Binary value Condition
1 Height is less than 500 metres
Height (H)
0 Height is greater than or equal to 500 metres
1 Aeroplane is ascending or in level flight
Ascending or Descending (A)
0 Aeroplane is descending
1 Speed is less than or equal to 470 knots
Speed (S)
0 Speed is greater than 470 knots

The warning system will produce an output of 1 that will sound an alarm (W) when either of these condition
s apply:
Height is less than 500 metres and the aeroplane is descending
Or
The aeroplane is descending and speed is greater than 470 knots

Draw a logic circuit to represent the warning system. [5]

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