DESARROYEAR OF PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT UNITS

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND EVALUATION

TEACHER: MILAGROS FRANCO GUEVARA

STUDENT:Guerreros Viña, Milagros Magdalena

CICLO: IV

ICA - PERÚ
2023
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Revista del Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel

versión impresa ISSN 0798-0477

INHRR v.37 n.1 Caracas ene. 2006

SUMMARY

The nervous system (SN) is the most important control system in the body and,
together with the endocrine system, performs most of the regulatory functioIn
general, the SN controls rapid activities of the body, such as contractions. muscles,
rapidly evolving visceral phenomena, and even secretions of some endocrine
glands. On the other hand, the endocrine system regulates mainly the metabolic
functions of the organism.

Introduction

The nervous system is usually divided into the central nervous system (CNS),
which includes the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system
(PNS), made up of the autonomic nervous system and the cranial and spinal
nerves. It is estimated that the human CNS contains 10 to 9 neurons, without
counting the cerebellum, which would contain about 30 x 10 to 9; the approximate
number of glial cells could be from 10 to 12 (Majovski, 1989). Human behavior is
the result of the integral functioning of this set of nerve cells.

CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES

The cranial and spinal nerves appear as shiny, whitish cords. They are formed by
the set of many nerve fibers, almost all covered with myelin sheath.All cranial and
spinal nerves result from the union of fibers leaving the brain or spinal cord.
However, whereas, for cranial nerves, these fibers join directly to form the nerve, in
spinal nerves, the fibers first join in two different formations, the anterior root and
the posterior root.

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES.

Nerves are classified according to the type of impulses they carry:

somatic sensory nerve: nerve that collects sensory impulses related to the so-
called "relational life", that is, not referring to the activity of the viscera;somatic
motor nerve: a nerve that carries motor impulses to voluntary muscles;

visceral sensory nerve: a nerve that collects sensation from the viscera;visceral
elector nerve: a nerve that carries motor, secretory, etc. impulses to the viscera.In
addition, the nerves that perform only one of the four functions listed above are
called pure nerves, while those that are simultaneously somatic sensory and
somatic motor (or that are also simultaneously somatic and visceral) are called
mixed nerves.However, the nomenclature of the nerves has been established
based on the territory in which they are distributed: there will be, for example,
muscular nerves and cutaneous nerves. Muscle nerves enter striated muscles,
essentially carrying motor fibers. Each fiber divides, inside the muscle, into many
twigs, each of which reaches the motor plate of a muscle fiber. The group of
muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber is called the Sherrington motor
unit.For their part, the cutaneous nerves are those that reach the skin, picking up
its sensitivity. Each cutaneous nerve is distributed in a certain area of skin, called a
dermatome.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

It constitutes the nervous tissue that is found outside the central nervous
system,represented fundamentally by the peripheral nerves that innervate the
muscles and organs Autonomic or vegetative nervous system The autonomic

week three: Humanistic psychology: its origins and meaning

in the world of psychotherapy to half a century

ABSTRACT

The article attempts to explain the emergence of humanistic psychology in the 1960s,
highlighting their origins and distinctive characteristics, the objectives of his birth and
evaluating their achievements, as well as newly discovered psychological phenomena.
An emerging new paradigm, known as Philosophy of the Implicit created by Eugene
Gendlin, Focusing discoverer described. Finally highlights the contributions of
humanistic psychology that have endured after half a century of existence.

WORLD CONTEXT IN WHICH PSYCHOLOGICAL HUMANISM WAS BORN

The world was surprised by the ideological end of the macro war conflict of the First
World War in 1919 when its end was settled by a coup d'état in Germany of imminent
ideological inspiration. After 25 years, humanity was stunned when the advanced
scientific technology of modern physics put an end to the world conflict on that fateful
August 6, 1945, when the first atomic bomb was dropped on humanity in Hiroshima.
Since then, the world would have faced the use of nuclear weapons that made war
conflicts unfeasible, faced with a type of war never seen before, known as the cold
war, a conflict in which two exclusive ideological models of society confront each other
on the part of the major corporations. powers. The objective of the Cold War was not
to win it, but to avoid losing it, since the most successful model had to demonstrate its
superiority. Both systems were inspired by a vision of man as a being who must
conquer nature and the universe through a civilization that was extremely scientifically
developed but profoundly ineffective in resolving conflicts through dialogue. Humanity
was then faced with an era of cultural revolution at the level of change and questioning
of everything that existed. The world came to need a Psychology in accordance with a
historical development that would allow society to seek and provide a peaceful solution
to conflicts between nationals, which could no longer be resolved technologically. It
was necessary to discover a new way of conceiving this science whose prevailing
paradigm until 1945 did not have much to offer in the face of the great problems that
man has with man, in the words of Martin Buber (1878-1965).

It is necessary to understand humanism as a new Paradigm, emerging simultaneously

in the USA and Europe, after Hiroshima, and its implications for psychotherapy and
Psychology as a new science that aims to integrate a conception of man and the
supposedly more holistic therapeutic task. more philosophical, as well as scientific

EMERGENCE OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

Humanistic Psychology was officially born in the USA in 1962, when a group of
psychologists and progressive thinkers of the time declared their willingness to develop
a new approach that transcended the determinisms and fragmentation of the current
models of Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism; The desire was then to develop a new
Psychology that deals with Subjectivity and Internal Experience, with the Person as a
whole, without fragmentations such as behavior or the unconscious, or perception or
language, but rather contemplating the Person as an object. study light.

This group of thinkers was made up of singular exponents of a new cultural concern:
Kurt Goldstein, Erich Fromm, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls, Rollo May,
Karen Horney, Aldous Huxley, Herbert Marcuse, and they were also part of this
revolutionary group of contemporary thought, two young psychotherapists, they were
Sidney Jourard and Eugene Gendlin, both 26 years old, becoming the first president of
the Humanistic Association and the future discoverer of Focusing, respectively.

IN SUMMARY

What began as a movement of revolutionary thinkers in Psychology has come to

configure new paradigms that have allowed us to explore new phenomena that were
denied by traditional psychology. This permanent dynamic that discovers truths and
that is so human, and that always breaks with what is established to break into new
territories, has been articulated by that general malaise caused by a traditional
psychology without spirit, without the basic elements of humanization, without which
could not be acted upon. After half a century, the transformation has been imminent,
new repertoires of practices and concepts that speak of new phenomena and manage
to facilitate mental health in territories never before suspected.

article four: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: A WELL BEING AND

HAPPINESS SCIENCE

Defining health is difficult, like most general concepts like peace, justice and freedom, that
of health presents enormous difficulties in terms of its definition. One of the most
widespread definitions of health in our society is that “health is the absence of disease.” In
1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a definition of health in which
contemplate three dimensions: “Health is complete physical, mental and social and not
simply the absence of ailments or diseases. The problem This definition lies in explaining
what the well-being of an individual is.

Health Psychology could be defined as “the discipline or field of specialization of

Psychology that applies the principles, techniques and scientific knowledge developed by it
to the evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, explanation, treatment and modification of
physical disorders and mental or any other behavior relevant to the processes of the health
and illness, in the different and varied contexts in which they can take place”, Oblitas,
(2006).

THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE OF HEALTH

Certain types of problems, specifically chronic diseases, due to multiple causes

(psychological, social, cultural and environmental factors),require different management
than acute morbid states, whose main characteristic is that they are produced by specific
pathogenic agents.However, in 1977 and with the help of psychiatrist George L. Engel, a
new model emerged, which was here to stay in many areas of health: the biopsychosocial
model, which takes into account the biological, psychological and social factors of the
person when explaining, understanding and facing a certain state of health or illness,
disability or disorder.The biopsychosocial model is one of the models that we find in the
field of psychology, and even psychotherapy. It is an approach that establishes that there
are various factors that influence the development and well-being of a person, in the
context of an illness, disorder or disability.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

article five:

(ADHD) in children and adolescents. A clinical

review

SUMMARY

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, whose

main symptoms are inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. ADHD has been associated
with a model of pathophysiological heterogeneity, in which, among others, executive
functions are affected, implying significant difficulties in responding to certain stimuli,
planning and organizing actions, reflecting on possible consequences and inhibiting an
initial automatic response. in order to replace it with a more appropriate one

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder.The cardinal symptoms are inattention,

hyperactivity and impulsivity. However, we find behind them various difficulties in
executive functions. This means difficulty in: attending to certain stimuli; plan and organize
an action; reflect on the possible consequences of each action; inhibit the first automatic
response to change it for another more appropriate one 2. Thus, we also find altered
processes related to motivation and reward and a dysfunction in the neural networks related
to the capacity for introspection and self-awareness

ETIOLOGY

The cause of ADHD is multifactorial, it is a confluence of genetic and environmental

factors. Regarding heritability, we know that the concordance ranges from 70 to 90%