DAS ET AL.

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R EF ERE NC ES Received: 16 August 2017

[1] Liu Y, Li K, Jia Y, Hao Y, Gong SX, Guo YJ. Wideband RCS DOI: 10.1002/mop.31033

reduction of a slot array antenna using polarization conversion

metasurfaces. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2016;64(1):326–
331.
Dielectric resonator based
[2] Shang YP, Xiao SQ, Wang BZ. Radar cross-section reduction
design for a microstrip antenna. Microwave Opt Technol Lett.
circularly polarized MIMO
2014;56(5):1200–1204. antenna with polarization
[3] Zheng YJ, Gao J, Cao XY, et al. Wideband RCS reduction and
gain enhancement microstrip antenna using chessboard configu- diversity
ration superstrate. Microwave Opt Technol Lett. 2015;57(7):
1738–1741.
[4] Chen C, Li Z, Liu L, et al. A circularly-polarized metasurfaced Gourab Das | Anand Sharma |
dipole antenna with wide axial-ratio beamwidth and RCS
Ravi Kumar Gangwar
reduction functions. Progr Electromagn Res. 2015;154:79–85.
[5] Kandasamy K, Majumder B, Mukherjee J, Ray KP. Low-RCS Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of
and polarization-reconfigurable antenna using cross-slot-based Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad,
metasurface. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett. 2015;14: Jharkhand 826004, India
1638–1641.
Correspondence
[6] Liu W, Chen ZN, Qing X. Metamaterial-based low-profile
Ravi Kumar Gangwar, Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian
broadband aperture-coupled grid-slotted patch antenna. IEEE
Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Jharkhand
Trans Antennas Propag. 2015;63(7):3325–3329. 826004, India.
[7] Wu Z, Li L, Li Y, Chen X. Metasurface superstrate antenna Email: [email protected]
with wideband circular polarization for satellite communication
application. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag Lett. 2016;15:374–
Abstract
377.
[8] Ratni B, Lustrac. De A, Villers S, Shah BN. Low-profile circu-
In this article, a dual sense dual port circularly polarized
larly polarized Fabry–Perot cavity antenna. Microw Opt Technol cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) is dis-
Lett. 2016;58(12):2957–2960. cussed for multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
[9] Orr R, Goussetis G, Fusco V. Design method for circularly applications. Three exclusive features of the proposed
polarized Fabry–Perot cavity antennas. IEEE Trans Antennas radiator are (i) modified circule-shaped aperture gener-
Propag. 2014;62(1):19–26. ates circular polarization for both the ports; (ii)
[10] Zhu HL, Cheung SW, Chung KL, Yuk TI. Linear-to-circular proposed structure can generate left-hand circular polar-
polarization conversion using metasurface. IEEE Trans Antennas ization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization
Propag. 2013;61(9):4615–4623. (RHCP) that depends on feed port selection; (iii) by
[11] Zhu HL, Cheung SW, Liu XH, Yuk TI. Design of polarization introducing the concept of polarization diversity
reconfigurable antenna using metasurface. IEEE Trans Antennas (LHCP/RHCP) and defected ground structure (DGS)
Propag. 2014;62(6):2891–2898. between the two radiator, isolation is improved. A pro-
[12] Jia Y, Liu Y, Gong S. Wideband high-gain circularly polarized totype of proposed radiator is fabricated and
planar antenna based on polarization rotator. In: International experimentally tested to authenticate the simulated
Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications results. The fractional impedance bandwidth for port 1
(ICEAA), Cairns, Australia; 2016:416–419.
and port 2 is 15.1% and 14.9%, respectively. Within the
[13] Chen H, Wang J, Ma H, et al. Ultra-wideband polarization con- targeted operating band, the isolation is better than 225
version metasurfaces based on multiple plasmon resonances.
dB between the ports. Different diversity performance
J Appl Phys. 2014;115(15):154504.
parameters are also calculated and they are also lie
within their optimum limit. The proposed MIMO
How to cite this article: Zheng Q, Guo C, Ding J. antenna is suitable for WLAN (5.5/5.8 GHz)
Wideband and low RCS circularly polarized slot applications.
antenna based on polarization conversion of metasur-
KEYWORDS
face for satellite communication application. Microw
Opt Technol Lett. 2018;60:679–685. https://doi.org/10. dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), diversity performance, multiple-input-

1002/mop.31026 multiple-output (MIMO), polarization diversity

686 | DAS ET AL.

1 | INTRODUCTION been discussed for WiMAX applications. But, all the above
mentioned MIMO antennas have shown only linear polariza-
The multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system tion (LP). In recent times, utilization of circular polarized
utilized multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side, (CP) radiator in MIMO system is gaining serious concentra-
for improving the system capacity without any requirement tion among antenna designer.7 In wireless communication,
of extra power level. To get superior channel capacity, high CP antennas are widely chosen over LP antennas because
isolation is necessary between the antenna elements. In they provide stable link between the transmitting and receiv-
recent period of wireless communication, dielectric resonator ing system, regardless of their orientation. In ref. [7], it is
can be chosen as a potential candidate for MIMO antenna shown that instead of using LP radiator, CP radiator in
due to absence of surface waves, high radiation efficiency, MIMO antenna system will appear as a promising method in
high gain, versatile shape, and feeding mechanism.1 In open indoor and outdoor circumstances.
literature, very few research articles are available on MIMO In this article, a compact two element dual port dual
dielectric resonator antennas.2–6 In ref. [2], Roslen et al. pro- sense CDRA is proposed for MIMO applications. Modified
posed MIMO rectangular DRA for 4G applications. But the circular shaped aperture is used to generate CP wave in the
use of shorting pin and metallic strip makes complicated fab- CDRA. The modified circular aperture is oriented in such a
rication process. Nasir et al. proposed rectangular DRA for manner that LHCP is generated with one port while RHCP is
MIMO applications.3 The isolation between the ports has generated with another port. So, in proposed radiator, polar-
been improved by etching slits in the ground plane. But, ization diversity concept is utilized to improve the isolation
inserting rectangular DRA in FR4 substrate makes complex between two ports (jS12 j  220). For further improvement
fabrication process. The present author proposed MIMO in isolation, a number of DGS slits are used in the ground
CDRA for WLAN applications.4 By exciting orthogonal plane between the two radiators (jS12 j  225) Different
mode in the CDRA, the isolation between the ports has been MIMO performance are calculated in terms of envelope cor-
improved. In ref. [5], a DRA-based MIMO antenna has been relation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), mean effec-
proposed for wireless access point. By utilizing one group of tive gain (MEG), total active correlation coefficient (TARC),
large and small CDRA, the antenna can able to cover 2.45 and channel capacity loss (CCL). The proposed article is
and 5.8 GHz WLAN band. In ref. [6], a MIMO CDRA has organized as follow: Formation of the proposed antenna and

FIGURE 1 Schematic diagram of the proposed MIMO antenna: (A) feeding structure; (B) 3D view [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlineli-
brary.com]

FIGURE 2 Configuration of (A) antenna A, (B) antenna B, and (C) antenna C [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DAS ET AL.
| 687

FIGURE 3 |S11| and |S12| variation of different antenna configuration F I G U R E 5 Axial ratio variation with circle-shaped aperture and
[Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] modified circular shaped aperture [Color figure can be viewed at wileyon-
linelibrary.com]

its investigation are given in Sections 2 and 3, respectively.

light. Effective dielectric constant (Er;eff ) and effective height
Experimental results, diversity performance, and conclusion
(Heff) of proposed antenna is calculated by using following
are given in Sections 4–6, respectively.
relation1
Heff
2 | FORMATION OF PROPOSED Er;eff 5 H HS (2)
RADIATOR EAlumina 1 Esub

and
Figure 1A,B displays the feeding mechanism and 3-D view
Heff 5H 1 HS (3)
of the proposed MIMO radiator. Alumina ceramic-based
cylindrical DRA (Er 59:8, tan d50:02 is placed over FR4 With the help of equations 1–3, the resonant frequency
substrate (Esub 54:4, tan d50:02) . Modified circular shaped of the proposed CDRA is found to be 5.75 GHz.
aperture has been etched on the upper side of the ground
plane and the lower part of the ground plane consists simple 3 | INVESTIGATION OF
microstrip line. Two modified circular shaped apertures are PROPOSED ANTENNA
mirror image of each other used at port 1 and port 2. A num-
ber of DGS slits are etched at upper part of the ground plane This section mainly focuses on the isolation improvement
between the two feeding ports to improve isolation. between the antenna elements. For isolation improving, three
The resonant frequency of CDRA (HE11d) mode is calcu- different antenna configurations will be investigated which
lated by using following formula.8 are shown in Figure 2.
"    2 #
6:321c r r Figure 3 shows |S11| and |S12| characteristics with various
fr 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0:2710:36 10:02 (1) steps of modification of the proposed antenna. From Figure
2pr Er;eff 12 2Heff 2Heff
3, it can be seen that by using same type of circular shaped
where, r (5D/2), H, and Hs are the radius of DR, height of aperture at both the port (antenna A), the isolation between
DR, and height of substrate, respectively; c is the velocity of the antenna elements is almost 213 dB at resonance

FIGURE 4 E-field distribution in CDRA for antenna A at 5.75 GHz [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
688 | DAS ET AL.

FIGURE 6 E-field distribution at 5.7 GHz for antenna 1 and antenna 2 [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 7 surface current distribution at 5.7 GHz (A) without DGS and (B) with central slit. (C) Proposed structure [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

frequency. It can also be perceived from Figure 3 that isola- image of each other. Figure 6 shows the E-field distribution
tion between the antenna elements is improved for modified at AR resonance frequency for antenna B (antenna 1 and
circular aperture fed CDRA (antenna B). For further antenna 2). From Figure 6, it can be observed that clockwise
improvement in isolation value, a number of DGS slits are circulation of electric field (LHCP) and anticlockwise circu-
used between antenna 1 and antenna 2 (antenna C). The reso- lation of electric field (RHCP) is generated at antenna 1 and
nant peak is almost remaining same for different antenna antenna 2, respectively. Here, E-field distribution at 08 and
configuration as HE11d mode is generated in DR for all
cases. Figure 4 displays the E-field distribution with simple
circular shaped aperture (antenna A) with port 1 and port 2.
From Figure 4, it can be observed that HEy11d mode is gener-
ated for both CDRA (antenna 1 and antenna 2) for antenna
A. The mutual coupling between the antenna elements is
high as same phase of E-field distribution in CDRA with
port 1 and port 2. Perturbation of circular aperture (antenna
B) generates degenerated orthogonal mode (HEy11d and
HEx11d in the CDRA and produce phase shift of 908 between
the orthogonal modes. Figure 5 displays the axial ratio varia-
tion with circular shaped aperture (antenna A) and with
modified circular aperture (antenna B). From Figure 5, it can
be confirmed that modified circular aperture is responsible
for creation of CP wave in proposed radiator. The modified F I G U R E 8 |S12| variation for different antenna structure modifica-
circular shaped aperture used at port 1 and port 2 are mirror tion [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DAS ET AL.
| 689

F I G U R E 9 Photographs of the fabricated antenna: (A) feeding structure; (B) bottom view; (C) proposed antenna [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

908 are plotted for antenna 1 and antenna 2 as E-field at 1808 introducing a pair of slit in the ground plane, the isolation
and 2708 are opposite in direction and equal in amplitude to between the antenna elements further improved which is
those 08 and 908. The isolation between two antenna ports shown in Figure 8. From Figure 7C, it can be observed that
has been improved by polarization diversity (LHCP at port 1 the surface current is mainly concentrated over the excited
and RHCP at port 2). Polarization diversity creates nonover- port. As a result, the proposed radiator achieves high isola-
lapping E-field in CDRA which is the very simple reason for tion between port 1 and port 2.9,10
enhancement in isolation value. It is also confirmed from
Figure 6.
The surface current distribution on the ground plane with
4 | EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
and without DGS condition is shown in Figure 7. Figure 8
The proposed MIMO antenna is simulated with the help of
shows |S12| variation for different antenna structure modifica-
Ansoft HFSS Simulation software. Figure 9 illustrates proto-
tion. It can be observed from Figure 7A that without DGS
type of the fabricated antenna. Figure 9A,B shows the top
condition, the surface current between two ports is highly
view and bottom view of the feeding structure. Final fabri-
dense. After placing central DGS slit, the isolation between
cated antenna structure is shown in Figure 9C.
the ports reduced significantly as shown in Figure 8. It can
Figure 10 shows the comparison of measured and simu-
be easily understood with the help of surface current distribu-
lated S-parameter of the proposed MIMO antenna. Measure-
tion on ground plane which is shown in Figure 7B. By
ment has been done by using KEYSIGHT N5221A PNA

FIGURE 10 Scattering parameter of the proposed antenna [Color F I G U R E 1 1 Axial ratio of the proposed antenna (u 5 08, ɸ 5 08)
figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
690 | DAS ET AL.

TA B L E 1 Optimized dimensions of proposed MIMO antenna

Dimension Dimension
Symbol (mm) Symbol (mm)

LS 5 LG 40.0 L3 10

WS 5 WG 50.0 W3 1

HS 1.6 L4 18

L1 30 L5 5.5

W1 3 L6 3.2

L2 28 D 15
FIGURE 12 Gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed
antenna (u 5 08, ɸ 5 08) [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlineli- W2 2 H 6
brary.com]

Network Analyzer. Figure 10 shows simulated scattering

parameters agree well with measured scattering parameter.
The measured impedance bandwidth for port 1 and port 2 is
15.1% and 14.9%, respectively. The measured isolation
between two feeding ports is better than 225 dB at the oper-
ating band. During measurement, one port is excited while
other one is connected to 50 L matched load. Figure 11
presents the axial ratio of the proposed radiator in the broad-
side direction of the proposed radiator. The simulated axial
ratio agrees well with measured axial ratio as shown in Fig-
ure 11. Figure 12 display gain and radiation efficiency of the
proposed radiator. The average measured gain and radiation
efficiency of the proposed radiator is 4.7 dB and 93%,
respectively. Figure 13 displays the simulated and measured F I G U R E 1 4 ECC and DG variation of the proposed antenna [Color
LHCP and RHCP patterns towards broadside direction at figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

5.7 GHz excited by port 1 and port 2 respectively. Depend-

ing on port excitation, the antenna can generate LHCP and 5 | DIVERSITY PERFORMANCE
RHCP patterns. When port 1 is excited, the antenna can gen-
erate LHCP fields in the 1z direction. Similarly, RHCP The different MIMO performance parameter of the proposed
fields in the 1z direction is generated in case of port 2. radiator is calculated by analyzing envelope correlation coef-
These patterns are measured in the automatic anechoic cham- ficient (ECC),11,12 diversity gain (DG),13 mean effective gain
ber (Table 1). (MEG),13 total active reflection coefficient (TARC),14 and

FIGURE 13 Simulated and measured LHCP and RHCP pattern of the proposed antenna: (A) port 1; (B) port 2 [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DAS ET AL.
| 691

T A BL E 2 ECC and DG values from far-field radiation pattern

Frequency Diversity
(GHz) ECC gain (dB)

5.25 0.09 9.53

5.5 0.12 9.38

5.75 0.16 9.16

6 0.07 9.64

channel capacity loss (CCL).15 The envelope correlation

coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG) is an important F I G U R E 1 5 MEG plot of the proposed antenna [Color figure can be
diversity performance parameter for MIMO antenna. ECC viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
generally utilized to find the correlation between received
signals and DG provides improvement in multiple antenna ððh i 2
system with respect to single antenna system. There are two ~
A i ðu; /Þ  ~
A j ðu; /Þ dx
different ways to calculate ECC: first one is by using scatter- p
ing parameter11 and second one is by using far-field pat- qe;ij 5 ð ð4 ðð (5)
tern.12 For two element MIMO antenna system, the ECC of jA i ðu; /Þj dx j~
~ 2
A j ðu; /Þj2 dx
the proposed radiator can be expressed by using following 4 p 4 p

relation11: where ~ A i ðu; /Þ and ~

A j ðu; /Þ presents the 3-D far-field
pattern function when port i and port j is excited,
jS11 S12 1S21 S22 j2
qe 5 (4) respectively. * represents the Hermitian product operator
ðð12ðjS11 j1jS21 2 jÞÞð12ðjS22 2 j1jS12 2 jÞÞÞ
2
and x presents the solid angle. Table 2 shows the ECC
where, Sii and Sij represent the input reflection coeffi- values of the proposed radiator at some selected frequen-
cient and isolation between the antenna elements respec- cies within the operating band. It can be observed from
tively. However, the S-parameter-based formula is valid Table 2 that the calculated ECC values are lies within
for highly efficient antenna elements (90%). From Fig- the acceptable limit in the operating range.
ure 14, it can be seen that the proposed radiator achieve The diversity gain of the proposed radiator is calculated
high radiation efficiency (>90%). As a result, equation 4 with the help of following relation13:
is valid for the proposed antenna. Figure 14 displays the pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
DG5 12ECC (6)
ECC plot of the proposed radiator. From Figure 14, it is
seen that the ECC of the proposed antenna is close to Figure 14 shows the diversity gain of the proposed radia-
zero (practically, ECC should be <0.511) which guaran- tor by using S parameter. Table 2 shows the calculated value
tees the improved diversity performance of the proposed of DG by using radiation pattern. In practical applications,
antenna. The second method uses far-field pattern to cal- the DG value should be closer to 10.13 From Figure 14 and
culate ECC, which is more effective, as it accounts Table 2, it can be seen that the DG values are closer to 10
mutual coupling between the radiated fields. ECC which indicates improved diversity performance.
between the i-th and j-th antenna elements can be calcu- In a multipath fading environment, MEG calculates the
lated by using following relation,12 power received by diversity antenna relative to power received

T A BL E 3 MEG values at different frequencies

Isotropic XPR 5 0 dB Outdoor XPR 5 1 dB Indoor XPR 5 5 dB

Freq (GHz) MEG-1 MEG-2 MEG-1 MEG-2 MEG-1 MEG-2

5.25 24.87 24.92 26.29 26.33 26.27 26.33

5.5 24.72 24.79 26.20 26.27 26.05 26.12

5.75 24.79 24.82 25.74 25.79 25.50 25.61

6 24.94 24.98 25.32 25.38 24.83 24.93

692 | DAS ET AL.

FIGURE 16 Measured TARC of the proposed antenna [Color figure F I G U R E 1 7 Channel capacity loss (CCL) of the proposed antenna
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

h i
by isotropic antenna. In a movable condition, MEG basically MEG150:5h1;rad 50:5 12jS11 j2 2jS12 j2 (8)
provides information related to the gain of the antenna. MEG h i
can be calculated with the help of following formula,16 MEG250:5h2;rad 50:5 12jS12 j2 2jS22 j2 (9)
ð 2p ð p " For equal power level, ratio between MEGs (MEG 1/MEG
XPR
MEG 5 Gu ðu; /ÞPu ðu; /Þ 2) should be <3 dB.17 The simulated and measured MEGs of
0 0 11XPR
# sin udud/ (7) the proposed MIMO antenna are presented in Figure 15. From
1 Figure 15, it is seen that the ratio between MEG 1 and MEG 2
1 G/ ðu; /ÞP/ ðu; /Þ
11XPR is <3 dB which indicates satisfactory diversity performance.
Total active reflection coefficient (TARC) is an important
where XPR is the cross polarization power ratio of horizon-
MIMO performance parameter, which characterized MIMO
tally and vertically polarized incident wave. Gu and G/ are the
antenna system. It is defined as the ratio between reflected
power gain pattern of the antenna. Pu and P/ are the angular
and incident power for MIMO antenna system. It can be cal-
density function of the incoming wave which is the function of
culated by utilizing following relation,14
u and ɸ, respectively. Calculated MEG values at different rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi




environments are shown in Table 3. The different MEG values
jS11 1S12 eju j2 1 jS21 1S22 eju j2
computed by considering mv 510 , mH 510 , rv 515 , and pffiffiffi
TARC 5 (10)
rH 515 . From Table 3, it is seen that the ratio of MEG 1 and 2
MEG 2 is almost equal to one at different frequency which where Sii and Sij are represented as reflection coefficient and
shows improved diversity performance of the proposed mutual coupling between the antenna elements respectively.
antenna. MEG can also be calculated with the help of S param- u is the phase angle which is swept from 08 to 1808 with 308
eter. The MEG can be computed by utilizing following the step size. Figure 16 represents the measured TARC of the
eqn. described in ref. [13].

T A BL E 4 Comparison of the proposed antenna with other published MIMO DRA

Fabrication
Ref. No. Antenna size (mm3) Isolation (dB) complexity

[2] 70 3 70 3 11.6 25 Complex

[3] 80 3 80 3 7.6 15 Complex

[4] 50 3 50 3 10.1 30 Complex

[5] 160 3 160 3 14.8 17 Easy

[6] 50 3 50 3 14.6 25 Easy

[16] 78 3 50 3 6.4 15 Easy

Proposed 40 3 50 3 7.6 25 Easy

DAS ET AL.
| 693

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high isolation observed between port 1 and port 2. Design of an MIMO dielectric resonator antenna for 4G applica-
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The channel capacity loss (CCL) gives an insight about
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dielectric resonator antenna with high isolation. Microwave Opt
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Closs 52log 2 det WR (11) quency DRA based MIMO antenna system for wireless access
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Where; bR 54 5; W11 512 jS11 j2 2jS12 j2
MIMO cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna with high isola-
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R EF ERE NC ES How to cite this article: Das G, Sharma A, Gangwar

[1] Petosa A. Dielectric resonator antenna handbook. Norwood, RK. Dielectric resonator based circularly polarized
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[2] Roslan SF, Kamarudin MR, Khalily M, Jamaluddin MH. An Opt Technol Lett. 2018;60:685–693. https://doi.org/10.
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