?.

Opo yonb d` moesud

moesud dgnbon : gp`sgntgr,
gp`sgntgr, don joroe
joroe hypisgntgr
hypisgntgr 9
Jowol:
o. Gp`sgntgr
Gp`sgntgr odocoh t`t`e d` pgrmueoon lum` yonb lgrodo tgpot d` otos
otou
otou d` low
lowoh
oh egjo
egjod`on
d`on cie
cieoc
oc yon
yonb
b mgmg
mgmgnbo
nboruh`
ruh` pgr
pgrmueo
mueoon
on lum`
lum`..
Gp`sg
Gp`sgntg
ntgrr tgr
tgrcgt
cgtoe
oe d` oto
otos
s pg
pgrmu
rmueo
eoon
on lum
lum`,
`, d` oto
otos
s cie
cieos
os`` bg
bgmp
mpo.
o.
Lgrco
Lgrcowo
wono
non
n dg
dgnb
nbon
on h`p
h`pis
isgn
gntgr
tgr (h`pisgntrum) yo
yonb
nb mg
mgnj
njod
od`` pu
puso
sott
bgmpo don yonb tgrjod` d` docom lum`.
l. Joroe H`pisgntgr
Egdocomon sumlgr bgmpolum` odocoh joroe h`pisgntgr d`h`tunb tgboe
curus dor` pgrmueoon lum`. Egdocomon d`nyotoeon icgh lgsoron joroe

docom sotuon em. [gkoro sg`smicib`st dga`n`s` h`pisgntgr bgmpolum`

odocoh pis`s` d`mono gngrb` rgbonbon yonb tgrs`mpon docom lotuon `tu
pgrtomo d`cgposeon, don mgrupoeon t`t`e d` mono potohon/rgtoeon muco`
pgkoh. @n` tgrjod` podo egdocomon h`pisgntgr d` lowoh pusot bgmpo.

<. Weuron opoeoh

opoeoh yonb d`moesud
d`moesud dgnbon
dgnbon seoco \`khtgr
\`khtgr 9
Jowol:
[eoco \`khtgr otou [\ d`dga`n`s`eon sglobo` cibor`tmo (los`s ?6) dor`
ompc`tudi moes`mum, yonb d`ueur docom sotuon m`erimgtgr, dor` rgeomon
bgmpo icgh `nstrumgn pgnbueur bgmpo (sg`smimgtgr
( sg`smimgtgr ) Riid-Ondgrsin,
Riid-Ondgrsin ,
podo joroe ?66 em dor` pusot bgmponyo.
bgmponyo. [globo` kintih, m`socnyo e`to
mgmpunyo` rgeomon bgmpo lum` (sg`smibrom
(sg`smibrom)) dor` sg`smimgtgr yonb
tgrposonb sgjouh ?66 em dor` pusot bgmponyo, ompc`tudi moes`mumnyo
sglgsor ? mm, moeo egeuoton bgmpo tgrsglut odocoh cib (?6 ponbeot ;
m`erimg
m`erimgtgr)
tgr) somo
somo dgnbon
dgnbon ;,6 seoco
seoco \`khtgr
\`khtgr.. [eoco
[eoco `n` d`usuceo
d`usuceon
n icgh
a`s`eowon Khorcgs \`khtgr.
;. Weuron opoeoh
opoeoh yonb d`moesud
d`moesud dgnbon seoco Mid`a`gd
Mid`a`gd Mgrkocc`
Mgrkocc` 9
[eoco Mgrkocc` odocoh sotuon untue mgnbueur egeuoton bgmpo lum`.
[otuon `n` d`k`ptoeon icgh sgironb vuceonicib`s dor` @toc`o yonb lgrnomo
B`usgppg Mgrkocc` podo tohun ?06<. [eoco Mgrkocc` tgrlob` mgnjod` ?<
pgkohon lgrdosoreon `nairmos` dor` ironb-ironb yonb sgcomot dor` bgmpo
tgrsglut don jubo dgnbon mgc`hot sgrto mgmlond`nbeon t`nbeot egrusoeon
oe`lot bgmpo lum` tgrsglut. Icgh `tu seoco Mgrkocc` odocoh sonbot suljget`a
don euronb tgpot d`lond`nb dgnbon pgrh`tunbon mobn`tudi bgmpo yonb
co`n.
co`n. Icgh
Icgh eorgn
eorgno
o `tu,
`tu, soot
soot `n`
`n` pgnbb
pgnbbuno
unoon
on [eoco
[eoco \`kht
\`khtgr
gr cgl`h
cgl`h cuos
cuos
d`bunoe
d`bunoeon
on untue
untue untue
untue mgnbueu
mgnbueurr egeuoto
egeuoton
n bgmpo
bgmpo lum`.
lum`. Tgtop`
Tgtop` seoco
seoco

Mgrkocc` yonb d`mid`a`eos`, podo tohun ?0;? icgh ohc` sg`smicib` Horry
Riid don Arone Ngumonn mos`h sgr`nb d`bunoeon tgrutomo opol`co t`doe
tgrdopot pgrocoton sg`smimgtgr yonb dopot mgnbueur egeuoton bgmpo
lum` d` tgmpot egjod`on.

4. Opo yonb d`moesud

d`moesud dgnbon
dgnbon pgto `sisg`s
`sisg`smoc
moc `tu 9
Jowol:
Docom sg`smicib` , pgto `sisg`smoc
`sisg`smoc d`bunoeon
d`bunoeon untue mgnunjueeon
mgnunjueeon
bor`s
bor`s-bo
-bor`s
r`s dgnb
dgnbon
on `ntgn
`ntgns`t
s`tos
os sg`sm
sg`sm`e
`e yonb
yonb somo,
somo, umumny
umumnyo
o d`ueu
d`ueurr
podo seo
seoco Mid`a`g
`a`gd
d Mg
Mgrrkocc
kocc`` . Vgto sgmokom `tu mgmlontu
mgnb`dgnt`a`eos` gp`sgntrum bgmpo lum` , ehususnyo d` mono t`doe odo
kototon `nstrumgntoc , sgpg
sgpgrt`
rt` bgmpo
bgmpo lum`
lum` h`stir
h`stir`s
`s . Mg
Mgrg
rgeo
eo jubo
jubo lgr`s
lgr`s``
`nai
`nairm
rmos
os`` pgnt
pgnt`n
`nb
b tgnt
tgnton
onb
b eind
eind`s
`s`` tono
tonoh
h d` cieo
cieos`
s` tgrt
tgrtgn
gntu
tu,, bgicib`
yonb mgndosor`nyo, pico rod`os` bgcimlonb sg`sm`e don rgspins lgrlobo`
jgn`s lonbunon.
lonbunon. Mgrgeo mgmlgntue
mgmlgntue lob`on pgnt`nb dor` pgndgeoton
pgndgeoton
moerisg
moerisg`sm`e
`sm`e,, yo`tu
yo`tu lob`on
lob`on sg`smici
sg`smicib`
b` yonb lgrhulu
lgrhulunbon
nbon dgnbon
dgnbon doto
doto
nin-`nstrumgntoc. Lgntue don ueuron dogroh `sisg`smoc dopot d`bunoeon
 untue mgmlontu mgngntueon
mgngntueon lgsornyo ,egdocomon aieus don mgeon`smg
aieus bgmpo.

Vgto `sisg`smoc untue bgmpo lum` @cc`ni`s ?018

7. Lobo`monoeo
Lobo`monoeoh
h koro mgnbueur joroe sumlgr
sumlgr bgmpo dor` suotu tgmpot
yonb d` condo bgmpo 9
Jowol:
Vodo soot bgmpo tgrjod` d` pusot bgmpo, moeo dor` pusot bgmpo
tgrsglut mgcunkurcoh ; jgn`s bgcimlonb Bgcimlonb Vr`mgr
(V) Bgcimlo
Bgcimlonb
nb `n` lgrjgn`
lgrjgn`s
s bgcimlo
bgcimlonb
nb cinb`tu
cinb`tud`no
d`nocc yonb
yonb pgrs`s
pgrs`s tgrjod`
tgrjod`
podo pgbos. Bgcimlonb `n` mgc`loteoon pgmompoton don pgnbgmlonbon
cop`son lotuon eg sgboco oroh mgnjouh` pusot bgmpo.
 Bgcimlo
Bgcimlonb
nb `n` sgdgm`e
sgdgm`e`on
`on kgpot
kgpot sgh`nbbo
sgh`nbbo mgrupoeo
mgrupoeon
n bgcimlo
bgcimlonb
nb
yonb
yonb pgrto
pgrtomo
mo eoc`
eoc` d`tgr
d`tgr`mo
`mo icgh
icgh sg`sm
sg`smibr
ibroa
oa (ocot
(ocot pgnko
pgnkotot
tot bgmpo
bgmpo).
).
Bgcim
Bgcimlo
lonb
nb `n` dopot
dopot mgrom
mgromlot
lot d`sgm
d`sgmuo
uo mgd`o
mgd`o lo`e
lo`e `tu podo
podot,
t, ko`r
ko`r
ot
otoup
oupun
un lgru
lgrupo
po udor
udoro.
o. Bgcim
Bgcimlo
lonb
nb V mgro
mgromlo
mlott mgcoc
mgcocu`
u` egroe
egroe lum`
lum`
dgnbon egkgpoton 4 sompo` 2 em/dgt`e don 8 em/dgt`e d` montgc tgrotos
lum`.
lum`. [glo
[globo
bo`` pgrlo
pgrlond
nd`nb
`nbon,
on, egkgp
egkgpoto
oton
n suoro
suoro d` udor
udoro
o odoco
odocoh
h 6,;4
6,;4
em/dgt`e
em/dgt`e.. Bgcimlo
Bgcimlonb
nb [geund
[geundgr
gr ([) Bgci
Bgcimlon
mlonb
b `n` lgrjgn`
lgrjgn`s
s bgcimlo
bgcimlonb
nb
tronsvgrsg yonb pgrs`s tgrjod` podo toc` yonb d`e`los-e`los.

Bgci
Bgcimlo
mlonb
nb `n`
`n` odoco
odocoh
h bgcim
bgcimlo
lonb
nb yonb
yonb egdu
egduo
o eoc`
eoc` d`tgr`
d`tgr`mo
mo icgh
icgh
sg`smibroa dgnbon egkgpoton ; sompo` 4 em/dgt`e. Bgcimlonb [ honyo
mompu mgromlot podo mgd`o podoton. Bgcimlonb
Vgrmueo
Vgrmueoon
on Bgcimlo
Bgcimlonb
nb pgrmueoo
pgrmueoon
n mgromlot
mgromlot d` pgrmueoo
pgrmueoon
n don cgl`h
cgl`h
comlo
comlott dor`
dor` egdu
egduo
o bgcim
bgcimlon
lonb
b d` otos.
otos. D@ pgrmu
pgrmueo
eoon
on bgcim
bgcimlon
lonb
b `n`
mgromlot sgkoro vgrt`eoc sgpgrt` bgcimlonb o`r cout, don soot lgrsomoon
sgko
sgkoro
ro hir`
hir`si
sint
ntoc
oc dor`
or` e`r`
`r` eg eono
eonon
n sgpg
sgpgrt
rt`` ucor
ucor yonb
yonb lgrj
lgrjoc
oco
on.
Vgnomp
Vgnompoeon
oeon bgcimlon
bgcimlonb-bg
b-bgciml
cimlonb
onb docom
docom sg`smib
sg`smibrom
rom oeon
oeon tgrc`hot
tgrc`hot
sgpgrt` bomlor lgr`eut
Dor` bomlor tgrsglut oeon d`dopoteon `nairmos`
 pgrlgdoon woetu ontoro soot pgrtomo bgcimlonb V tgrjod` dgnbon soot
pgrt
rto
omo bgciml
cimlo
onb [ tgr
tgrkotot
tot d` sg`smi
`smib
brom
rom. Vodo
odo kinti
ntih
sg`smibrom d`lowoh, tgrkotot pgrlgdoon woetunyo odocoh <7 dgt`e.
 Ompc`tudi
Ompc`tudi moes`moc (joroe tgrjouh yonb tgrkotot dor` bor`s dosor
losgc`ng sg`smibrom)
sg`smibrom) dor` bgmpo. Vodo kintih
kintih sg`smibrom d`lowoh,
d`lowoh,
tgrkotot ompc`tudi moes`mocnyo odocoh <6mm.
[gcon
gconju
jutn
tnyo
yo dgnb
dgnbon
on mgnb
mgnbbu
buno
noeo
eon
n d`ob
d`obro
rom
m d`lo
`lowoh
woh e`to
e`to oeo
oeon
mgndopoteon
 joroe gp`sgntrum
gp`sgntrum bgmpo dgnbon stos`un pgnkotot.
pgnkotot. Vodo seoco yonb
poc`nb e`r`, dopot tgrc`hot j`eo pgrlgdoon woetu=<7 dgt`e, oeon d`dopot
joroe sglgsor
sglgsor <?6
<?6 em
 Dgnbon mgnbhulunbeon onbeo ompc`tudi moes`moc podo seoco poc`nb
eonon
eonon dgnb
dgnbon
on t`t`e
t`t`e pg
pgrl
rlgd
gdoon
oon woetu
woetu d` seo
seoco
co po
poc`n
c`nb
b e`r`,
e`r`, e`to
e`to dopot
dopot
mgmpgricgh lgsoron onbeo mobn`tudg bgmpo podo seoco d` tgnboh (7
seoco \`khtgr)
 Mgngntueon
Mgngntueon cieos` gp`sgntr
gp`sgntrum
um Joroe
Joroe gp`sgnt
gp`sgntrum
rum yonb
yonb d` dopot
dopot
dgnbon koro d` otos honyo mgnunjueon joroe ontoro gp`sgntrum dgnbon
stos`un pgnbomot. Eocou d`bomlor, gp`sgntrum l`so lgrodo d`mono sojo
docom c`nbeoron O m`socnyo. Wntue mgngntueon cgtoe gp`sgntrum sgkoro
tg
tgpot
pot,, d`lutu
d`lutuhe
heon
on m`n`mo
m`n`mocc < doto
doto joroe
joroe gp`sg
gp`sgntr
ntrum
um cob`
cob` dor`
dor` < stos`
stos`un
un
pgnbomott yonb lgrlgdo. J`eo mos`nb-mos`nb
pgnbomo mos`nb-mos`nb stos`un
stos`un pgnbomot
pgnbomot d`luot
c`nbeoro
c`nbeoron
n dgnbon
dgnbon jor`-jor
jor`-jor`` sgponj
sgponjonb
onb joroe
joroe gp`sgntr
gp`sgntrum
um mos`nb-
mos`nb-mos
mos`nb,
`nb,
moeo oeon d`dopoteon t`t`e pitinb dor` eg ; c`nbeoron yonb mgrupoeon
cieos` gp`sgntrum dor` bgmpo.
1. Vodo
Vodo <8-;-<6
<8-;-<667
67 tgrjod
tgrjod`` bgmpo
bgmpo d` V.N`os
V.N`os dgnbon
dgnbon gngrb` 8,2 \`khtg
\`khtgr.
r.
Joroe Gp`sgntr` 26 em dor` V.N`os don dgnbon egdocomon ;; em dor`
mueo tonoh.
o. Lgropo
Lgropo pgrkgpo
pgrkgpoton
ton pgrmue
pgrmueoon
oon tonoh
tonoh don gngrb`
gngrb` yb d`cgpose
d`cgposeon
on d`
V N`os oe`lot bgmpo tsl 9
l. Lgropo lgsor
lgsor bgtoron
bgtoron tonoh (mgnuru
(mgnurutt seoco MM)
MM) d` V N`os
N`os tsl.9
k. Mgnb
Mgnbop
opo
o sgr`
sgr`nb
nb tgrjo
tgrjod`
d` pgrl
pgrlgd
gdoon
oon `nai
`nairm
rmos`
os` tgnt
tgnton
onb
b pgre`
pgre`roo
roon
n
eglgrodoon sumlgr bgmpo egt`eo tgrjod` bgmpo lum` 9
Jowol:
o. Mgnkor`
Mgnkor` lgsor
lgsoron
on gngrb
gngrb`` yonb d`cgp
d`cgpose
oseon
on
Cib
Cib G = ??.
??.4
4 + ?.7
?.7 \

= ??.4 + (?.7 x 8.2)

Cib G = <4
<4.47
G = ?.;88x?6¼4
Mgnkor` pgrkgpoton pgrmueoon tonoh
o = ??0. g6,8?.\ (H + <7 ) ‛?,?7

= ??0 x <.2?86.8?x8.2(26+<7)-?.?7
= 2<1.14< km/dgt<
l. Mgnkor`
Mgnkor` lgsor
lgsor bgtoron
bgtoron tono
tonoh
h (seoco
(seoco MM)
MM)
Cib o = ?/; x @ ‛ ½
Cib
Cib 2<1
2<1.1
.14<
4< = ?/;
?/; x @ ‛ ½
<.81? = ?/; x @ ‛ ½
8.78; =@‛½
@ = 0.68; MM
k.