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    Introduction

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    John Renz Retiro
    Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of different forms of energy and how these conversions affect properties like temperature, pressure, and volume. It originated from efforts to convert heat into mechanical work. Some key concepts in thermodynamics include work, heat, energy, and the universal gas constant. The document also provides conversion factors for various units of length, mass, area, volume, force, pressure, power, and energy.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Introduction

    Uploaded by

    John Renz Retiro
    8 views5 pages
    Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of different forms of energy and how these conversions affect properties like temperature, pressure, and volume. It originated from efforts to convert heat into mechanical work. Some key concepts in thermodynamics include work, heat, energy, and the universal gas constant. The document also provides conversion factors for various units of length, mass, area, volume, force, pressure, power, and energy.

    Original Title

    1. INTRODUCTION

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    Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of different forms of energy and how these conversions affect properties like temperature, pressure, and volume. It originated from efforts to convert heat into mechanical work. Some key concepts in thermodynamics include work, heat, energy, and the universal gas constant. The document also provides conversion factors for various units of length, mass, area, volume, force, pressure, power, and energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    8 views5 pages

    Introduction

    Uploaded by

    John Renz Retiro
    Thermodynamics deals with the conversion of different forms of energy and how these conversions affect properties like temperature, pressure, and volume. It originated from efforts to convert heat into mechanical work. Some key concepts in thermodynamics include work, heat, energy, and the universal gas constant. The document also provides conversion factors for various units of length, mass, area, volume, force, pressure, power, and energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    CHAPTER 1

    Introduction

    Thermodynamics, defined

    1. deals with the conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy and the reverse
    process, the conversion of heat into work [Webber et al., 1974].

    2. physics of energy and mechanical actions [Microsoft Encarta, 2007].

    3. the branch of physics that deals with the conversions from one to another of various
    forms of energy and how these affect temperature, pressure, volume, mechanical
    action, and work [Microsoft Encarta, 2007].

    4. the science of energy [Cengel and Boles, 1998].

    5. The name “thermodynamics” stems from the Greek words, therme (heat) and dynamis
    (power), which is the description of the early efforts to convert heat into power. Today
    the same name is broadly interpreted to include all aspects of energy and energy
    transformations, including power production, refrigeration, and relationships among the
    properties of matter [Cengel and Boles, 1998].

    History

    The term thermodynamics was first used in a publication by Lord Kelvin in 1849. The first
    thermodynamics textbook was written in 1859 by William Rankine, a professor at the
    University of Glasgow.

    Conversion Factors

    Length
    1 in = 2.54 cm
    1 ft = 12 in
    1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 3.28 ft
    1 cm = 10 mm
    1 yd = 3 ft
    1 statute mi or land mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km
    The statute mile was so-named because it was defined by an English Act of
    Parliament in 1593, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
    1 nautical mi = 6076 ft = 1.852 km
    Mass
    1 kg = 2.2 lb = 1000 g
    1 lb = 454.5 g = 16 oz = 7000 grains
    1 slug = 14.59 kg = 32.2 lb
    1 metric ton = 1000 kg = 2200 lb
    1 British ton = 1016 kg
    =joik1 US ton = 907.2 kg
    1fshort ton = 2000 lb
    1 long ton = 2240 lb
    1 stone = 6.35 kg

    Area
    1 acre = 4046.8 m2
    1 hectare = 10,000 m2

    Volume
    1 m3 = 1000 L = 264.17 US gal
    1 L = 1000 cc = 1000 mL
    1 ft3 = 7.481 US gal = 28.317 L
    1 US gal = 3.785 L = 4 qt
    1 British gal = 1.20 US gal
    1 barrel = 115.63 L
    1 bushel = 35.24 L
    1 oz = 29.57 cm3
    1 board foot = 1 ft x 1 ft x 1 in.
    (volume of a board that is one foot square and 1 in thick)

    Force, Weight
    F = ma W = mg
    1 N = 1 kgm/s2
    1 dyn = 1 gcm/s2
    1 lbF = 1 slug-ft/s2
    1 N = 105 dyn
    1 lbF = 4.45 N
    1 kgF = 9.81 N
    1 dyn = 2.25x10-6lbF

    Pressure
    P = F/A
    1 Pa = 1 N/m2
    1 psi = 1 lbF/in2
    1 mm Hg = 1 torr
    1 bar = 105 Pa
    1 atm = 14.7 psi = 101,325 N/m2 = 1.01325 bar = 1.033 kgF/cm2 1
    atm = 760 mm Hg at 0ºC = 29.92 in Hg at 0ºC = 33.90 ft H20 at 4ºC
    1 psi = 6.89x104 dyn/cm2 = 6.89x103 N/m2
    1 psi = 2.036 in Hg at 0ºC = 2.311 ft H20 at 70ºF = 51.715 mm Hg at 0ºC
    Power
    W
    P VI
    ==
    t
    1 W = 1 J/s = VA
    1 ft-lbF/s = slug-ft2/s3
    1 hp = 746 W = 550 ft-lbF/s = 0.707 Btu/s = 42.42 Btu/min = 2545
    Btu/hr 1 boiler hp = 35,322 kJ/hr
    1 W = 1 J/s = 14.34 cal/min = 3.412 Btu/hr
    1kW = 1.34 hp = 1000 W

    Energy, Heat, Work


    W=Fd
    W E Pt = =
    1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kg-m2/s2
    1 ft-lbF = 1 slug-ft2/s2
    1 erg = 1 g-cm2/s2
    1 Btu = 252 cal = 1055 J = 1.055 kJ = 778 ft-lbF
    1 J = 107 ergs
    1 cal = 4.187 J
    1 ft-lbF = 1.356 J
    1 kWhr = 3412 Btu

    Universal gas constant

    PV R
    = nT
    cal Btu
    R 1.987 1.987
    ==
    gmol K lbmol K
    −−
    atm m atm L
    R 0.08205 82.05
    −−

    ==
    kgmol K kgmol K
    −−
    3

    kJ kPa m
    R 8.314 8.314
    ==
    kgmol K kgmol K
    −−
    3

    −
    atm ft R 0.7302
    lbmol ºR
    3

    −
    =
    −
    psi ft R 10.731
    lbmol ºR
    3

    =
    −
    ft lb R 1545.3
    lbmol

    ºR−

    =
    −F

    Prefixes for Powers of Ten


    Less than 1 prefixes

    Prefix Abbreviation Power

    yocto y 10-24

    zepto z 10-21

    atto a 10-18

    fempto f 10-15

    pico p 10-12

    nano n 10-9

    micro μ 10-6

    milli m 10-3

    centi c 10-2

    deci d 10-1

    Greater than 1 prefixes

    Prefix Abbreviation Power

    yotta Y 1024
    zetta Z 1021

    exa E 1018

    peta P 1015

    tera T 1012

    giga G 109

    mega M 106

    kilo k 103

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