Chem All Numerical
Chem All Numerical
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Periodic Properties and Atomic, Molecular Structure
Numerical on Slater’s Rule:
Numerical 1: Calculate Effective nuclear charge, (2*) experienced by the 4s
electron of Kio.
Z=Z-o
Where Z= 19
o=?
Write the electronic configuration of Kisand group them;
Solution: Electronic configuration- 1s?, 2s?, 2p®, 3s?, 3p®, 4s!
Now grouping the configuration according to Slater’s rule
(182), (2s?,2p9), (382, 3p), 42
n-3 n-2 n-l n
Since we have to calculate effective charge on 4s!, and there is only one electron
in this energy shell, single electron in this orbital should not be considered. The
screening constant of the electrons according to the above table is used & the
values are substituted as under;
(2 x 1) + (8x 1) + (8 x 0.85) = 16.8
o*= 16.8
Zr =19-16.8=2.2
Numerical 2: What is the value of Zea for Nz?
Zt=Z-0
Where Z =
o
Write the electronic configuration of Nz;
Solution: Electronic configuration- 1s, 2s*, 2p5,
Group the configuration according to Slater’s rule-
(1s?) (2s?,2p9)
n-1 n
Since n‘h shell has s & p orbitals containing total 5 electrons. Excluding 1
electron, remaining 4 electrons in nt shell will have shielding effect equal to
0.35.
Hence o will be calculated according the rule is as follows
(2 x 0.85) + (4 x 0.35) = 3.1
Zt = 7-3.1 = 3.9
B) Atomic and ionic sizes: The size of the atom is significant in governing its
property. Due to the wave character of the motion of an electron, an atom does
not have strictly defined boundaries. One of the ways we can express
the size of atoms is with the atomic radius.
Atomic radii
If the atom is assumed to be spherical, then the radius of the sphere gives the
atomic radius. But it is difficult to exactly determine the radius of the atom
because, it is not possible to isolate an atom and measure its radius. Also the
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1.3 EXERCISE
eee
REVIEW AND UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS)
1. What is the basic difference in approach between Mendeleev’s Periodic Law
and the Modem Periodic Law? (BT 1)
2. What do you understand by atomic radius and Ionic radius and How do they
vary in a period and in a group? Explain the variation? (BT2)
3. Explain the concept of Shielding effect of electrons. . (BT 2)
4. Name the laws for filling the electrons and Explain the laws. (BT1,3)
5. Describe Periodic Trends Due to Penetration and Shielding (BT4)
6. Describe penetration of Orbital in detail (BT6)
7. Why atomic radii of elements increase top to bottom in groups and decrease
from left to right in periods. (BT3)
8, Write Short notes on; (BT2)
i) Energy of Ionization
ii) Atomic Radii
iii) Electronic Configuration ,
9. plain the Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules using Energy Level
Di f any Homonuclear Diatomic Molecule. (BT4)
Diagrams of any Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecule. (BT4)
IL. Discus various types of magnetism with suitable diagram. (BT3)
12, What is magnetic susceptibility? Discus its dependance on temperature in
va 8 (BT3)
eitferent Subetencen ile [Co(NHs).)* is diamagnetic. Explain (BT3)
13, CoFs)*- is paramagnetic whi 5, 7
14, ae the magnetic properties of complexes with @, d, d? and
itable le. (BT3)
ae jone with suitable example. -
a configurations sete always high spin in nature. Explain, (BT3)
BT3)
DITIONAL NUMERICAL FOR PRACTIC! (BTS)
ter’s rule;(BT 4)
1. Calculate Bffective Nuclear Charge 2* using Sle
4) Sulphur atom having atomic number 10-
b) 45 electron in Ca where Z = 20
6} 2p electron in Fewhere 2 9 (Anewer: 2) Ste ne caine
2. Determine the magnetic properties er une ae Sa eee
CeO [Fe(HsO}al2, [NANHabl?> an 1.732, [Ni{NHo]*"=
[Fe(H20 .
83, others = 0)
(Answer:
61
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a base undergo
a neuy tion
reaction to
form water and
a salt
aqueous solutions,
4.1814 Joules,
(grams x °C), and
‘AT is the change
in temperature
measured using
This is the heat
of
neutralization
for all strong
Heat of solution or
enthalpy of
solution
The heat of
solution or
enthalpy of
solution is defined
as the heat
generated or
absorbed when a
certain amount of
the solute
~ aT
‘m* is the mass of
given acid, ‘cis the
specific heat
capacity for
aqueous solutions.
4.1814 Joules
(grams x °C), and
“AT is the change
dissolves in alin temperature
certain amount of | measured using
solvent. calorimeter.
acids and
bases and it is
constant.
NaOH) + H207
NaOH
AH -44.51
kJ/mol
+ 4= represents the change in the enthalpy; (AHpmis DHreasann)
* a positive value indicates the products have greater enthalpy, or that it is
an endothermic reaction (heat is required)
* a negative value indicates the reactants have greater enthalpy, or that it is
an exothermic reaction (heat is produced)
2.3.2 Numerical
Numerical 1: A gas has constant pressure in a system. There is a loss of 55 J of
heat in the surroundings around the system. 550 J of work is done onto the
system. Find the system's internal energy?
Solution:
AE or AU=q+w
aE
SOU
AE = 605S
Numerical 2: A gas in a system has constant pressure. The surroundings around
the system lose 60 J of heat and do 475 J of work onto the system, What is the
internal energy of the system?
Solution: The surrounding area loses heat and does work onto the system.
Therefore, q and w are positive in the equation AU=q+w because the system gains
: ¢ e on itself.
eat and gets work don’ AE or AU=q+w
AE = 605+ 4755
AE = 535S.
Numerical 3: A system has constant volume (AV=0) and the heat aroind the
System increases by 45 J.
75
a
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fa. What is the sign for heat (q) for the system?
b. What is AU equal to? : :
¢. What is the value of internal energy of the system in oe
Solution: Since the system has constant volume faveg oe pav-o _
work is equal to zero. Thus, in the equation AU=qtw ue ae ae interna)
energy is equal to the heat of the system. The surrounding heat ss at
heat of the system decreases because heat is not created nor destroyed
Therefore, heat is taken away from the system making it exothermic and negative
‘The value of Internal Energy will be the negative value of the heat absorbed by the
‘surroundings.
a. negative (q<0)
b. AE =q +(-PAV)=q+O=q
c._ AEs -45S
Numerical 4; If water vapor is assumed to be a perfect gas, molar enthalpy
change for vaporization of 1 mol of water at lbar and 100°C is 41kJ mot!
Calculate the internal energy change, when
(i) 1 mol of water is vaporized at 1 bar pressure and 100°
{ii)1mol of water is converted into ice.
Solution: (i) The change H,0,, > H,0,,,
SH = AE + Ang RT
or
AE =AH-Any RT
Substituting the values, we get,
SE= 41.00 kJ mol! - (1x 8.314 J mol!
= 41.00 kJ mol!- 3.096 kJ mol
= 37.904 kJ mol!
(i) The change HQ) > H,0,,,
‘There is negligible change in volume.
So, we can put
PAV = AnyRT= 0 in this case,
AH =Aau
80, AU 41.00kJ mol!
Numerical 5: The heat absorbed
re
at 291K isothermally in a verge aaa arated salt (NazCOs,10H20) is disse
Determine the heat of crystallization of | ke Nae a8, OS KY per mole §
Solution: Given data: & NazCO3.10H20.
7 65 6d per mot
291k
Specific heat =
Substitute in the given formula wees 0.004184 KJ /pec
AHude™ mass.
enter AT,
= 65 x ag," * Speci ter
‘Therefore, S * 291"% Googie Neat
an,
27
140 kJ/ Kg solute
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An alternate synthesis by Sheldon is:
0
ches cn +co~ chon PL,
“OCH:
CH;
Compare this reaction through atom economy & predict the Green reaction.
solution:
Reagents Formula __| M.W.
acetone C3H6O 58
hydrogen cyanide HCN 27
methanol CHO 32
sulfuric acid HSOs 98
Product
methyl methacrylate CsHsOz 100
We have, a
Weigh of Desired Product
Molecular Weigh of De: x 100
tom Bconomy= Fn of Molecular weig of all the reactant
100 100 _
= X100= —— X100= 46.5%
‘Mom Economy= 5542743249 215
Second reaction:
Reagents Formula ___| M.w.
propyne | _CsHs 40
carbon monoxide co 28
methanol | _CHsO 32
Product
methyl methacrylate | CsHsO2 100
100 = 100, = 1%
x100= =? x 100 = 100%
40+28+32
: Second Reaction is a Green Reaction.
‘Atom Economy=
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