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Name: Affan Telek

Chemistry Test #1 (Grade 12)

Knowledge/Understanding Application Thinking/Investigation Communication Total

(K/U) (A) (T/I) (C)

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Part I: Quantum Numbers (12 Marks)

1. Briefly describe what each of the four quantum numbers represent. (K/U ____/4)
(Point form for each number is encouraged!)
1. Principal Quantum Number (n):

● Determines the main energy level or shell of an electron in an atom.

● Possible values are positive integers starting from 1.
● Larger values of n indicate higher energy levels and larger orbitals.

2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l):

● Determines the shape of the orbital.

● Possible values are integers from 0 to n-1.
● For a given n, l can take on any integer value between 0 and n-1.

3. Magnetic Quantum Number (m):

● Determines the orientation of the orbital in space.

● Possible values are integers from -l to +l.
● The number of possible values of m is 2l+1.

4. Spin Quantum Number (s):

● Determines the spin of the electron.

● Possible values are +1/2 or -1/2.
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2. Determine the maximum number of electrons with a principal quantum number (K/U ____/2)
(a) 1 The maximum number of electrons with a principal quantum number of 1 is This is
because the first energy level or shell (n=1) can only hold a maximum of 2 electrons, and no more.
The first shell contains only one s sublevel, which has a total of one orbital that can hold a maximum
of 2 electrons with opposite spins, according to the Pauli exclusion principle.

(b) 2 The maximum number of electrons with a principal quantum number of 2 is 8.

This is because the second energy level or shell (n=2) can hold a maximum of 8 electrons. The
second shell contains two sublevels: s and p. The s sublevel has one orbital that can hold a maximum
of 2 electrons, while the p sublevel has three orbitals that can hold a maximum of 6 electrons (2
electrons per orbital). Therefore, the total number of electrons that can occupy the second energy
level is 2 + 6 = 8.

(c) 3 The maximum number of electrons with a principal quantum number of 3 is 18.

This is because the third energy level or shell (n=3) can hold a maximum of 18 electrons. The third
shell contains three sublevels: s, p, and d. The s sublevel has one orbital that can hold a maximum of
2 electrons, the p sublevel has three orbitals that can hold a maximum of 6 electrons (2 electrons per
orbital), and the d sublevel has five orbitals that can hold a maximum of 10 electrons (2 electrons per
orbital). Therefore, the total number of electrons that can occupy the third energy level is 2 + 6 + 10 =
18.

(d) 4 The maximum number of electrons with a principal quantum number of 4 is 32.

This is because the fourth energy level or shell (n=4) can hold a maximum of 32 electrons. The fourth
shell contains four sublevels: s, p, d, and f. The s sublevel has one orbital that can hold a maximum of
2 electrons, the p sublevel has three orbitals that can hold a maximum of 6 electrons (2 electrons per
orbital), the d sublevel has five orbitals that can hold a maximum of 10 electrons (2 electrons per
orbital), and the f sublevel has seven orbitals that can hold a maximum of 14 electrons (2 electrons
per orbital). Therefore, the total number of electrons that can occupy the fourth energy level is 2 + 6 +
10 + 14 = 32.

3. (a) Give the four quantum numbers for the highlighted electron. (A ___/4)
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3p ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

3s ↑↓

2p ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

2s ↑↓

1s ↑↓

(b) What element has the energy level diagram depicted in part (a)? (A ___/2)
The energy level diagram shown in part (a) represents the electron configuration of silicon (Si), which
has 14 electrons. The electron configuration of silicon is:

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^2

The diagram correctly shows the 14 electrons in their respective energy levels and orbitals. The
arrows indicate the spin of each electron, with up arrows representing electrons with spin quantum
number of +1/2 and down arrows representing electrons with spin quantum number of -1/2.

Part II: Diagrams (9 Marks)

4. Draw the energy level diagram AND full electron configuration for a rubidium atom. (A___/4)
5s ↑↓

4d

4p

4s ↑↓

3d

3p

3s ↑↓

2p

2s ↑↓

1s ↑↓

Full electron configuration:

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1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^10 4p^6 5s^1

5. Draw the energy level diagram AND full electron configuration for a nitride ion. (A___/4)
2p ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

2s ↑↓

1s ↑↓

Full electron configuration:

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6

6. Write the shorthand electron configuration for iodine. (A___/1)

The shorthand electron configuration for iodine (I) is:

[I] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁵

Part III: Electron configuration (4 Marks)

7. Determine if the following electron configurations are correct. If it is incorrect, (T/I __ /4)
write down the corrected electron configuration. Then, write the atom these
configurations refer to.

a) 1s22s22p63s23p64s24d104p65s1 Correct (Cesium)

b) 1s22s22p63s3 Incorrect. 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^1 Sodium (Na)

c) [Ar] 5s24d105p5 Correct

d) [Xe] 6s24f10 Correct

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Part IV: Short Answers (11 Marks)

8. (a) Briefly describe the following three types of magnetism: (T/I ___/6)
Diamagnetic:
Diamagnetism is a type of magnetism exhibited by materials that do not have unpaired
electrons. When a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, the magnetic
moments of the electrons in the material align themselves in a direction opposite to the external field,
resulting in a slight decrease in the net magnetic field. This effect is usually weak, and diamagnetic
materials are repelled by a magnetic field, which means that they are not attracted to magnets.
Examples of diamagnetic materials include copper, gold, and silver.

Paramagnetic:
Paramagnetism is a type of magnetism exhibited by materials that have unpaired electrons.
When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, the magnetic moments of the
unpaired electrons align themselves in the direction of the external field, resulting in an increase in the
net magnetic field. This effect is usually weak, and paramagnetic materials are weakly attracted to a
magnetic field, but not magnetized in the absence of a field. Examples of paramagnetic materials
include aluminum, platinum, and titanium.

Ferromagnetic:
Ferromagnetism is a type of magnetism exhibited by materials that have unpaired electrons
and a specific crystal structure. In ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic moments of the unpaired
electrons are aligned spontaneously in the same direction, even in the absence of an external
magnetic field. This alignment results in a net magnetic moment and gives rise to the strong magnetic
properties of ferromagnetic materials. Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted to a magnetic
field and can retain a magnetic field even after the external field is removed. Examples of
ferromagnetic materials include iron, cobalt, and nickel.

(b) Which principle/rule is used to fill orbitals at the same energy level?
The principle/rule that is used to fill orbitals at the same energy level is the Aufbau principle or the
building-up principle. This principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy,
starting with the lowest energy orbital. According to this principle, electrons occupy orbitals with the
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lowest energy first, before moving on to higher energy orbitals. This principle is essential for predicting
the electron configurations of atoms and ions.

(T/I ___/1)

(c) How is the rule stated in (b) related to the type of magnetic character of a substance? (T/I ___/4)
Use an illustration/picture to help explain your answer.

The Aufbau principle is related to the type of magnetic character of a substance because it
determines the way electrons are arranged in the orbitals of an atom or ion, and this arrangement
affects the overall magnetic properties of the substance.

According to the Aufbau principle, electrons are filled into orbitals in order of increasing energy,
starting with the lowest energy level. When two or more orbitals have the same energy level, the
electrons are first distributed singly with their spins parallel, before they start pairing up.

This means that the number of unpaired electrons in the outermost (valence) shell of an atom or ion is
determined by the way the orbitals are filled. Substances with one or more unpaired electrons are
typically paramagnetic, meaning they are weakly attracted to an external magnetic field. Substances
with all their electrons paired are diamagnetic, meaning they are not attracted to an external magnetic
field.

For example, oxygen has 8 electrons arranged as 1s22s22p4, with two unpaired electrons in the 2p
orbital. Therefore, it is paramagnetic and is weakly attracted to an external magnetic field. In contrast,
neon has 10 electrons arranged as 1s22s22p6, with all its electrons paired, and is therefore
diamagnetic.

Overall, the way electrons are arranged in orbitals according to the Aufbau principle determines the
type of magnetic character of a substance, which can be understood by the number of unpaired
electrons in the valence shell.
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9. What was Rutherford’s Gold Foil experiment? What did he conclude from his results? (C ____/3)
Use a diagram to help illustrate your answer.
According to the prevailing model of the atom at that time, known as the Thomson model, the positive
charge of an atom was thought to be uniformly distributed throughout the atom, with the negatively
charged electrons embedded in it like raisins in a pudding. Therefore, the alpha particles were
expected to pass straight through the gold foil with only minor deflections.

However, Rutherford observed that a small fraction of the alpha particles were deflected by large
angles, and some even bounced back in the direction from which they came. This unexpected result
led Rutherford to conclude that the Thomson model was incorrect and that the positive charge of the
atom was concentrated in a small, dense nucleus at the center, with the electrons orbiting around it.

The following diagram illustrates the basic setup of Rutherford's Gold Foil experiment:

In the diagram, the alpha particles are represented by the red dots, and the gold atoms are
represented by the circles. The thin gold foil is shown in the center, and the screen on which the alpha
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particles were detected is shown at the bottom. The deflection of the alpha particles by the gold atoms
is also illustrated.

Overall, Rutherford's Gold Foil experiment was a groundbreaking discovery that led to the
development of the modern atomic model and our current understanding of the structure of an atom.

10. Dalton, Thomson, and Bohr all proposed atomic models, but were all invalidated (C ____/3)
to some extent by new evidence. Pick one of these scientists’ theories.
In your response, explain what that scientist proposed and describe the occurrence
that invalidated their proposal.
Personally I'll pick Thomson's atomic model. Thomson proposed the "plum pudding" model in 1904,
which suggested that an atom was a uniformly distributed positive charge throughout which negative
electrons were scattered like plums in a pudding. However, this model was invalidated by Rutherford's
gold foil experiment in 1911.

Rutherford's experiment involves bombarding a thin gold foil with alpha particles and observing the
scattering pattern of the particles on a screen. Rutherford expected the particles to pass straight
through the gold atoms, as predicted by Thomson's model. However, the results showed that some
particles were deflected at large angles, and a few even bounced back towards the source. This led
Rutherford to propose a new atomic model where the atom had a small, dense, positively charged
nucleus at its center, surrounded by negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus.

The plum pudding model proposed by Thomson was invalidated by the results of Rutherford's
experiment, which showed that atoms had a small, positively charged nucleus, and most of the atom
was empty space. This meant that the electrons were not scattered throughout the atom as previously
thought, but instead were orbiting the nucleus. Rutherford's model paved the way for the development
of the modern atomic model, which is based on the principles of quantum mechanics.

Part V: VSEPR Theory (11 Marks)

11. What does VSEPR stand for and what is the theory based on? (C ___/2)
VSEPR stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion. The theory is based on the idea that the
geometry of a molecule is determined by the repulsion between pairs of valence electrons around the
central atom. The theory assumes that electron pairs, whether bonding or non-bonding, will arrange
themselves in a way that minimizes the repulsion between them.

12. Draw the Lewis structure for the following molecules and indicate the predicted shape (C ___/9)
according to the VSEPR theory. Provide your reasoning for your choice of shape (i.e. how many
bonded and lone electron pairs are there).

(a) CO2
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O=C=O

In CO2, the central atom (C) is surrounded by two oxygen atoms. Each oxygen atom shares a double bond with the
central carbon atom. Thus, there are a total of four pairs of electrons around the carbon atom - two bonding pairs and two
lone pairs.

According to the VSEPR theory, the presence of four electron pairs around the central atom suggests a tetrahedral
arrangement. However, in CO2, two of the electron pairs are lone pairs, which occupy more space than the bonding
pairs. As a result, the bonding pairs are pushed closer together, resulting in a linear shape for the molecule.

Therefore, the predicted shape of CO2 according to the VSEPR theory is linear.

(b) Carbonate ion

The carbonate ion has the chemical formula CO3^2-.

To draw the Lewis structure for CO3^2-, we first need to determine the total number of valence
electrons. Carbon has four valence electrons, and each oxygen atom has six valence electrons, for a
total of 22 valence electrons.

Next, we arrange the atoms in the most stable configuration, which would be with carbon at the center
and the three oxygen atoms attached to it.

To satisfy the octet rule for all atoms, we form double bonds between the carbon atom and two of the
oxygen atoms, and single bonds between the carbon atom and the remaining oxygen atom.

The resulting Lewis structure for CO3^2- is:

||

O-C-O^2-

||

To determine the predicted shape of CO3^2- according to VSEPR theory, we need to count the
number of bonding and non-bonding electron pairs around the central atom. In this case, the central
atom is carbon.

Carbon is bonded to three atoms and has no lone pairs, so its electron pair geometry is trigonal
planar. This means that the predicted shape of the carbonate ion is also trigonal planar.
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Therefore, the predicted shape of CO3^2- according to VSEPR theory is trigonal planar.

(c) CCl4

The Lewis structure for CCl4 is:

Cl Cl

\/

Cl Cl

There are four single bonds between the central carbon atom and each of the four chlorine atoms,
with no lone pairs on the central carbon atom. Therefore, according to the VSEPR theory, the
molecule has a tetrahedral shape with the bond angles between the carbon and chlorine atoms of
approximately 109.5 degrees.
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