Heatpump

Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
condenser
D C
expansion
device
compressor
A B
© American Standard Inc. 2000
evaporator Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Types of Heat Pumps
water-source heat pumps

water-to-water heat pump
air-source heat pumps
© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

Cooling

Heating

Water Source Heat pumps

Heat Pump in Cooling Mode
expansion water
device loop
compressor
refrigerant-to-air
heat exchanger
reversing
valve
refrigerant-to-water
heat exchanger Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Heat Pump in Heating Mode
expansion water
device loop
compressor
refrigerant-to-air
heat exchanger
reversing
valve
Water-Source Heat Pump
refrigerant-to-air
heat exchanger
fan expansion
device
compressor
refrigerant-to-water reversing
heat exchanger valve
Compressor
rotary
(rolling piston)
scroll
reciprocating
Refrigerant-to-Air Heat Exchanger
refrigerant-to-air
heat exchanger

Refrigerant-to-Water Heat Exchanger
coaxial
heat exchanger

Expansion Device
thermal
expansion
valve (TXV)

Reversing Valve
reversing
refrigerant-to-air valve
heat exchanger
Unit-Level Controls
 Space temperature
control
 Night setback heat
 Random start pump
 Anti-short-cycle timer
thermostat
Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
period two
What Is a Water-Source Heat
Pump System?

Water-Source Heat Pump System
cooling tower air expansion
separator tank
pumps
plate-and-frame water
heat exchanger distribution
boiler
loop
heat pumps
Summer Operation
cooling tower
on
90ºF
boiler off [32ºC]
heat pumps in
cooling mode

Winter Operation
cooling tower
off
60ºF
boiler on [16ºC]
heat pumps in
heating mode

Spring and Fall Operation
cooling tower
off
boiler off
heat pumps in
heat pumps in heating mode
cooling mode
Benefits of a WSHP System
 Heat recovery offers energy savings
 Individual space control
 Performs both cooling and heating
 Flexibility
 Individual tenant metering
 Small amount of floor space required
 Unit failure does not affect the rest of the system

Issues of a WSHP System
 Ventilation
 Acoustics
 Accessibility requires coordination

period three
Components of a WSHP System

WSHP Configurations
unit ventilator
horizontal vertical stack
console
vertical
rooftop Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
WSHP System Serving a Hotel
vertical-stack vertical
WSHPs WSHPs
horizontal rooftop
WSHPs WSHPs

Water Distribution Loop
cooling tower
pumps
boiler
heat pumps
Direct- Versus Reverse-Return
direct-return reverse-return
Accessories
air
separator expansion tank
strainer
shutoff
valves
© American Standard Inc. 2000 drain valve Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Heat Rejecters
 Open cooling tower with heat exchanger
 Closed-circuit cooling tower
 Natural heat sink (ground, lake)

Open Tower with a Heat Exchanger
propeller fan
fill
water
distribution
outdoor loop
air
sump pump plate-and-frame
heat exchanger
Closed-Circuit Cooling Tower
outdoor air
water
distribution
loop
tubes
fan
sump pump
Heat Adders
 Boiler (electric, gas-fired)
 Heat exchanger
 Natural heat source (ground)

Optional Storage Tank
cooling tower
pumps
boiler
hot water
storage tank
heat pumps
Electric Heat
water
loop
fan compressor
electric
strip heater
Air Distribution System
horizontal
return heat pump
duct
return air
grille supply
diffuser duct
Dedicated Ventilation System
air handler
ventilation
duct system
horizontal
heat pump
Dedicated Ventilation System
air handler
OA ducted directly to space

OA ducted to heat pumps
OA ducted to plenum
near heat pumps
Exhaust-Air Heat Recovery
 Coil loops
 Fixed-plate heat
exchangers exhaust
air
 Heat pipes
total-energy
 Sensible- or total-
energy wheels wheel
outdoor
air
System-Level Control
heat
pump
system-level
controller
thermostat
Water-Loop Temperature Control
cooling tower
pumps
boiler
system-level
controller
heat pumps
Advanced System-Level Control
 Centralized scheduling
 Schedule override
 Morning warm-up and cool-down
 Alarms
 Trend logging
 Integration with other building systems

period four
System Configurations

Cooling-Tower-and-Boiler System
heat pumps
cooling
tower
boiler water pumps

Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
ground
heat exchanger

Ground-Coupled System
heat
pumps
vertical-loop ground
heat exchanger
water pumps
Vertical Loop
 Advantages
 Requires least amount of land
 Least amount of total piping
 Can require least amount of
pumping energy
 Disadvantages
 Drilling costs may be higher than
trenching costs
 Backfilling requires special material and practices
 Potential for heat buildup
Horizontal Loop
 Advantages
 Trenching costs are lower than
drilling costs
 May not build up as much heat
over time
 Disadvantages
 Requires more land than vertical loops
 Greater ground-temperature variations
 More total piping than vertical loops
 Risk of pipe damage during backfilling of trenches
Spiral Loop
 Advantages
 Requires less land area and
trenching than horizontal loops
 Lower installation cost compared
to horizontal loops
 Disadvantages
 Requires more total piping than
vertical and horizontal loops
 Still requires a large area of land

Surface-Water System
heat
pumps
ground
heat exchanger
lake water pumps

Ground-Water System
heat
pumps
water pumps
well
Hybrid WSHP Systems
cooling tower
pumps
boiler
water chiller
air handler
heat pumps Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Hybrid WSHP Systems
cooling tower
pumps
boiler
to interior
spaces
self-contained VAV
heat pumps air conditioner Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
period five
Maintenance Considerations

Water-Source Heat Pumps
 Inspect and replace filter
 Inspect and clean...
 Drain pan
 Refrigerant-to-air heat
exchanger
 Internal surfaces in “wet”
section
 Fan
drain pan

Water Distribution Loop
 Recommended maintenance
 Clean strainers in open systems
 Check cleanliness of refrigerant-to-water heat
exchangers
 Use a qualified water-treatment specialist for
cooling tower maintenance
 Check loop water for proper amount of antifreeze,
when necessary

Freeze Protection
 Closed-circuit cooling tower
 Locate indoors
 Use antifreeze solution
 Winterize the tower
 Open cooling tower
 Locate intermediate heat
exchanger indoors
 Winterize the tower
 Ground-coupled systems
 Use antifreeze solution closed-circuit cooling tower
period six
Application Considerations

Acoustic Considerations
horizontal
WSHP
supply
return
space hallway console

WSHP

horizontal
return heat pump
duct
return air supply

grille diffuser duct
supply air
return
air
duct
vertical
WSHP return
air
closet
Space Humidity Control
ASHRAE-recommended
discomfort &
health problems
microbial growth
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
relative humidity (%)
source: Section 5.10 of ASHRAE Standard 62–1999

Space Humidity Control
expansion water
device loop
reheat coil
compressor
refrigerant-to-air reversing
heat exchanger valve
heat exchanger reheat
© American Standard Inc. 2000 valve Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN
Condensate Management
refrigerant-to-air
heat exchanger
fan
condensate
drain pan
Condensate Management
draw-through
heat pump
return supply
air fan duct
vent
condensate trap
drain line
Airside Economizer
return supply
air air
vertical
WSHP
outdoor
air
Waterside Economizer
waterside horizontal
economizer coil heat pump three-way
valve
heat exchanger

Building Pressurization
infiltration

Building Pressurization
air handler central relief fan
ventilation
duct system
horizontal
heat pump
Equipment Rating Standards
 Purpose
 Establish definitions,
testing, and rating
requirements
 Scope
 Water-source heat pumps
 Cooling only, heating only,
or both functions
 Water-source and ground-
source system applications

period seven
Review

Review—Period One
expansion water
device loop
compressor
refrigerant-to-air
heat exchanger
reversing
valve
Review—Period Two
cooling tower
off
boiler off
heat pumps in
heat pumps in heating mode
cooling mode
Review—Period Three
cooling tower air expansion
separator tank
pumps
plate-and-frame water
heat exchanger distribution
boiler
loop
heat pumps
Review—Period Four
heat
pumps
ground
heat exchanger
water pumps
Review—Period Five
 Maintenance considerations
 Heat pump components
 Water distribution loop and heat transfer surfaces
 Freeze protection

Review—Period Six
 Application considerations
 Acoustics
 Space humidity control
 Condensate management
 Airside and waterside economizers
 Building pressurization
 Equipment rating standards

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Vapor-Compression Refrigeration

water-source heat pumps

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

horizontal vertical stack

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

OA ducted directly to space

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

boiler water pumps

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

lake water pumps

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

space hallway console

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

return air supply

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

© American Standard Inc. 2000 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC015-EN

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