ENGLI

SH

GRADE8&9
STUDYGUI
DE
PREFACE
Thi
sbookl
etcont
ainsanumberofst
ruct
uret
opi
cst
hatar
eusef
ult
obot
hteacher
s
andpupi
l
s.Addi
ti
onal
l
y,t
hebookl
ethascov
eredv
ari
oust
ypesofcomposi
ti
ont
hat
ar
etaughti
nEngl
i
shatj
uni
orl
evel
.Fur
ther
,way
sofhandl
i
ngcompr
ehensi
on
passageshav
eequal
l
ybeenhi
ghl
i
ght
ed.

Theaut
hor
soft
hismat
eri
alhav
eexpl
ainedt
opi
csi
nsuchawayt
hatpupi
l
scan
under
standt
hem wi
thl
essdi
ff
icul
ty.I
not
herway
s,pupi
l
scangot
hrought
hisst
udy
mat
eri
alont
hei
rownorwi
thl
essgui
dancef
rom t
het
eacher
.

I
tisapr
ayeroft
hepr
ovi
ncet
hatt
hisbookl
etwi
l
lhel
ptoi
mpr
oveacademi
cresul
ts
ofGr
adeni
ne(
9)pupi
l
sint
hepr
ovi
nce.I
tshoul
dbewel
lnot
edt
hatf
orov
erf
ive
y
ear
sorso,
Nor
ther
nPr
ovi
ncehasbeenper
for
mingpoor
lyi
nNat
ional
Exami
nat
ions
atgr
adeni
nel
evel
.Thi
smaybeasar
esul
tofi
nadequat
eteachi
ngandl
ear
ning
mat
eri
alofsuchnat
ureast
hisone.Hence,
thei
nit
iat
iveoft
hepr
ovi
ncet
ocomeup
wi
tht
hisbookl
et.

Jobbi
cksKal
umba
Pr
ovi
nci
alEducat
ionOf
fi
cer
Nor
ther
nPr
ovi
nce.

Page|
2
 TABLEOFCONTENTS
Par
tsofSpeech……………………………………………………………………………….4

I
ntensi
fi
ers…………………………………………………………………………………….
.13

Coor
dinat
ors………………………………………………………………………………….
.13

Subj
ect–Ver
bAgr
eement………………………………………………………………14

Compar
ison……………………………………………………………………………………17

Reason………………………………………………………………………………………….
.19

Pur
pose………………………………………………………………………………………….
21

Resul
t…………………………………………………………………………………………….
22

Tenses………………………………………………………………………………………….
..
23

Di
rectSpeech……………………………………………………………………………….
..
29

Repor
tedSpeech……………………………………………………………………………30

Quest
ionTags……………………………………………………………………………….
.34

Condi
ti
on………………………………………………………………………………………38

Composi
ti
on………………………………………………………………………………….
40

Compr
ehensi
on…………………………………………………………………………….
53

Page|
3
 PARTSOFSPEECH
Thi
sisacat
egor
ytowhi
chawor
disassi
gnedi
naccor
dancewi
thi
tssy
ntact
icf
unct
ions.I
n

Engl
i
sht
her
ear
ebasi
cal
l
yei
ght(
8)par
tsofspeechnamel
y:noun,
pronoun,
adj
ect
ive,
ver
b,

adv
erb,
preposi
ti
on,
conj
unct
ionandi
nter
ject
ion.

NOUNS

Anouni
sawor
dthatst
andsf
oraper
son,
place,
anobj
ectorani
dea.

Nounscanbedi
vi
dedi
ntof
ourmai
ngr
oups:
ProperNouns,
CommonNouns,
Col
l
ect
ive

NounsandAbst
ractNouns.

I
. Pr
operNounsar
epar
ti
cul
arnamesoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
peopl
e,t
it
lesofbooks,
day
soft
he

weekandmont
hsoft
hey
ear
,school
subj
ect
s,count
ri
es,
inst
it
uti
ons,
vil
l
ages,
towns,

ci
ti
eset
c.

Exampl
es

Peopl
e:John,
Pet
er,
Joseph,
Susan,
Mar
y,Mr
sBanda,
MrMusondaMrSi
nkamba

Ti
tl
esofbooks:
Thi
ngsFal
lApar
t,Ani
mal
Far
m

Day
soft
heweek:
Tuesday
,Fr
iday
,Sunday

School
subj
ect
s:Engl
i
sh,
Soci
alSt
udi
es,
Busi
nessSt
udi
es,
Mat
hemat
ics

Count
ri
es:
Zambi
a,Tanzani
a,Sout
hAf
ri
ca,
Canada

I
nst
it
uti
ons:
KasamaGi
rl
s’Secondar
ySchool
,KasamaCol
l
egeofEducat
ion

Not
e:al
lPr
operNounsbegi
nwi
thcapi
tal
let
ter
s.

I
I. CommonNounsar
enamesofwhol
eofper
sons,
places,
thi
ngsori
deasoft
hesi
mil
ar

ki
nd.

Exampl
es

CommonNouns Pr
operNouns

Count
ry(
Zambi
a,Zi
mbabwe,
Tanzani
a,Fr
ance,
Japan,
Chi
na)

Lake (
LakeKar
iba,
LakeChad,
LakeTangany
ika)

Ani
mal (
elephant
,ti
ger
,li
on,
zebr
a)

Page|
4
 Town (
Lusaka,
Kit
we,
Ndol
a,Kasama,
Muf
uri
l
a)

Bi
rd (
chi
cken,
duck,
dov
e)

Boy (
John,
Pet
er,
Paul
,Char
les)

Gi
rl (
Mar
y,Char
it
y,Susan,
Josephi
ne)

I
II
. Col
l
ect
iveNounsar
enounswhi
chr
efert
ogr
oupsofpeopl
e,ani
mal
sandt
hings.

Exampl
es

 Af
lockofsheep

 Acr
owdofpeopl
e

 Apr
ideofl
i
ons

 Aher
dofcat
tl
e

 Abouquetoff
lower
s

 Abl
ockoff
lat
s

 Ashoal
off
ish

 Aswar
m off
ish

 Aswar
m ofbees

 Apackofdogs

I
V. Abst
ractNounst
heyar
enounst
hatnamet
hingswhi
chwecannotseeort
ouch.They

namei
deasandf
eel
i
ngs.

Exampl
es

 Char
it
y l
ove

 Weal
th pov
ert
y

 Knowl
edge f
ear

 Joy cour
age

 Enj
oyment Pr
osper
it
y

 Hel
p

Page|
5
Exer
cise

Makeal
i
stoff
ive(
5)Pr
opernouns,
Commonnouns,
Col
l
ect
ivenounsandAbst
ractnouns.

THEPOSSESSI
VEFORM OFNOUNS

Thepossessi
vef
ormi
susedwi
thnounst
oshowowner
shi
porbel
ongi
ngness.Possessi
on

canbeusedbot
hwi
thsi
ngul
arandpl
ural
nouns.

I
. Thepossessi
onf
orm ofsi
ngul
arnounsi
sdonebyaddi
nganapost
ropheandt
he

l
ett
ersatt
heendoft
henoun.

Exampl
es

i
. Mar
y’smot
her(
mot
herbel
ongst
oMar
y)

i
i
. Thechi
l
d’st
oys(
thet
oysbel
ongt
othechi
l
d)

I
I. I
fthenouni
spl
ural
,ori
tendswi
ths,
theapost
rophecomesaf
tert
hes.

Exampl
es

i
. Thegi
rl
s’pr
ide(t
hepr
idebel
ongst
oal
lthegi
rl
s)

i
i
. Theboss’
house(t
hebossownst
hehouse)

I
II
. Pl
ural
nounst
hatdonotendwi
thsshowpossessi
onbyaddi
nganapost
ropheands

(
‘s)att
heendoft
henoun.

Exampl
es

i
. Thewomen’
sday

i
i
. Chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s

I
V. Fornamesendi
ngwi
ths,
inspeaki
ngt
hesound/z/i
saddedatt
heendoft
hename,

buti
nwr
it
ingonemustaddanapost
rophe(
,)f
orexampl
e:

 Gl
ady
s’book

 Amos’
pen

 James’
mot
her

 Jonas’
penci
l

Page|
6
Exer
cise

Chooset
hecor
rectpossessi
vef
orm oft
hewor
dsi
nbr
acket
s.

1.Thati
s(John’
s/Johns’
)book.

2.Hav
eyour
epl
i
edt
o(Moses’
/Moses’
s)l
ett
er?

3.Ar
ether
e(boy
’s/
boy
s’)dor
mit
ori
esatt
hisschool
?

4.The(
rebel
’
s/r
ebel
s’
)gunswer
econf
iscat
ed.

5.(
Chi
l
drens’
/chi
l
dren’
s)r
ightshoul
dber
espect
ed.

COUNTABLEANDUNCOUNTABLENOUNS

Somenounsar
ecount
abl
ewhi
l
eot
her
sar
enot
.

Count
abl
eNouns

Count
abl
enounsar
enamesoft
hingswhi
chwecancount
.Forexampl
e:

Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural

Oneboy t
woboy
s

Onecar si
xcar
s

Onet
ree f
ourt
rees

Onepen f
ivepens

Uncount
abl
eNouns

Uncount
abl
enounsar
enamesoft
hingswhi
chcannotbecount
ed.I
tisnotpossi
blet
ouse‘
a’

or‘
an’
ornumber
swi
tht
hesenouns.

Exampl
es

 Wat
er→ pl
easegi
vemewat
ert
odr
ink.

 I
nk→ t
her
eisl
i
ttl
einki
nthepen.

 Sand→ t
her
oadhasal
otofsand.

 Fur
nit
ure→ MrBandahasenoughf
urni
tur
einhi
shouse.

 Luggage→ donotcar
ryal
otofl
uggageasy
oucomet
oschool
.

Page|
7
  Sugar→ t
her
eisv
eryl
i
ttl
esugari
nthi
scupoft
ea.

 Sal
t→ coul
dyoupl
easeassi
stmewi
thsomesal
t.

Whenwewi
sht
oexpr
esst
hesi
ngul
arorpl
ural
for
m wi
thuncount
abl
enounswenor
mal
l
y

use‘
a…………of
.

Exampl
es

Uncount
abl
eNoun Si
ngul
arFor
m Pl
ural
For
m

Chal
k api
eceofchal
k pi
ecesofchal
k

Fur
nit
ure api
eceoff
urni
tur
e pi
ecesoff
urni
tur
e

Luggage api
l
eofl
uggage pi
l
esofl
uggage

Br
ead al
oaf
/sl
i
ceofbr
ead l
oav
es/
sli
cesofbr
ead

Exer
cise

Makeal
i
stoft
en(
10)count
abl
eanduncount
abl
enouns.

I
RREGULARNOUNS

Thepl
ural
ofmostr
egul
arnounsi
sfor
medbyaddi
ngsoresatt
heendoft
henoun.

Nev
ert
hel
ess,
wit
hir
regul
arnouns,
thi
srul
edoesnotappl
y.Unl
i
ker
egul
arnouns,
irr
egul
ar

nounsbecomepl
ural
bychangi
ngt
hei
rspel
l
ingi
nst
eadofaddi
ngsoresatt
heendoft
he

wor
d.

Exampl
es

Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural

addendum Addenda

anal
ysi
s Anal
yses

axi
s Axes

baci
l
lus Baci
l
li

Page|
8
 appendi
x Appendi
ces

r
adi
us Radi
i

cal
f Cal
ves

man Men

t
oot
h Teet
h

f
oot Feet

l
ouse Li
ce

ox Oxen

chi
l
d Chi
l
dren

kni
fe Kni
ves

shel
f Shel
ves

memor
andum Memor
anda

dat
um dat
a

Somei
rr
egul
arnounshav
ethesamesi
ngul
arandpl
ural
for
ms

Si
ngul
ar Pl
ural

sci
ssor
s Sci
ssor
s

sheep Sheep

deer Deer

speci
es Speci
es

Page|
9
 means means

PRONOUN

Apronounisapartofaspeechwhichf
unct
ionsasarepl
acementforanoun.Some
examplesofpr
onounsare:I
,it
,he,
she,
mine,hi
s,her
s,we,t
hey
,their
s,andour
s.

Sampl
eSent
ences:

Johni
sav
eryst
ubbor
nchi
l
d.Hej
ustst
aredatmeandt
henIt
oldhi
mtost
op.

Thel
argestsl
i
cei
smi
ne.

Wear
enumberone.

Theunder
li
nedwor
dsi
nthesent
encesabov
ear
ethepr
onounsi
nthesent
ence.

Exer
cise

Under
li
neal
lthepr
onounsi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.

1.Br
endaandhersi
sterl
ookal
i
ke.

2.Mynamei
sBwal
ya.

3.Ar
ewei
nvi
tedf
ort
hepar
ty?

4.Thedogi
sdead.I
tdi
edi
nthemor
ning.

5.YouandIar
egoodf
ri
ends.

VERB
Averbisawordt
hatexpressesanacti
onorastat
eofbei
ng.Ther
ear
ethr
eecat
egor
iesof
ver
bs(act
ion/
main,
helpi
ngandl i
nkver
bs.Exampl
es:

Act
ion/
mai
nver
bs:
play
,dance,
go,
dri
nk,
eat
,sl
eepet
c.

Hel
pingv
erbs(
auxi
l
iar
y):
wil
l
,can,
woul
d,coul
d,

Li
nki
ngv
erbs:
am,
isar
e,was,
wer
e

Sampl
eSent
ences:

Shewr
it
eswel
l
.

Hei
spuni
shed.

Iwi
l
lcomewi
thy
ou.

Theunder
li
nedwor
dsi
nthesent
encesabov
ear
eal
lexampl
esofv
erbs.

Exer
cise

Under
li
neal
lthev
erbsi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.

Page|
10
 1.TheyspeakEngl
i
shwel
l
.

2.Shei
sat
eacher
.

3.Youhav
egoodmemor
y.

4.Iwi
l
lgi
vey
out
hemoneyy
ouwant
ed.

5.Iam goi
nghomenow.

ADVERB

Adver
bsareli
keadjecti
ves,t
heyareusedt
odescri
bewor
ds,
butt
hedi
ff
erencei
sthat
adv
erbsdescr
ibeadjecti
ves,v
erbs,
oranot
heradv
erb.

Ther
ear
efour(
4)di
ff
erentt
ypesofadv
erbs:

Adv
erbofManner
–thi
sref
erst
ohowsomet
hinghappensorhowanact
ioni
sdone.

Exampl
e: edancedgr
Anni acef
ull
y.

Thewor
d“gr
acef
ull
y”t
ell
showAnni
edanced.

Adv
erbofTi
me-t
hisst
ates“
when”somet
hinghappensor“
when”i
tisdone.

Exampl
e:Shecamey
est
erday
.

Theunder
li
nedwor
dtel
l
swhenshecame.

Adver
bofPl
ace–thi
stel
l
ssomet
hingabout“
wher
e”somet
hinghappensor”
wher
e”
somethi
ngi
sdone.

Exampl
e:Ofcour
se,
Ilookedev
ery
wher
e!

Theadv
erb“
ever
ywher
e”t
ell
swher
eI“
looked.
”

Adver
bofDegr
ee–t
hisst
atest
hei
ntensi
tyort
hedegr
eet
owhi
chaspeci
fi
cthi
nghappens
ori
sdone.

Exampl
e:Thechi
l
disv
eryt
alent
ed.

Theunder
li
nedadv
erbanswer
sthequest
ion,
“Towhatdegr
eei
sthechi
l
dtal
ent
ed?
”

Exer
cise

Under
li
neal
ltheadv
erbsi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.

1.Iwentt
her
e.

2.Theycamel
atey
est
erday
.

3.Pet
erwi
l
lcer
tai
nlyhel
pyou.

4.Sur
ely
,hel
ovesy
ou.

5.Iam f
eel
i
ngmuchbet
ter
.

ADJECTI
VES

Page|
11
Anadj
ect
ivei
sawor
dthatt
ell
susmor
eaboutanoun.I
not
herway
s,adj
ect
ivesar
e

descr
ibi
ngwor
ds.Lar
ge,
blackandf
ri
endl
yar
eal
lexampl
esofadj
ect
ives.I
ntheexampl
es

bel
ow,
theseadj
ect
iveshav
ebeenusedt
odescr
ibeanel
ephant
.

Exampl
es:

 Fr
iendl
yel
ephant

 Lar
geel
ephant

 Bl
ackel
ephant

 Zambi
anel
ephant

e.
gaf
ri
endl
y,l
arge,
black,
Zambi
anel
ephant
.

Adj
ect
ivesModi
fyNouns

I
ntheexampl
esabov
e,t
hewor
del
ephanti
sanoun.Adj
ect
ivesar
eaddedt
onounst
ost
ate

whatki
nd,
whatcol
our
,whi
choneorhowmany
.Theyar
esai
dtomodi
fynounsandar
e

necessar
ytomaket
hemeani
ngsofsent
encescl
ear
erormor
eexact
.

Not
e:whent
woormor
eadj
ect
ivesar
eusedi
nonesent
ence,
thequest
ionofor
derar
ises.

St
udyt
het
abl
ebel
owt
hatshowshowadj
ect
ivesshoul
dbeor
der
edi
nasent
ence.

Qual
i
ty Si
ze,
lengt
h, col
our Nounor noun

shape,
wei
ght par
ti
cipl
e

At
tract
ive squar
e bl
ack Zambi
an el
ephant

New hi
gh bl
ue l
eat
her st
ick

Ol
d l
ow pi
nk smi
l
ing shoes

Fr
iendl
y smal
l r
ed si
l
ver gi
rl

Usef
ul bi
g br
own gol
d f
ace

Handsome l
arge dar
k wal
ki
ng

beaut
if
ul whi
te

Page|
12
Exer
cise

I
dent
if
yanadj
ect
ivei
nthef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.

1.Shewor
eabl
uedr
ess.

2.Isawi
twi
thmyowney
es.

3.Hebr
oughtupanewi
dea.

4.Imetabi
g,t
all
man.

5.Thati
sabl
uel
i
e.

PREPOSI
TION

Thi
spartofaspeechbasi
call
yref
erst
owordsthatspeci
fyl
ocat
ionoralocat
ionint
ime.
Addi
ti
onall
y,apr
eposi
ti
onisawor dpl
acedbef
oreanounorpronountoshowi t
srel
ati
ont
o
someotherwordint
hesentence.

Exampl
esofPr
eposi
ti
ons:
abov
e,bel
ow,
thr
oughout
,out
side,
bef
ore,
near
,to,
in,
at,
under
,on
etc.

Sampl
eSent
ences:

Mi
chael
ishi
dingundert
hebed.

Theunder
li
nedpr
eposi
ti
ont
ell
sus‘
wher
e’Mi
chael
ishi
ding.

Ispoket
oLi
nda.(
toi
sshowi
ngar
elat
ionbet
weenIandLi
nda.

Exer
cise

I
dent
if
yal
lthepr
eposi
ti
onsi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsent
ence.

1.Shei
satt
hebusst
ati
on.

2.Hef
ell
offt
het
all
tree.

3.Ir
ecei
vedal
ett
erf
rom anol
dfr
iend

4.Whoi
sinsi
det
her
oom?

5.Thebooksar
eont
het
abl
e.

CONJUNCTI
ON

Theconj
unct
ioni
sapar
tofaspeechwhi
chj
oinswor
ds,
phr
ases,
orcl
ausest
oget
her
.

Exampl
esofConj
unct
ions:and,
yet
,but
,for
,nor
,or
,andso

Sampl
eSent
ences:

Thi
scupoft
eai
sdel
i
ciousandv
erysoot
hing.

Page|
13
Pet
erhast
ost
artal
lov
eragai
nbecausehedi
dn’
tfol
l
owt
het
eacher
’si
nst
ruct
ions.

Theunder
li
nedwor
dsi
nthesent
encesabov
ear
esomeexampl
esofconj
unct
ions.

I
NTERJECTI
ON

Thi
spartofaspeechref
erst
owor dswhi
chexpressemoti
ons.Si
ncei
nter
ject
ionsar
e
commonlyusedtoconveyst
rongemoti
ons,
theyareusual
lyf
oll
owedbyanexclamati
on
poi
nt.

Sampl
eSent
ences:

OhGod!Whati
shappeni
ngt
ome?

Dearme!Ihav
efai
l
edt
het
estagai
n.

I
NTENSI
FIERS

I
ntensi
fi
ersar
eadv
erbsoradv
erbi
alphr
asest
hatmodi
fyv
erbs,
adj
ect
ivesandot
heradv
erbs

byi
ncr
easi
ngordecr
easi
ngt
hei
rdegr
eeofser
iousnessorst
rengt
h.I
ntensi
fi
ersmay

i
ncr
easeorl
owert
hest
rengt
hofmeani
ngofawor
d.Theyar
emost
lypl
acedv
eryneart
othe

wor
dtheymodi
fy.Wor
dst
hatwecommonl
yuseasi
ntensi
fi
ersi
ncl
ude:
absol
utel
y,

compl
etel
y,ext
remel
y,hi
ghl
y,r
ather
,real
l
y,so,
ver
y,t
oo,
tot
all
y,ut
ter
ly,
qui
te,
fai
rl
y,har
dly
,

bar
elyandscar
cel
y.

Fai
rl
yandr
ather

Fai
rl
yandr
athercanbot
hmean‘
moder
atel
y’or‘
ali
tt
le’
.

e.
g1.Thi
slessoni
srat
herbor
ing.

2.Iam f
air
lycer
tai
nthati
twi
l
lrai
nthi
saf
ter
noon.

3.Shedi
dnotunder
standt
het
opi
candherwor
kwasr
atheramess.

Qui
te

Thei
ntensi
fi
erqui
tehast
wodi
ff
erentuses.I
tcanmean‘
compl
etel
y’
.

e.
gYourwor
kisqui
tegood.(
Meani
ngy
ourwor
kiscompl
etel
ygood)

Qui
tecanal
somean‘
ali
tt
lel
esst
han’
.I
not
herway
s,qui
tecanbeusedt
oweakent
hewor
d

thatf
ollowsi
t.
Page| 14
e.
gThi
smov
iei
squi
tei
nter
est
ing.(
Meani
ngt
hemov
iei
snotv
eryi
nter
est
ing)

Ver
yandToo

Ver
yisanadv
erbt
hatmeans‘
toahi
ghdegr
ee’
.

e.
gIti
sver
ycol
dtoday
.

Tooi
sanadv
erbt
hatmeanst
oahi
gherdegr
eet
hani
snecessar
y.

Eg:
Thi
str
eei
stoot
all
tocl
i
mb.(
Thi
smeansonecannotcl
i
mbt
het
ree)

I
tist
ool
atet
ogoshoppi
ng.(
Thi
smeanst
hatonecannotgoshoppi
ng)

Atal
l

Atal
li
sav
erycommoni
ntensi
fi
erwi
thnegat
ivesexpr
essi
ons.

e.
gAr
ether
enosui
tabl
eDVDsatal
l
?

Iam af
rai
dthet
eacherwi
l
lnotagr
eewi
thy
ouatal
l
.

Har
dly
/scar
cel
y/bar
ely

Thesear
enearnegat
ives.Har
dly
/scar
cel
y/bar
elyar
emost
lyusedwi
thnegat
iveexpr
essi
ons.

1.Har
dlyandscar
cel
yhav
ethemeani
ng‘
al
mostnot
’.

e.
gShehar
dly
/scar
cel
ycomet
oschool
nowaday
s.(
Meani
ngshecomest
oschool

butnotof
ten)

2.Bar
elyi
susedt
omean‘
notmor
ethan’
,‘
onl
yjust
’or‘
al
mostnot
’.E.
g.

i
. Hewasbar
elyabl
etospeak.(
Meani
nghewasal
mostnotabl
etospeak)

i
i
. Wehav
ebar
elyf
ourweeksr
emai
ningt
ocl
oseschool
.(Meani
ngwehav
eonl
y

f
ourweeksr
emai
ningt
ocl
oseschool
)

3.Har
dly
/scar
cel
y/bar
elyar
eal
sousedwi
th‘
when’
.E.
g.

i
. Thel
essonhadhar
dly
/scar
cel
y/bar
elyendedwheni
tst
art
edt
orai
n.

i
i
. Johnhadhar
dly
/scar
cel
y/bar
elyst
art
edwr
it
ingf
inal
examswhenher
ecei
vedt
he

l
ett
erf
ori
nter
views.

Exer
cise

Uset
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ntensi
fi
erst
ofi
l
lint
hebl
ankspaces.

Page|
15
Ver
y,t
oo,
qui
te,
har
dly
,scar
cel
y,bar
ely
,fai
rl
y,r
ather
.

1.Iam _
___
___
__sur
ethatI
’
vepassedt
het
est
.

2.Wehav
e__
___
___
___f
ourweeksr
emai
ningt
ocl
oseschool
.

3.Thi
swat
eri
s__
___
___
_hotf
ormet
obat
h.

4.You_
___
___
___
_comef
orr
ehear
sal
snowaday
s.

COORDI
NATORS

Coor
dinat
orsar
epar
tsofspeechwhi
chj
oinwor
ds,
phr
asesorcl
ausest
oget
her
.Theypl
ay

di
ff
erentr
olesi
nsent
ences.

Andandbut

Weuse‘
and’
and‘
but
’whent
her
eisar
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hei
deai
nthef
ir
stpar
toft
he

sent
enceandt
heonei
nthesecond.

1.And:
isusedt
oshowt
hatt
hef
ir
standsecondi
deasar
ecl
osel
yrel
ated.

e.
gShest
udi
edhar
dandshepassedt
heexam.

2.But:
iti
susedt
oshowcont
rastorcont
radi
cti
onbet
weent
hef
ir
standt
hesecond

i
deas.

e.
gShest
udi
edhar
dbutshef
ail
edt
heexam.

Ei
ther…….or
,nei
ther…….nor
,bot
h….
.and

1.Ei
ther……ormeansoneort
heot
heroft
het
wo,
i.
e.t
her
eisachoi
cebet
weent
wo

possi
bil
i
ties.I
not
herway
s‘or
’expr
essesanal
ter
nat
ivei
dea.

e.
g.(
I)Ei
therMwapeorMusondawoul
dgot
oKabwe.

(
Thi
smeanst
her
eisachoi
cebet
weenMwapeandMusonda)

2.Nei
ther…….normeans‘
notoneandnott
heot
her
’.I
not
herway
s,nei
ther….nor

expr
essest
wonon-
cont
rast
ingi
dea.

Page|
16
 e.
g(i
)Nei
therPet
ernorJosephi
nei
sathome.(
Thi
smeansPet
eri
snotathomeand

Josephi
nei
snotathome)
.

3.Bot
h…….andmeans‘
theoneaswel
last
heot
heroft
het
wo’
or‘
Notonl
ytheonebut

al
sot
heot
her
.

e.
g(i
)Bot
hChandaandChi
shamadei
ttoGr
ade10.(
Meani
ngt
het
woqual
i
fiedt
o

Gr
ade10)or(
Notonl
yChandaqual
i
fiedt
oGr
ade10butal
soChi
sha)

Exer
cise

Joi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsent
encescor
rect
ly.

1.Shecameear
ly.Shewaspuni
shed.(
usebut
)

2.Hest
udi
edhar
d.Hepassedt
heexam.(
useand)

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

3.YoucanseeMr
.Musonda.YoucanseeMr
.Si
nkambaf
orhel
p.(
useei
ther….
.or
)

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

4.Char
it
ywasnotathome.Susanwasnotathome.(
usenei
ther….
.nor
)

_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

SUBJECT-
VERBAGREEMENT

I
nanycase,
thesubj
ectandt
hev
erbi
nasent
enceshoul
dagr
eei
nnumber
.Thenumberofa

wor
dref
erst
owhet
hert
hewor
dissi
ngul
arorpl
ural
.Awor
dissi
ngul
arwheni
tref
erst
oone

t
hingandpl
ural
wheni
tref
erst
omor
ethanonet
hing.I
fasubj
ectandv
erbar
ethesamei
n

number
,theyagr
ee.

I
fasubj
ecti
ssi
ngul
ar,
itsv
erbmustbesi
ngul
ar.I
fasubj
ecti
spl
ural
,theni
tsv
erbmustbe

pl
ural
.Not
ethef
oll
owi
ngexampl
es:

Si
ngul
ar pl
ural

Hewat
chesf
oot
bal
l
. Theywat
chf
oot
bal
l
.

Shedanceswel
l
. Theydancewel
l
.

Thepupi
lgoest
oschool
. Thepupi
l
sgot
oschool
.

Page|
17
Fr
om t
heabov
eexampl
es,
thesi
ngul
arf
orm ofeachv
erbendsi
n–s.i
neachpl
ural
ver
b,

t
her
eisno‘
s’
.

Agr
eementofsubj
ect
sandv
erbsnor
mal
l
yoccur
snat
ural
l
yinspeaki
ngandwr
it
ing.Howev
er,

pr
obl
emsar
isewheni
tisnotcl
earwhi
chwor
dist
hesubj
ectoft
hesent
ence.

Basi
crul
esonagr
eement

 Si
ngul
arsubj
ectsuchas(
she,
he,
car
,tr
ee,
John,
Mar
y)t
akesasi
ngul
arv
erb(
is,
has,

goes,
makes,
dances)
,wher
easpl
ural
subj
ect(
they
,we,
pupi
l
s,t
eacher
s)t
akesa

pl
ural
ver
b(ar
e,hav
e,go,
make,
dance)
.E.
g.

1.Thel
i
stofi
temsi
s/ar
eont
het
abl
e.Thesubj
ectoft
hesent
encei
s‘t
hel
i
st’

t
her
efor
eshoul
dtaket
hev
erb‘
i
s’.

2.Teacher
shav
eal
ott
odo.

3.At
eacherhasal
ott
odo.

 Twosi
ngul
arsubj
ect
sconnect
edbyor
,ei
ther
/or
,ornei
ther
/norr
equi
reasi
ngul
ar

v
erb.E.
g.

1.Myauntormyuncl
eiscomi
ngbyt
rai
ntoday
.

2.Nei
therJacquel
i
nenorJohni
sav
ail
abl
e.

 Whent
hepar
tsoft
woormor
esubj
ect
sar
ejoi
nedbyor
,ei
ther
/or
,ornei
ther
/nort
he

v
erbshoul
dagr
eewi
tht
hesubj
ectcl
osestt
oit
.E.
g.

1.Nei
thert
hepl
atesnort
heser
vingbowl
goesont
heshel
f.

2.Nei
thert
heser
vingbowl
nort
hepl
atesgoont
heshel
f.

 Whent
hesubj
ecti
ssepar
atedf
rom t
hev
erbbysuchwor
dsas:
alongwi
th,
aswel
las,

besi
des,
toget
herwi
th,
inaddi
ti
ont
o,i
ncl
udi
nget
c.Thesewor
dsandphr
asesar
enot

par
toft
hesubj
ect
.Ignor
ethem anduseasi
ngul
arv
erbwhent
hesubj
ecti
ssi
ngul
ar.

Page|
18
 E.
g.

1.Thepol
i
tici
an,
alongwi
tht
hepr
essmen,
isexpect
edshor
tl
y.

2.Af
ir
etr
uck,
inaddi
ti
ont
othepol
i
cecar
,isher
e.

3.Anne,
toget
herwi
thot
herpupi
l
s,hasgone.

 Useasi
ngul
arv
erbwi
thdi
stances,
per
iodsoft
ime,
sumsofmoneywhenconsi
der
ed

asauni
t.E.
g.

1.Fourmi
l
esi
stoof
art
owal
k.

2.Teny
ear
sist
hemaxi
mum sent
encef
ort
hatof
fence.

 Fori
ndef
ini
tepr
onouns,
consi
derwhet
hert
hesubj
ecti
ssi
ngul
arorpl
ural
.Li
kewi
se,

si
ngul
ari
ndef
ini
tepr
onounst
akesi
ngul
arv
erbsandpl
ural
indef
ini
tepr
onounst
ake

pl
ural
ver
bs.

Si
ngul
ari
ndef
ini
tepr
onounsi
ncl
ude:
(each,
one,
somebody
,someone,
noone,

any
body
,any
one,
any
thi
ng,
ever
ybody
,ev
ery
one,
andev
ery
thi
ng)
.E.
g.

1.Nobodyher
eknowst
heanswer
.

2.Ev
ery
thi
ngwasr
eadybyy
est
erday
.

3.Eachoft
her
oomshasDst
v.

Pl
ural
indef
ini
tepr
onounsi
ncl
udewor
dssuchas:
bot
h,f
ew,
manyandsev
eral
.E.
g.

1.Bot
hoft
hosecount
ri
eshav
emi
ner
als.

2.Manyofusl
i
kemoney
.

Thef
oll
owi
ngi
ndef
ini
tepr
onounscanei
therbesi
ngul
arorpl
ural
dependi
ngont
he

i
ntentoft
heuser
;al
l
,any
,most
,noneandsome.E.
g.

1.Someoft
hemoneyi
smi
ne.

2.Someoft
heboat
sar
enother
e.

3.Al
loft
heequi
pmenti
scl
ean.

4.Al
loft
her
epr
esent
ati
vesar
eint
hemeet
ing.

Page|
19
Exer
cise

Under
li
net
hebestansweri
nthef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.

1.Thewomanwear
ingabl
uedr
ess(
wor
k/wor
ks)att
hecl
i
nic.

2.Twooft
hebonesi
nherf
oot(
is/
are)br
oken

3.Theoi
lont
her
oad(
was/
wer
e)f
rom t
hedamagedt
anker
.

4.Nei
thert
hepupi
l
snort
het
eacher(
is/
are)i
ncl
ass.

5.You(
has/
hav
e)gonebey
ondt
heboundar
y.

6.Honest
y,aswel
lascour
age,
(is/
are)av
irt
ue.

7.Eachoft
hecoaches(
has/
hav
e)adi
ff
erentappr
oach.

8.Nobodyi
ncl
ass(
knows/
know)wher
eshei
s.

9.Al
loft
het
ri
bes(
is/
are)gat
her
ingf
ort
hecer
emony
.

10.Oneoft
het
wins(
pret
end/
pret
ends)t
obet
heot
her
.

COMPARI
SON

Compar
isonbegi
nswi
tht
wopeopl
eort
wot
hings.Ther
ear
ethr
ee(
3)f
ormsofcompar
ison

namel
y:posi
ti
ve,
compar
ati
veandsuper
lat
ive.Thecompar
ati
vesandsuper
lat
ivesof

adj
ect
ivesandadv
erbsar
efor
medbyaddi
ng–er
and–est
.e.
g.

Posi
ti
veCompar
ati
veSuper
lat
ive

Cl
ean cl
eaner cl
eanest

New newer newest

Cheap cheapercheapest

Smal
lsmal
l
er smal
l
est

Qui
ck qui
cker qui
ckest

Thecompar
ati
veandsuper
lat
iveofadj
ect
iveswhi
chhav
etwoormor
esy
ll
abl
esar
efor
med

byput
ti
ng‘
mor
e’bef
orecompar
ati
veand‘
most
’bef
oresuper
lat
ive.E.
g.

Page|
20
Posi
ti
ve Compar
ati
ve Super
lat
ive

di
ff
icul
t mor
edi
ff
icul
t (
the)
mostdi
ff
icul
t

handsome mor
ehandsome (
the)mosthandsome

i
ntel
l
igent mor
eint
ell
i
gent (
the)mosti
ntel
l
igent

Spel
l
ingRul
es

Nor
mal
l
y,weadder
tot
hecompar
ati
veest
tot
hesuper
lat
ivef
orm ofadj
ect
ivesandadv
erbs

whi
chendwi
th–er
,-yor–l
y.I
fthewor
dendsi
n–y
,wechanget
he‘
y’t
o‘I
’bef
oreaddi
nger
to

t
hecompar
ati
veandest
tot
hesuper
lat
ive.
E.g.

Posi
ti
ve Compar
ati
ve Super
lat
ive

Cl
ever cl
ever
er cl
ever
est

Di
rt
y di
rt
ier di
rt
iest

Easy easi
er easi
est

Happy happi
er happi
est

I
rr
egul
arFor
ms

Someadj
ect
iveshav
eir
regul
arf
ormsofcompar
ison.Thesei
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Posi
ti
ve Compar
ati
ve Super
lat
ive

Good bet
ter best

Wel
l bet
ter best

Bad wor
se wor
st

Li
tt
le l
ess l
east

Li
tt
le smal
l smal
l
est

Much mor
e most(
uncount
abl
enouns)

Page|
21
Many mor
e most(
count
abl
enouns)

Lat
e l
ater l
atest

Far f
art
her
/fur
ther f
art
hest
/fur
thest

Ol
d ol
der ol
dest(
peopl
eandt
hings)

Ol
d el
der el
dest(
peopl
e/f
ami
l
y)

Speci
alAdj
ect
ivesandAdv
erbs

Someadj
ect
ivesandadv
erbshav
etwopossi
blef
ormsofcompar
ison.E.
g.

Posi
ti
ve Compar
ati
ve Super
lat
ive

Common commoner
/mor
ecommon commonest
/mostcommon

Li
kel
y l
i
kel
i
er/
mor
eli
kel
y l
i
kel
i
est
/mostl
i
kel
y

Pl
easant pl
easant
er/
mor
epl
easant pl
easant
est
/mostpl
easant

Pol
i
te pol
i
ter
/mor
epol
i
te pol
i
test
/mostpol
i
te

Qui
et qui
eter
/mor
equi
et qui
etest
/mostqui
et

Si
mpl
e si
mpl
er/
mor
esi
mpl
e si
mpl
est
/mostsi
mpl
e

St
upi
d st
upi
der
/mor
est
upi
d st
upi
dest
/mostst
upi
d

Subt
le subt
ler
/mor
esubt
ler subt
lest
/mostsubt
le

Sur
e sur
er/
mor
esur
e sur
est
/mostsur
e

Exer
cise

Changet
headj
ect
ivesi
nbr
acket
sint
hei
rcor
rectf
orm.

1.Thi
str
eei
s(bi
g)t
hant
hatone.

2.Thedi
seasei
s(common)i
nTanzani
athani
nZambi
a.

3.Shei
sthe(
old)i
nthef
ami
l
y.

4.I
tist
he(
good)i
deaev
er.

5.Hehast
he(
new)equi
pmenti
ntown.

REASON

Page|
22
Reasoni
sthecause,
expl
anat
ion,
orj
ust
if
icat
ionf
oranact
ion.Thef
oll
owi
ngwor
dsand

phr
asesar
eusedt
oexpr
essr
eason:
because,
since,
as,
for
,becauseof
,onaccountof
,due

t
o

Thewor
dsbecause,
sinceandasar
eusedi
nthesamewayandar
eint
erchangeabl
e.E.
g.

1.As/
since/
becausei
twasget
ti
ngl
ate,
Ideci
dedIshoul
dgohome.

2.Because/
since/
asev
ery
thi
ngl
ookeddi
ff
erent
,Ihadnoi
deawher
etogo.

3.Ideci
dedIshoul
dgohomeas/
because/
sincei
twasget
ti
ngl
ate.

4.Ihadnoi
deawher
etogobecause/
since/
asev
ery
thi
ngl
ookeddi
ff
erent
.

Not
e:t
hesent
encecanei
therbegi
nwi
thr
easoncl
auseort
hemai
ncl
ause.I
fthesent
ence

begi
nswi
thr
eason,
weuseacommat
osepar
atet
het
wocl
auses(
studyexampl
e1and2

abov
e)

Becauseofandduet
o

Becauseofandduet
oar
eusedbef
oreanounornounphr
ase.E.
g.

1.Wewon'
tbeabl
etocomebecauseoft
hebadweat
her
.

2.Shewasunabl
etor
unduet
oal
egi
njur
y.

3.Becauseoft
hebadweat
her
,wewon’
tbeabl
etocome.

ForandOnaccountof

For
andonaccountof
hav
easi
mil
armeani
ngt
o‘becauseof
’.
E.g.

1.Shewasl
ooki
ngal
lbet
terf
orherst
ayi
nhospi
tal
.

2.Onaccountofbadweat
her
,wecoul
dn’
tgof
ishi
ng.

3.Becauseofbadweat
her
,wecoul
dn’
tgof
ishi
ng.

Exer
cise

Punct
uat
ethef
oll
owi
ngsent
enceswi
thacommacor
rect
ly.

1.Becauseofcomi
ngl
atet
oschool
shewaspuni
shed.

Page|
23
 2.Si
ncei
twasget
ti
ngl
ateIdeci
dedt
ogohome.

3.Aspupi
l
sdi
dn’
thav
eenought
imet
heydi
dn’
tfi
nishwr
it
ingt
heexer
cise.

4.Onaccountofpoorr
ainf
all
cropsdi
dnotgr
owwel
l
.

5.Becauseofabsent
eei
sm hef
ail
edt
heexam.

PURPOSE

Pur
posei
sther
easonf
orwhi
chsomet
hingi
sdoneorf
orwhi
chsomet
hingexi
sts.I
nsi
mpl
er

t
erms,
pur
posei
sthei
ntendedout
comeofsomet
hing.I
tisexpr
essedusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ng

way
s:i
nfi
nit
ive,
soast
o,i
nor
dert
o,f
or,
incase,
sot
hat
,inor
dert
hat

I
nfi
nit
iveofpur
pose

I
nfi
nit
ivei
sthe‘
to’
for
m ofav
erb.E.
g.t
ogo,
tost
udy
,topl
ayet
c.

1.Shewentt
otownt
obuyapai
rofshoes.

2.Memor
yisgoi
ngt
oNdol
atov
isi
thermot
her
.

Sot
hatandi
nor
dert
hat

Sot
hatandi
nor
dert
hatar
eusual
l
yfol
l
owedbycan,
coul
d,wi
l
lorwoul
d.E.
g.

1.Thepol
i
cel
ockedt
hedoorsot
hat
/i
nor
dert
hat
no-
onecoul
dgeton.

2.Theywentt
other
iversot
hat
/i
nor
dert
hatt
heycoul
ddosomef
ishi
ng.

I
nor
dert
o,soast
o

I
nor
dert
oandsoast
oar
emor
efor
mal
way
sofexpr
essi
ngpur
pose.
Bot
har
eal
ter
nat
ivest
o

usi
ngt
hei
nfi
nit
ive.

1.Shewentt
otowni
nor
dert
obuyapai
rofshoes.

2.Shewentt
otownsoast
obuyapai
rofshoes.

For+noun

For+nouni
sal
sousedt
oexpr
esspur
pose.E.
g.

1.Hewentout
sidef
orachat
.

Page|
24
 2.Shev
isi
tedLi
vi
ngst
onef
oradv
ent
ure.

I
ncase

I
ncasei
susedt
ocaut
ionsomeoneofwhatmi
ghthappent
othem.E.
g.

1.Taket
hisumbr
ell
aincasei
trai
ns.

2.Youshoul
dhav
etwopensi
nanexam r
oom i
ncaseoner
unsshor
tofi
nk.

Exer
cise

Const
ructf
ivesent
encesusi
ngsoast
o/i
nor
dert
oandt
heot
herf
ivesent
encesusi
ngt
he

i
nfi
nit
ivet
oshowpur
pose.

RESULT

Resul
tist
heconsequence,
eff
ect
,orout
comeofsomet
hing.Ther
ear
eanumberof

expr
essi
onsusedt
oindi
cat
eresul
t.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hem:
ther
efor
e,f
ort
his

r
eason,
asar
esul
t,consequent
ly,
so,
sucha….
that
,enoughandt
oo….
.t
o.

Ther
efor
e,f
ort
hisr
eason,
asar
esul
t,consequent
ly

Thef
ourst
ruct
uresabov
ear
eusedt
oexpr
essr
esul
tandar
eint
erchangeabl
e.Her
e,t
wo

sent
encesar
eusedt
oexpr
essr
esul
t.E.
g.

1.Johnst
udi
edv
eryhar
d.Ther
efor
e,hepassedt
heexam.

2.Unokawasv
eryl
azy
.Fort
hisr
eason,
hedi
edapoorman.

Not
ethatt
her
eisacommaaf
terawor
dthatexpr
essesr
esul
t.

So

‘
So’
isusedt
ojoi
ntwoi
deasi
ntoonesent
ence.E.
g.

1.Unokawasl
azy
,sohedi
edapoorman.

2.Thet
rai
nwasl
ate,
sopassenger
sdi
dnotar
ri
veont
ime.

Not
e:acommai
sneededbef
oret
hewor
d‘so’

So/
such(
a)+adj
ect
ive+t
hat

Thet
woexpr
essi
onsar
eusedt
woi
deasi
ntoonesent
ence.E.
g.

Page|
25
 1.Hewassot
all
that
hehi
thi
sheadont
hecei
l
ing.

2.Hel
eni
ssuchabusyper
sont
hat
shenev
erf
eel
sbor
ed.

3.Theywer
esucht
ir
edment
hatt
heycoul
dn’
tcont
inuewal
ki
ng

4.Ther
ewer
esomanypassenger
sthat
wecoul
dn'
tfi
ndaseat
.

Enough……t
o(i
nfi
nit
ive)

Enoughpl
ust
oisal
sousedt
oexpr
essr
esul
t.E.
g.

1.Themoneywasnotenought
obuyal
lthebudget
edi
tems.

2.Ther
ewasn’
tenought
imet
ofi
nisht
hewor
k.

Too+adj
ect
ive+t
o

Thi
sisy
etanot
herconst
ruct
ionwhi
chi
susedt
oexpr
ess‘
resul
t’
.Theconst
ruct
ionusual
l
y

expr
essesanegat
ivei
dea.E.
g.

1.Thet
abl
ewasf
art
ooheav
ytol
i
ft.

2.I
tist
ooear
lyt
ogot
obed

3.Thewat
eri
stoocol
dtobat
h.

Exer
cise

Punct
uat
ethef
oll
owi
ngsent
encescor
rect
ly.

1.Theol
dmanwasv
eryki
ndasar
esul
thewasl
i
kedbyev
ery
one.

2.Pupi
l
sst
udi
edhar
dsot
heypassedt
heexam.

3.Mar
ywasv
erysi
ckconsequent
lyshemi
ssedt
het
est
.

4.Al
lthepupi
l
srepor
tedl
atesot
heywer
epuni
shed.

TENSES

At
ensei
saf
orm ofav
erbt
hatshowst
imeofanact
ionorev
ent
.Itt
ell
suswhet
heran

act
ionhappenedi
nthepast
,ishappeni
ngnow,
orwi
l
ltakepl
acei
nthef
utur
e.Ther
ear
e

v
ari
ousf
ormsoft
enses.

THEPRESENTSI
MPLETENSE

Thet
ensei
susedf
orr
epeat
edact
ionsandhabi
ts.

Page|
26
Posi
ti
veFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
th:
noun/
pronoun+Ver
b.E.
g

1.Theyeatmangoes.(
Theyi
sthepr
onounusedwhi
l
eeati
sthev
erb)

2.Pupi
l
sgot
oschool
.(Pupi
l
sist
henounusedwhi
l
egoi
sthev
erb.

Not
e:t
het
hir
dper
sonsi
ngul
aroft
hepr
esentsi
mpl
etenseendsi
nan‘
s’
.e.
g.(
Mar
ygoes,

sheeat
s,Johnwashes,
hedances,
itr
uns)

1.She/
he/
itwor
ksi
naf
iel
d

Negat
iveFor
m:i
tisf
ormednoun/
pronoun+don’
t/doesn’
t+Ver
b.E.
g

1.I
/You/We/Theydon’
t(donot
)wor
k.

2.He/
she/
itdoesn’
t(doesnot
)wor
k

Quest
ionFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thdo/
does+noun/
pronoun+v
erb

1.DoI
/you/
we/
theywor
k?

2.Doeshe/shewor
k?

Exer
cise

Chooset
hecor
rectv
erbf
rom t
hebr
acket
s.

1.Iusual
l
y(goes/
go)f
ishi
ngatweekends.

2.I(
don’
t/
doesn’
t)gof
ishi
ngatweekends.

3.Youal
way
s(know/
knows)t
heanswer
.

4.Shenev
er(
put
s/put
)mi
l
kinhert
ea.

5.(
Do/
Does)sheev
erputmi
l
kinhert
ea.

PRESENTCONTI
NUOUSTENSE

Thi
stensei
susedf
oract
ionshappeni
ngnow.

Posi
ti
veFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thnoun/
pronoun+am/
are/
is+i
ngf
orm ofav
erb.

I→ am

He/
she/
it→ i
s

You/
we/
they→ ar
e

Page|
27
Exampl
es:

1.Youar
ecooki
ng.

2.Shei
srunni
ng.

3.Iam wr
it
ing

4.Theyar
ewat
chi
ngf
oot
bal
l
.

Negat
iveFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thnoun/
pronoun+am/
is/
are+not+i
ngofav
erb.

1.Youar
en’
t(ar
enot
)cooki
ng.

2.Shei
sn’
t(i
snot
)runni
ng.

3.Iar
en’
t(am not
)wr
it
ing.

4.Theyar
en’
t(ar
enot
)wat
chi
ngf
oot
bal
l
.

Quest
ionFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
tham/
is/
are+noun/
pronoun+i
ngofv
erb.

1.Ar
eyoucooki
ng?

2.I
ssher
unni
ng?

3.Am Iwr
it
ing?

4.Ar
etheywat
chi
ngf
oot
bal
l
?

Exer
cise

Chooset
hecor
rectwor
dfr
om t
hebr
acket
s

1.I(
are/
am)wat
chi
ngaf
il
m onTVnow.

2.She(
are/
is)wr
it
ingnot
es.

3.(
Are/
is)t
hepupi
l
slear
ning?

4.Theboy
s(i
s/ar
e)sl
eepi
ngupst
air
s.

5.You(
am/
are)pl
ayi
ngnet
bal
l
.

Page|
28
PASTSI
MPLETENSE

Thi
stensei
susedf
oranact
ionwhi
chwascompl
etedi
nthepast
.Thet
imeofanact
ionmay

best
atedornot
.

Posi
ti
veFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thnoun/
pronoun+pastsi
mpl
efor
m ofav
erb.E.
gPaul
saton

t
hef
loor
.

Ver
b PastSi
mpl
e

Wal
k wal
ked

Dance danced

Si
t sat

Go went

Fl
y f
lew

Cut cut

Negat
iveFor
m:noun/
pronoun+di
dn’
t(di
dnot
)+posi
ti
vef
orm ofav
erb.E.
g

1.Theydi
dn’
tli
ket
hef
il
m.

2.Johndi
dnotgot
oschool
.

3.Thebi
rddi
dnotf
ly.

Quest
ionFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thdi
d+noun/
pronoun+posi
ti
vef
orm ofav
erb.E.
g

1.Di
dyoumeetRi
char
d?

2.Di
dtheygot
oschool
?

3.Di
dJanewasht
hepl
ates?

4.Di
dthechi
l
dreneatt
hef
ood?

Exer
cise

Const
ructt
en(
10)sent
encesi
nPastSi
mpl
eTense.

Page|
29
THEPASTCONTI
NUOUSTENSE

Thi
stensei
susedf
oranact
ionwhi
chwascont
inui
ngi
nthepast
.

Posi
ti
veFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thnoun/
pronoun+was/
wer
e+i
ngofav
erb.E.
g

1.Iwashav
ingashowerwheny
oucal
l
ed.

2.Theywer
ewat
chi
ngTVwhenPet
erar
ri
ved.

I
,she,
he,
it,
Mar
y,Pupi
l
,John,
teacher→ was

You,
we,
they
,pupi
l
s,chi
l
dren,
teacher
s→ wer
e

Negat
iveFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thnoun/
pronoun+wasn’
t(wasnot
)/wer
en’
t(wer
enot
)+i
ng

ofav
erb.

1.Iwasn’
thav
ingashowerwheny
oucal
l
ed.

2.Theywer
en’
twat
chi
ngTVwhenPet
erar
ri
ved.

Quest
ionFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thwas/wer
e+noun/
pronoun+i
ngf
orm ofav
erb.E.
g

1.WasIhav
ingashowerwheny
oucal
l
ed?

2.Wer
etheywat
chi
ngTVwhenPet
erar
ri
ved?

THEPRESENTPERFECTTENSE

ThePr
esentPer
fectTensei
susedt
otal
kaboutanact
iont
hatt
ookpl
acer
ecent
ly.

Posi
ti
veFor
m:t
hisi
sfor
medwi
thnoun/
pronoun+hav
e/has+PastPar
ti
cipl
e.E.
g

1.Thepupi
l
shav
egonet
oseet
hei
rteacher
.

2.Shehaswr
it
tenal
ett
ert
oherf
ri
end.

They
/we/
you/
I/pupi
l
s/chi
l
dren/
boy
s/→ use‘
hav
e’

She/
he/
it
/pupi
l
/chi
l
d/boy
/gi
rl
/→ use‘
has’
(al
lthi
rdper
sonsi
ngul
arusehas)

Page|
30
Thet
abl
ebel
owshowssomev
erbsandt
hei
rpastpar
ti
cipl
e.

v
erb Pastpar
ti
cipl
e

go gone

t
ake t
aken

f
ini
sh f
ini
shed

wr
it
e wr
it
ten

dr
ink dr
unk

Negat
iveFor
m:t
hisi
sfor
medwi
thnoun/
pronoun+hav
en’
t(hav
enot
)/hasn’
t(hasnot
)+

PastPar
ti
cipl
e.E.
g

1. Thepupi
l
shav
enotgonet
oseet
hei
rteacher
.

2. Shehasnotwr
it
tenal
ett
ert
oherf
ri
end.

Quest
ionFor
m:t
hisi
sfor
medwi
th+hav
e/hasnoun/
pronoun+PastPar
ti
cipl
e

1.Hav
ethepupi
l
sgonet
oseet
hei
rteacher
?

2.Hasshewr
it
tenal
ett
ert
oherf
ri
end?

PRESENTPERFECTCONTI
NUOUSTENSE

ThePr
esentCont
inuousTensei
susedt
oshowt
hatanact
ionwhi
chst
art
edi
nthepasthas

beencont
inui
ngupt
othepr
esent
.

Posi
ti
veFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thnoun/
pronoun+hav
e/hasbeen+i
ngofav
erb.e.
g

1.Pupi
l
shav
ebeenl
ear
ningEngl
i
shf
oray
ear
.

2.Hehasbeenl
ear
ningEngl
i
shf
oray
ear
.

Negat
iveFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
thnoun/
pronoun+hav
en’
t/
hasn’
tbeen+i
ngofav
erb.E.
g

1.Pupi
l
shav
en’
tbeenl
ear
ningEngl
i
shf
oray
ear
.

Page|
31
 2.Hehasn’
tbeenl
ear
ningEngl
i
shf
oray
ear
.

Quest
ionFor
m:i
tisf
ormedwi
th+hav
e/has+noun/
pronoun+been+i
ngofav
erb.E.
g

1.Hav
epupi
l
sbeenl
ear
ningEngl
i
shf
oray
ear
?

2.Hashebeenl
ear
ningEngl
i
shf
oray
ear
?

Exer
cise

Const
ructt
ensent
encei
nPr
esentPer
fectCont
inuousTense.

DI
RECTSPEECH

Di
rectSpeechshowsaper
son’
sexactwor
ds.Quot
ati
onmar
ks(
“….
”)ar
easi
gnt
hatt
he

wor
dsar
etheexactwor
dst
hataper
sonused.

Exampl
es:

1.Mar
iaasked,
“Wher
ear
eyougoi
ng?
”

2.Johnr
epl
i
ed,
“I’
m goi
nghome.
”

I
nthet
woexampl
esgi
venabov
e,“
wher
ear
eyougoi
ng”and“
I’
m goi
nghome”
,iti
swhatwe

cal
lDi
rectSpeech.Thewor
dsMar
iaaskedandJohnr
epl
i
edar
ecal
l
edspeecht
ags.Speech

t
agsar
enotpar
tofDi
rectSpeech.Ther
efor
e,ar
enotsupposedt
obeputi
nQuot
ati
onmar
ks

(
“….
.”
).

Thesent
encemayei
therbegi
nwi
tht
heSpeecht
agorDi
rectSpeech.I
fthesent
encebegi
ns

wi
tht
heSpeecht
ag,
thef
oll
owi
ngr
ulesappl
y:

 Acommashoul
dbei
nser
tedaf
tert
hespeecht
agandopent
hequot
ati
onmar
ks

bef
oret
hef
ir
stwor
dofDi
rectSpeech.

 Webegi
nDi
rectSpeechwi
thacapi
tal
let
terandcl
oset
hequot
ati
onmar
ksaf
tert
he

f
inal
punct
uat
ionmar
koft
heDi
rectSpeech.E.
g

1.Mar
iaasked,
“Wher
ear
eyougoi
ng?
”

2.Bupesai
d,“
Iti
sver
ycol
dtoday
.”

Thef
oll
owi
ngr
uleswi
l
lappl
yift
hesent
encebegi
nswi
thDi
rectSpeech.

Page|
32
  Weopent
hequot
ati
onmar
ksbef
oret
hef
ir
stwor
doft
heDi
rectSpeech.

 Quot
ati
onmar
ksshoul
dbecl
osedaf
tert
hef
inal
punct
uat
ionmar
koft
heDi
rect

Speech.

 Weaddt
hespeecht
agwhi
chshoul
dbegi
nwi
thasmal
ll
ett
erandendwi
thaf
ull

st
op.E.
g

1.“
Wher
ear
eyougoi
ng”
?askedMar
ia.

2.“
Iti
sver
ycol
dtoday
,”sai
dBupe.

Not
e:i
ftheDi
rectSpeechi
sast
atement
,weuseacommai
nst
eadofaf
ull
stop.St
udy

sent
encet
wo(
2)abov
e.Howev
er,
ifDi
rectSpeechi
squest
ionoranexcl
amat
ion,
weusea

quest
ionmar
kandanexcl
amat
ionmar
krespect
ivel
y.

Exer
cise

Punct
uat
ethef
oll
owi
ngsent
encescor
rect
ly.

1.Thet
eacheraskedmewhati
syourname

2.I
’
mver
yti
redshesai
d

3.Somebodyhel
pmeshescr
eamed

4.Doy
oul
i
keboar
dingschool
heaskedme

REPORTEDSPEECH

Repor
tedSpeechi
swhenwegi
vet
hemeani
ngofwhatt
hespeakersai
dwi
thoutusi
ngt
he

exactwor
dst
hatwer
eused.(
Inr
epor
tedspeech,
ther
eaderdoesnotassumet
hatt
hewor
ds

ar
ethespeaker
’sexactwor
ds;
oft
en,
theyar
eapar
aphr
aseoft
hespeaker
’swor
ds.

Exampl
es:

Di
rectSpeech Repor
tedSpeech:

Mar
iaasked,
“Wher
ear
eyougoi
ng?
” Mar
iaaskedJohnwher
ehewasgoi
ng.

Bupesai
d,“
Iti
sver
ycol
dtoday
.” Johnsai
dhewasgoi
nghome.

Page|
33
Ver
bTensei
nRepor
tedSpeech

Wheny
our
epor
twhatsomeonesai
dint
hepast
,youusual
l
yshi
ftbackav
erbt
ensef
rom t
he

t
enset
hespeakerused.Thesear
esomeexampl
esofv
erbshi
ft
s:

Si
mpl
epr
esent→ si
mpl
epast Idr
ink→Idr
ank

Pr
esentCont
inuous→ pastcont
inuous Iam r
unni
ng→ Iwasr
unni
ng

Pr
esentper
fect→ pastper
fect shehasgone→ shehadgone

Fut
ure→ condi
ti
onal hewi
l
lgo→ hewoul
dgo

Pastsi
mpl
e→ pastsi
mpl
e/pastper
fect Johnwentt
otown→ Johnwentt
otown/
John

had

gonet
otown.

Exampl
es:

Di
rectspeech Repor
tedspeech

“
Iamhungr
y.” Shesai
dthatshewashungr
y

“
Isawt
hem l
eav
e.” Susansai
dthatshehadseent
hem l
eav
e.Or

Susansai
dthatshesawt
hem l
eav
e.

“
Wher
ehav
etheygone?
” Jameswonder
edwher
etheyhadgone.

“
Wil
lyouhel
pme?
’ IaskedAl
exi
fhewoul
dhel
pme.

“
Ican’
tremember
yourname.
”Li
sasai
dshecoul
dn’
tremember
myname.

Not
e:I
fther
epor
tedi
nfor
mat
ioni
sdonet
hesameday
,youmayuset
hesamet
ense.

“
Theexam wi
l
lbenextweek.
” Thet
eachersai
dtheexam wi
l
lbenextweek.

QUESTI
ONSI
NREPORTEDSPEECH

Wor
dor
der
:Thewor
dor
deri
nar
epor
tedquest
ioni
sthesameasi
nast
atement
.The

subj
ectcomesbef
oret
hev
erb.

Quest
ion:
Arey
our
eady
?

St
atement
:Iam r
eady

Quest
ioni
nrepor
tedspeech: Shewant
edt
oknowi
fIwasr
eady
.

Page|
34
Punct
uat
ion:
Ift
hesent
encei
sast
atement
,endi
twi
thaf
ull
stop(
.)ev
eni
fitcont
ainsa

r
epor
tedquest
ion.

Exampl
e:

St
atementcont
aini
ngar
epor
tedquest
ion: SheaskedmewhatIt
houghtoft
hebook.

Howev
er,
ift
hesent
encei
sar
epor
tedquest
ion,
endi
twi
thaquest
ionmar
k(?
)

Quest
ioncont
aini
ngar
epor
tedquest
ion:
Didsheaskwhaty
out
houghtoft
hebook?

YES/
NOQUESTI
ONS

Tochangeay
es/
noquest
iont
oanouncl
ausei
nrepor
tedspeech,
int
roducet
henouncl
ause

wi
thi
forwhet
her
.Whet
herornotmayal
sobeused.

Exampl
es:

Di
rectSpeechRepor
tedSpeech

“
Didy
out
urnof
fthel
i
ght
s?” IaskedJanei
fshehadt
urnedof
fthel
i
ght
s.

“
Issupperr
eady
?” Myf
atherwant
edt
oknowwhet
her
supperwasr
eady
.

“
Wil
lyoubeatt
hepar
ty?
”Paul
askedmewhet
herornot
Iwoul
dbeatt
hepar
ty.

“
Shoul
dIt
ell
hert
henews?
”Joneswonder
edwhet
her
heshoul
dtel
lMar
iat
henews.

Joneswant
edt
oknowi
fheshoul
dtel
lMar
iat
henews.

Wh-QUESTI
ONS

Tochange‘
wh’
quest
ionsf
rom Di
rectSpeecht
orepor
tedspeech,
repeatt
he‘
wh’
quest
ioni
n

Repor
tedSpeech.‘
Wh’
quest
ionsi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
wher
e,what
,why
,whenandhow.

Exampl
es:

Di
rectSpeech Repor
tedSpeech

“
Wher
edot
heyl
i
ve?
” Chandawant
edt
oknowwher
etheyl
i
ve.

“
Whati
syourname?
” Sheaskedmewhatmynamewas

“
Whydi
dyousayt
hat
?” Thet
eacheraskedmewhyIhadsai
dthat
.

Page|
35
“
Wher
ewi
l
lyoust
ay?
” Theyaskedmewher
eIwoul
dst
ay.

CHANGEOFPRONOUNS

Theper
sonwhoi
srepor
ti
ngwhatsomeonesai
disusual
l
ydi
ff
erentf
rom t
heper
sonwho

madet
heor
igi
nal
stat
ement
.Asar
esul
t,pr
onounsi
nrepor
tedspeechof
tenchange.

Exampl
es:

Di
rectSpeech Repor
tedSpeech

“
Iam hungr
y.” Cl
arasai
dshewashungr
y.

“
Wher
ewi
l
lyoube?
” Annewant
edt
oknowwher
eIwoul
dbe.

“
Hav
eyouseenmy
glasses?
” Dav
idaskedmei
fIhadseenhi
sgl
asses.

Changesi
nExpr
essi
onsofPl
aceandTi
me

Changesi
nthesi
tuat
ionbet
weenDi
rectandr
epor
tedspeechcanr
esul
tinchangest
owor
ds

i
ndi
cat
ingpl
aceandt
ime.

Exampl
es:

Di
rectSpeechRepor
tedSpeech

“
Idon’
tli
ket
hisbook.
”Jamessai
dhedi
dn’
tli
ket
hat
book.

“
I’
ll
seey
out
omor
row.
”Luy
andosai
dhewoul
dseemet
hef
oll
owi
ng/
nextday
.

Request
sforact
ionorper
missi
oncanber
epor
tedi
ntwoway
s:

1.Anouncl
ausewi
th‘
i
f’
.or

2.Ani
nfi
nit
ive

Exampl
es:

Di
rectSpeech Repor
tedSpeech

Act
ion:

“
Wil
lyoucar
ryt
heboxf
orme?
” Sheaskedmei
fIwoul
dcar
ryt
heboxf
orher
.

Sheaskedmet
ocar
ryt
heboxf
orher
.

Page|
36
Per
missi
on:

“
CanImakeanappoi
ntment
? Ji
m askedi
fhecoul
dmakeanappoi
ntment
.

Ji
m askedt
omakeanappoi
ntment
.

Exer
cise

Changet
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
encesi
ntoRepor
tedSpeech.

1.“
Idon’
twantanynoi
se,
”sai
dmymot
her
.

Begi
n:Mymot
hersai
dthat_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

2.Johnsai
d,“
Iwi
l
lgi
vey
ouy
ourmoneyt
omor
row.
”

Begi
n:Johnsai
dthat_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

3.“
Youar
ebehav
ingwel
ltoday
,”t
het
eachert
oldus.

Begi
n:Ourt
eachert
oldust
hat_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__

4.Thepupi
lsai
d,“
Idi
dthepuni
shmenty
est
erdaysi
r.
”

Begi
n:Thepupi
ltol
dthet
eachert
hat_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

QUESTI
ONTAGS

Quest
iont
agsar
eusedi
nconv
ersat
iont
omakeast
atementandt
henaskf
orconf
ir
mat
ion.

E.
g.i
tisv
eryhot
,isn’
tit
?Wemakeast
atementandt
henaskf
orconf
ir
mat
ion.I
ntheabov
e

exampl
e,t
hel
aterpoi
nt(
isn’
tit
?)i
swhatwecal
l“quest
iont
ag”

I
nquest
iont
agsweuset
hef
oll
owi
ngpat
ter
n:

 Aux
il
iar
yver
b+n’
t+subj
ect(
ift
hest
atementi
sposi
ti
ve)e.
g.y
ouar
ecomi
ng,
aren’
t

y
ou?

 Aux
il
iar
yver
b+subj
ect(
ift
hest
atementi
snegat
ive)e.
g.y
ouar
enotcomi
ng,
arey
ou?

Not
e:t
hesubj
ectofaquest
iont
agi
sal
way
sapr
onounandnotanoun.I
not
herwor
ds,
no

namesar
eusedi
nquest
iont
ags.E.
g.

 Pupi
l
sar
elear
ning,
aren’
tthey
?(Notar
en’
tpupi
l
s?)

 Janeti
sadoct
or,
isn’
tshe?(
Noti
sn’
tJanet
?)

Page|
37
I
ntheexampl
esgi
venabov
e,i
nthef
ir
stsent
ence,
thesubj
ectoft
hest
atementi
s‘pupi
l
s’but

t
hesubj
ectoft
hequest
iont
agi
s‘t
hey
’whi
chi
sapr
onounf
ort
woormor
epeopl
e.I
nthe

secondexampl
e,‘
Janet
’ist
hesubj
ectoft
hest
atementbutt
hesubj
ectoft
hequest
iont
agi
s

‘
she’
.Remember
,inquest
iont
agsweonl
yusesubj
ectpr
onounsandnotanyot
herpr
onoun.

Al
i
stofsubj
ectpr
onounsi
sgi
venbel
ow.

 I

 She

 He

 I
t

 You

 We

 They

Auxi
l
iar
yver
bsusedi
nquest
iont
ags

Posi
ti
vef
ormNegat
ivef
orm

I
s i
sn’
t

Ar
e ar
en’
t

Has hasn’
t

Hav
e hav
en’
t

Had hadn’
t

Was wasn’
t

Wer
e wer
en’
t

Do don’
t

Does doesn’
t

Wi
l
l won’
t

Shal
l shan’
t

Shoul
d shoul
dn’
t

Page|
38
Woul
d woul
dn’
t

Quest
iont
agsandt
enseusage

 Whent
hev
erbi
nthemai
nsent
encei
sint
hepr
esentsi
mpl
ewef
ormt
hequest
iont
ag

wi
thdo,
don’
t,
doesordoesn’
t.(
Does/
doesn’
tforpr
onouns;
she,
he,
itoronenameof

aper
son)
.E.
g.

1.Youpl
aygui
tar
,don’
tyou?

2.Al
i
cel
i
kesmangoes,
doesn’
tshe?

3.Hegoest
oschool
,doesn’
the?

 I
fthev
erbi
sint
hepastsi
mpl
eweusedi
d/di
dn’
t.E.
g.

1.Theywentt
otheci
nema,
didn’
tthey
?

2.Shest
udi
edi
nAust
ral
i
a,di
dn’
tshe?

 Whent
hest
atementcont
ainsawor
dwi
thanegat
ivemeani
ngsuchas;
har
dly
,

scar
cel
y,
rar
ely
,sel
dom,
nev
er,
bar
ely
,thequest
iont
agneedst
obeposi
ti
ve.E.
g.

1.Hehar
dlyev
erspeakst
oyou,
doeshe?

2.Theyr
arel
yeati
nrest
aur
ant
s,dot
hey
?

I
ndef
ini
tepr
onouns

Al
li
ndef
ini
tepr
onounsuse‘
they
’.E.
g.

1.Someonei
sknocki
ng,
aren’
tthey
?

2.Ev
ery
bodyi
spr
esent
,ar
en’
tthey
?

3.Noonehasr
epor
tedt
hecaset
othepol
i
ce,
hav
ethey
?

4.Any
bodycanber
ich,
can’
tthey
?

Speci
alcases

 Posi
ti
vei
mper
ati
ve-St
opday
dreami
ng,
wil
l
/won’
tyou?

 Negat
ivei
mper
ati
ve–Don’
tst
opsi
ngi
ng,
wil
lyou?

 Let
’s–l
et’
sgot
othebeach,
shal
lwe?Let
’sgof
orawal
k,shal
lwe?

Page|
39
  Ther
e–Ther
eisal
i
brar
yint
hatst
reet
,isn’
tther
e?Ther
ear
espi
der
sint
hebedr
oom,

ar
en’
tther
e?

 Thi
s/t
hatuset
hepr
onoun‘
i
t’
.Thi
sisBr
enda’
spen,
isn’
tit
?Thati
syourcar
,isn’
tit
?

Exer
cise

Addquest
iont
agst
othef
oll
owi
ngst
atement
s.

1.Shel
ooksv
erypr
ett
y,_
___
___
___
___
___
___
?

2.Hehar
dlyv
isi
tshi
spar
ent
s,_
___
___
___
___
___
___
__?

3.Anni
tacan’
tspeakSpani
sh,
___
___
___
___
__?

4.Wemust
n’tkeept
hem,
___
___
___
___
___
___
_?

5.Youwentt
otownt
oday
,__
___
___
___
___
___
_?

6.Let
’sgoshoppi
ng,
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__?

7.St
opgi
vi
ngmeadv
ice,
___
___
___
___
___
___
_?

8.Passmet
hesal
t,_
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__?

9.Nobodyhasagr
eedont
hatquest
ion,
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_?

10.Thi
sisanewbook,
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_?

11.Thati
syourmot
her
,__
___
___
___
___
___
___
_?

12.Ther
ear
epupi
l
sincl
ass,
___
___
___
___
___
__?

13.Gi
rl
slov
ewi
ndowshoppi
ng,
___
___
___
___
___
?

14.Memor
ylov
eswi
ndowshoppi
ng,
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
?

15.Youwoul
dn’
tgo,
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
?

CONDI
TION

Condi
ti
onal
sent
encesconsi
stoft
wocl
auses;
thecondi
ti
onal
clauseandt
hemai
ncl
ause.

Acondi
ti
onal
clausei
sat
ypeofsubor
dinat
ecl
ause,
mostcommonl
yint
roducedbyt
he

conj
unct
ion‘
i
f’(
ifcl
ause)
.Li
kemostsubor
dinat
ecl
ausesi
ntr
oducedbyaconj
unct
ion,
the

condi
ti
onal
clausecangobef
oret
hemai
ncl
auseoraf
teri
t.

Page|
40
Exampl
e:

1.I
fmymot
hercomes,
Iwi
l
lgi
vey
out
hemoney
.Or

2.Iwi
l
lgi
vey
out
hemoneyi
fmymot
hercomes.

Not
e:I
fthesent
encebegi
nswi
tht
hemai
ncl
ause,
nocommai
sneededt
osepar
atet
het
wo

cl
auses.St
udyexampl
e2abov
e.

Ty
pesofCondi
ti
onal
Sent
ences

Ther
ear
ethr
eemai
nty
pesofcondi
ti
onal
sent
ences.

Ty
pe1.(
Likel
y/pr
obabl
econdi
ti
on)

Ty
pe2.(
Unl
i
kel
y/i
mpr
obabl
econdi
ti
on)