OC REVIEWER 2ND QUARTER

I. Communicative Strategies

II. Factors affected by Communication Shifts

III. Language shifts

A. Language Form

B. Duration of Interaction

C. Message

D. Delivery

E. Relationship of the Speaker

1. Challenges Faced by the Speaker and the Listener

2. Stepping into the shoes of the speaker and the listener

3. Practice Active Listening

4. Connecting with the Audience

5. Boosting Speaker's Credibility

F. Roles and Responsibilities of the Speaker

Lesson 8 - Communicative Strategies

Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be used to start and maintain a conversation. Knowing
and applying grammar appropriately is one of the most basic strategies to maintain a
conversation.
• Nomination - to collaboratively and productively establish a topic. This could efficiently
signal the beginning of a new topic in the conversation.
• Restriction - to any limitation you may have as a speaker.
• Turn-taking - the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor.
• Topic Control - This only means that when a topic is initiated, it should be collectively
developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. Minimal Responses.
• Topic shifting - moving from one topic to another.
• Repair - Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction (Schegloff et al,
1977). If there is a problem in understanding the conversation, speakers will always try
to address and correct it.
• Termination - close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.
LESSON 1
Morpheme- meaningful morphological unit of a language
Prefix- element placed at the beginning of a word
Suffix- an affix occurring at the end of a word or base.
Interaction- communication or direct involvement with someone or something.
Clause-unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence, consists subject and predicate
Language form can be divided into at least 2 categories (lahey, 1988):
Morphology- examines how words are formed in any language. Focuses on internal structure and how
meanings can be altered through pre & suf.
• Free Morpheme- can stand alone on its own
• Bound Morpheme- only occurs as a part of a word

Syntax- rules that govern how words combine to create meaningful utterances. (Morphemes combine
to form words; words combine into phrases and phrases combine according to set rules into clauses.)

Rules of Syntax
SVO pattern- (subject-verb-object) most common syntactic structure.
All Syntactic patterns - 7 syntactic patterns, but all must contain a subject (S) and verb (V). Others are:
Object (O), Indirect object (IO), Complement (C), and Adverbial (A).

LANGUAGE FORM - form refers to the shape and structure of something. It can also mean the organization, placement, and relationship between
things.

Language form can be divided into at least two categories (Lahey, 1988):

• Morphology - examines how words are formed in any language. It focuses especially on their internal structure and how their meaning can be
altered through the addition of prefixes and suffixes.

• Morpheme – Smallest unit in a language.

2. Syntax - refers to the rules that govern how words combine to create meaningful utterances.

Rules of Syntax - The SVO pattern (Subject-Verb-Object) is the most common syntactic structure in written English.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE - is also important for proper syntax. This is most often an issue when expressing a series of items or verbs.

DURATION OF INTERACTION – this refers to the time the speaker and listener/audience communicate with each other.
 Types of Interaction

• Verbal Interaction - Words

• Non-verbal Interaction – Action/ gesture

DURATION OF TIME IN SPEECH CONTEXT

• Intrapersonal – Someone can speak to himself/herself overnight to reflect and reminisce personal decisions and experience.

• Interpersonal and Mass – Can be shortened depending on the audience.

• Public – May spend an hour in a formal event.

DURATION OF TIME IN SPEECH STYLE

• Intimate and Casual – Can be lengthened and shortened

• Consultative and Formal – May take an average time of 11-2 hours.

• Frozen – Reciting a pledge or an oath mostly requires short duration. Recitation of series of scripts is quite lengthy.

MESSAGE – Came from Latin word mittere “to send”.

- The most important and intrinsic element of all speech. The message is fundamental to communication.

MESSAGE IN SPEECH CONTEXT

• Intrapersonal – In a form of decision-making, self-reflection, self-evaluation, recalling personal experience.

• Dyad and Small Group Discussions – Reflects socialization topics and message.

• Public and Mass – Reflect national and general issues concerning their community.

MESSAGE IN SPEECH STYLE

• Intimate and Casual – Speak of familial, social, and general topics.

• Consultative and Formal – Present academic, political, educational, and scientific messages.

• Frozen – Mostly observes traditional and ritualistic messages.

DELIVERY IN SPEECH CONTEXT

• Intrapersonal and Dyad – Impromptu messages

• Small Group – Extemporaneous

• Public and Mass – Is sometimes memorized or read from a manuscript.

DELIVERY IN SPEECH STYLE

• Intimate and Casual – Impromptu messages

• Formal and Consultative – May be guided by notes and extemporaneous in nature

• Frozen – Mostly memorized delivery.

• Assertive, Directive, Commissive, and Expressive – Requires impromptu since the message maybe formed instantly

• Declaration (Government and Scientific Community) – May be manuscript or extemporaneous

Parallel Structure- also important for proper syntax. This is most often an issue when expressing a series of items or verbs.

Purpose of syntax- single sentence can be rearranged in several ways to produce new sentences while remaining grammatically correct.
Although the meaning of the sentence will remain basically the same, varying syntax can affect the mood and tone of a piece of writing.

Duration of Interaction - time when speaker and listener communicate. The most compelling speeches are those in which the speaker
engages and interacts with his or her audience.

Verbal Interaction- There are plenty of ways to interact with them verbally. (Responding, Asking, Agreement, Calling out audience, and
Acknowledgement)

Non-Verbal Interaction- non-verbal interaction with your audience consists largely of bodylanguage cues. (eye contact, facial expression,
actions) audience will use your non-verbal cues to comprehend your message. Remember that all body language and non-verbal
communication require appropriate context.

Message- the most important and intrinsic element of all speech. (impossible without it) Comes from Latin word "Mittere" = to send. The
message is fundamental to communication.

Feedback(receiver sends a message response back to sender) Messages can be sent both verbally and non-verbally.

Verbal and NonVerbal Content- message may include verbal content(spoken words, sign language, email, text messages, phone calls) or
Nonverbal (behavior, gestures, eye contact, artifacts, clothing)

Delivery- most important element of an oral presentation is, of course, the content and ideas you are trying to communicate. Effective
public speaking involves the whole person. Delivery includes style of speech, handling of equipment, dress, and movement.

Rehearsing Oral Presentation- You must rehearse so that your presentation will be clear, concise, and delivered in a relaxed and
understandable manner. (drafting, report-planning, organizing, and process of preparing visuals is a part of rehearsal) get info on the kind
of room where you will deliver. (Size, sound system,) familiarize the settings. check equipment you will use. be prepared to have an
alternative. never write out script with the intent of memorizing. it may be appropriate, but it will be difficult to follow. use visuals as your
main cue-cards. write transactional phrases on the hard copy of visuals. avoid using index cards with notes..

LESSON 2
Speaker- initiatior, those who can clearly deliver their message.
Speaker - is the initiator of communication.

Listener - is the one who accurately receives and interprets messages in the communication process.

Communication Ethics- ethical way of communicating through media, language, socmed, and journalism.

SPEAKERS FACE CHALLENGES

• Lack of confidence, for which the only cure is practice.

• Fear or even anxiety

• An unstable purpose

STEPS INTO THE SHOES OF THE SPEAKER

• Ensure that you are truly "present."

• Put the listener at ease by being relational.

• Adapt your language and word choices to your audience.

• Maintain good eye contact, but keep other nonverbal cues, especially touching, to a bare minimum.

• Emphasize important points through repetition.

• Ask the listener if he has any questions.

LISTENERS FACE CHALLENGES

• The same noisy influences - both internal and external

• Fear of the speaker

• Nervousness about being able to correctly understand the message

• Focusing on personal feelings about the speaker rather than the message

STEP INTO THE SHOES OF A LISTENER

• Giving the speaker the benefit of the doubt.

• Remaining open to new ideas.

• Not interrupting.

• Taking notes.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SPEAKER

• Maintain high ethical standards

• Never distort information

• Reject stereotyping

• Enrich listener’s lives

• Take every speech/message seriously

LESSON 3

Speech – the faculty or power of speaking.

Speaking Outline or Pattern – to prepare when delivering speech includes brief phrases or words that reminds the speakers of the points they need
to make, plus supporting material and sign post.
Speech Writing – art of conveying a message to your audience.

Word choice – refers to the specific vocabulary the writer uses to convey meaning and enlighten the reader.

Physical setting – includes location, size of room, seating arrangement, distance between audience and speaker, time of day, room, temperature, and
lighting.

SPEECH WRITING

Eight steps you can use to compose an effective speech for any situation:

1. Choose an important topic 5. Use concrete details and visual aids

2. Consider your audience 6. Include a personal element

3. Prepare a structure 7. Consider rhetorical devices

4. Begin with a strong point 8. End memorably

Three Parts of a Speech:

• Introduction - the theme is introduced and the reason for writing the speech is stated.

• Body or discussion - the main topic is presented.

• Conclusion - is the summary statement of review.

SPEECH PURPOSE - A speech to be successful must have a clear and definite purpose. Your purpose must be fit to your audience’s interest and need.

AUDIENCE PROFILE – involves identifying the audience and adapting a speech to their interest, level of understanding, attitudes and beliefs.

AUDIENCE ANALYSIS - involves identifying the audience and adapting a speech to their interests, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs.

Audience Analysis Factors

• Knowledge of topic - Audience knowledge of a topic can vary widely on any given occasion; therefore, communicators should find out what
their audience already knows about the topic.

• Demographics - The demographic factors of an audience include age, gender, religion, ethnic background, class, sexual orientation,
occupation, education, group membership, and countless other categories.

• Setting - The setting of a presentation can influences the ability to give a speech and the audience’s ability and desire to listen.

• Audience size - Many elements of speech-making change in accordance with audience size. In general, the larger the audience the more
formal the presentation should be.

LOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Three Common Logical Patterns

• Time Order Pattern or Chronological Pattern - This pattern presents events or processes according to the sequence of time that they
occurred.

• Spatial Pattern - This pattern organizes the speech according to the physical structure of the subject or how the topic actually appears in
space.
 • Topical Pattern - This pattern is most often employed when speakers take their main topic and decide the most important sub- topics they
would like to talk about.

DURATION AND PHYSICAL SETTING - There are things to be examined in conducting a speech to assess whether you meet them or not, you may ask
these necessary questions in considering duration and physical setting

LESSON 4

Morphology – in linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.

Syntax – in linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including
word order.

Grammar – the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including
inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics.

Clause – a clause is a group of related words containing a subject that tells readers what the sentence is about, and a verb that tells readers what the
subject is doing.

WORD CHOICE - A word is the simplest part of any language. While communicating or delivering any ideas or thoughts, one must use a proper word.

Factors that Influence Good Word Choice

Meaning – words can be chosen for either denotative meaning, which is the definition you’d find in a dictionary or the connotative meaning.

Specificity – words that are concrete rather than abstract is more powerful in certain types of writing, specifically academic works and works of
nonfiction.

Audience – whether the writer seeks to engage, amuse, entertain, inform, or even incite anger, the audience is the person or persons for whom a
piece of work is intended.

Level of Diction – the level of diction an author chooses directly relates to the intended audience. Diction is classified into four levels of language:

• Formal – which denotes serious discourse

• Informal – which denotes relaxed but polite conversation

• Colloquial – which denotes language in everyday usage

• Slang – which denotes new, often high informal words and phrases that evolve as a result sociolinguistic constructs such as age, class,
wealth status, ethnicity, nationality, and regional dialects.

Tone – is an author’s attitude toward a topic.

Style – word choice is an essential element in the style of any writer, while his or her audience may play a role in the stylistic choices a writer makes,
style is the unique voice that sets one writer apart from another.

GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS - Grammar explains the forms and structure of words (called morphology) and how they are arranged in sentences
(called syntax).
Noun – A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, ideas and feelings.

Pronoun – A pronoun is used in the place of a noun or another pronoun. A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase.

Verb – A verb is used to show an action or a state of being. It express actions, events, or states of being.

Adjective – is used to describe or specify a noun or pronoun. An adjective is a word that modifies a noun to tell you more about it.

Adverb – modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause and indicate manner, time, place, cause, or degree. Adverbs can be
recognized because they answer the question how, when, where, or how much. Adverbs often end in ly.

Preposition – link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence and usually indicate a relationship of time, space, or logic.

Conjunction – Conjunctions join clauses or sentences or words.

Interjection – are added to a sentence to convey emotion and are usually followed by an exclamation point.

LESSON 5

Inflection – is a change in the pitch or tone of your voice at different times through-out the delivery.

Monotone – a sound that stays on the same note without going higher or lower.

Punctuation – (the used of) special symbols that you add to writing to separate phrases and sentences to show that something is a question, etc.

Voice – refers to the production of raw sounds when the air passes through the vocal tract.

Vocal folds – the lower pair of vocal cords each of which when drawn taut, approximated to the contralateral member of the pair, and subjected to a
flow of breath produces the voice.

Stress – is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.

Speech – is the combination of sounds that become symbols to represent intended meaning.

ARTICULATION - is the process by which sounds, syllables, and words are formed when your tongue, jaw, teeth, lips, and palate alter the air stream
coming from the vocal folds. It focuses on making individual sounds clear and intelligible.

What does it mean to articulate?

To articulate means to say or pronounce something in a way that can be clearly heard and understood like expressing an idea or a thought in words.

Why do we articulate?

Everything we say and do or we don’t say and don’t do sends a message to others.

Principles that develop good articulation and clarity of meaning:

1. Pronunciation should be practiced.

2. To be able to avoid mispronunciation:

3. Articulate well, which means mind your vowels and consonants as they pass through your lips and mouth.

4. Practice once, twice, or thrice until it becomes a habit.

MODULATION - in speaking means a change stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of voice and an inflection of the voice.

What does it mean to modulate?

To modulate means to enhance emphasis in words with rising and lowering tones adding subtle meaning.

Why do we modulate?

It facilitates the understanding of your speech as it gives more meaning to your voice and makes your voice sound attractive.
COMPONENTS OF VOICE MODULATION

1. Pace or Speech Speed

2. Pitch or Depth of Voice

• According to Flores & Lopez (2009), pitch is the location of the sound on the musical scale and is determined by the tension applied by the
tone-producing mechanism- the vocal cords.

3. Pause

4. Power

5. Volume

6. Emphasis

7. Inflection

LESSON 6

Stage Presence – refers to certain charisma and charm that a speaker or performer possesses that draws an audience and commands their full
attention.

Facial Expressions – is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face.

Audience – the assembled spectators or listeners at a public event, such as a play, movie, concert or meeting.

Rapport – a close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned understand each other’s feelings or ideas and communicate
well.

STAGE PRESENCE - Stage presence refers to the certain charisma and charm that a speaker or performer possesses that draws in an audience and
commands their full attention.

Ways to Improve your Stage Presence

1. RELAX

2. PRACTICE

3. STUDY

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - Appropriate facial expressions can help you connect with your audience and reinforce the content of your speech.

GESTURES – a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head to express an idea or meaning.

BODY POSTURES AND MOVEMENT - A powerful speaker shows confidence through body posture and movement.

Examples of how body movements may naturally support your delivery

1. Upper body toward the audience - You might want to lean into the audience to bridge the space of separation.

2. Feet and legs - You may move purposefully from one side to the other to indicate a transition from one point to another.

3. Arms and chest - Crossing your arms in front of you may be interpreted as confrontational or you are in deep thought about a question or a
comment from the audience.

4. Standing still without movement - You can stand without a movement when you are listening to a question or a comment from the audience to
indicate interest and concern.

RAPPORT - means establishing friendly relationship with someone else, but in speech rapport refers to the process of building and understanding
harmonious relationship or bond between the speaker and the target audience or listener.
ELEMENTS OF AUDIENCE RAPPORT

1. The composition of your audience - This refers to the age range, the gender mix, ethnicity, shared culture values, religious or group affiliations,
primary language, educational level, how much they know already about your topic.

2. The reasons for their listening to you - Attendance is compulsory or out of interest, to have a problem solved, to show support.

3. Their concerns - There are certain issues about your topic, they are neutral, in agreement or against it.

4. Their expectations - A formal presentation, an opportunity to ask questions and get answers, a chance to gain new information, a time to confirm
old knowledge.

5. Their vocabulary - Familiarity and unfamiliarity with the specialized vocabulary or jargon used in your topic.

6. Their general beliefs - Indifference or in agreement with the ideas expressed in your topic.

7. The things that they have in common with you - Background experiences, living conditions, religion.

TEN TIPS TO BUILD RAPPORT AND ENGAGE AUDIENCE

1. Put your audience first 9. Give the audience time

2. Find opportunities 10. Have a strong ending

3. Allow for flexibility in your content

4. First impressions count

5. Have a strong opening

6. Manage the middle

7. Use stories for emotional connections

8. Use your voice with variety

LESSON 8: COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES (1ST QUARTER)

Conversation – oral exchange of sentiments, observations, opinions or ideas.

Communication – a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior.

Strategy – the art of devising or employing plans toward a goal.

Restriction – a regulation that restricts or restrains.

Implicit – capable of being understood from something else though unexpressed.

Cues – a feature indicating the nature of something perceived.

Breakdown – a failure to function.

Peer – one belonging to the same societal group especially based on age, grade, or status.

Brainstorm – to try to solve a problem or come up with new ideas by having a discussion that includes all members of a group.

Transitions – words or phrases that shows the relationship between paragraphs or sections of a text or speech.

Types of Communicative Strategies

• Nomination - trying to open a topic with the people you are talking to.
• Restriction - refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker.

• Turn-taking - pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor.

• Topic Control - covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations.

• Topic shifting - as the name suggests, involves moving from one topic to another.

• Repair - refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.

• Termination - refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.