Evolution

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BIOLOGY 103
Percentage of Questions in Last 34 Year’s in NEET / AIPMT from this Chapter
A • Origin of life: Theories 15%

A
15% B • Evidences of Evolution 30%
B D
30% 10%
C • Theories of Evolution 30%
E C
D • Origin & Evolution of Plants 10%
15% 30%
E • Origin & Evolution of man 15%
WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW 7.8 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION

7.9 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN
7.0 INTRODUCTION
7.1 ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE 7.10 SYNOPSIS
7.2 EVOLUTION OF LIFE FORMS - A THEORY 7.11 MISCELLANEOUS Questions from NCERT
7.3 WHAT ARE THE EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION? 7.12 NCERT Exemplar Questions
7.13 ASSERTION-REASON and STATEMENT
7.4 WHAT IS ADAPTIVE RADIATION? Based Questions from NCERT
7.5 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION 7.14 MATRIX TYPE QUESTIONS
7.6 MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION 7.15 ARCHIVE QUESTIONS
7.7 HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE 7.16 ANSWER KEY
104 Evolution
7.0 INTRODUCTION NCERT P. No. 126
• Evolutionary biology is the study of history of life forms on earth.

• Evolution is a continous process.
• Population is the unit of evolution.
7.1 ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE NCERT P. No. 126-128
• When we look at stars on a clear night sky we are, in a way, looking back in time. Stellar distances are
measured in light years.
• What we see today is an object whose emitted light started its journey millions of year back and from
trillions of kilometres away and reaching our eyes now.
• However, when we see objects in our immediate surroundings we see them instantly and hence in the
present time. Therefore, when we see stars we apparently are peeping into the past.
• The origin of life is considered a unique event in the history of universe. The universe is vast.
• The universe is very old-almost 20 billion years old. Huge clusters of galaxies comprise the universe.
Galaxies contain stars and clouds of gas and dust.
• Considering the size of universe, earth is indeed a speck. The Big Bang theory (proposed by Lemaitre)
attempts to explain to us the origin of universe. It talks of a singular huge explosion unimaginable in
physical terms. The universe expanded and hence, the temperature came down. Hydrogen and helium
formed sometime later. The gases condensed under gravitation and formed the galaxies of the present day
universe.
• In the solar system of the milky way galaxy (Akash Ganga), earth was supposed to have been formed
about 4.5 billion years back. There was no atmosphere on early earth. Water vapour, methane,
carbondioxide and ammonia released from molten mass covered the surface.
• The UV rays from the sun brokeup water into hydrogen and oxygen and the lighter H 2 escaped. Oxygen
combined with ammonia and methane to form water, CO2 and others. The ozone layer was formed. As it
cooled, the water vapour fell as rain, to fill all the depressions and form oceans.
• Life appeared 500 million years after the formation of earth, i.e., almost four billion years back.
Theories of Origin of Life
Theory of Special Creation

• This thoery was given by Father Suarez. Conventional religious literature tells us about the theory of
special creation. This theory has three connotations. One, that all living organisms (species or types) that
we see, today were created as such. Two, that the diversity was always the same since creation and will be
the same in future also. Three, that earth is about 4000 years old, All these ideas were strongly challenged
during the nineteenth century.
• A common permissible conclusion is that earth is very old, not thousand of years as was thought earlier
but billions of years old.
BIOLOGY 105
Theory of Panspermia or Cosmozoic theory or Cosmic Origin

• Extra terrestrial origin of life was proposed by theory of panspermia.
• Some scientists believe that life came from outside. Early Greek thinkers thought units of life called
spores were transferred to different planets including earth. ‘Panspermia’ is still a favourite idea for some
astronomers.
Theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)

• For a long time it was also believed that life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud, etc.
• According to theory of abiogenesis, life orginates from non-living. Abiogenesis was supported by Van
Helmont.
• Theory of spontaneous generation is disapproved by Francisco Redi, L. Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur.
Theory of Biogenesis
• Pasteur finally disapproved abiogenesis and proved biogenesis. Spontaneous generation theory was
dismissed once and for all. Louis Pasteur by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only
from pre-existing life.
• Swan - necked flask experiment was perfomed by Louis Pasteur. He showed that in pre-sterilised flasks,
life did not come from killed yeast while in another flask open to air, new living organisms arose from
‘killed yeast’.
• Pasteur demonstrated that life comes from life with the help of flask with boiled broth. However, this did
not answer how the first life form came on earth.
Theory of Catastrophism
• This theory was given by G. Cuvier. According to this theory, a catastrophe destroy all the living forms in
an area. In this area new organisms come from another place.
Oparin-Haldane Theory or Chemical Theory or Abiogenic Origin of Life

• Most advanced theory of origin of life is of Oparin and Haldane. Oparin of Russia and Haldane of
England proposed that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules
(e.g. RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution, i.e., formation of
diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents.
• Life cannot originate from inorganic materials now because of high atmospheric oxygen (CBSE 1998). In
primitive earth O2 was absent and ozone layer was not present. Possible early source of energy was lightning
and UV radiations. (AIIMS 2000)
• The conditions on earth were – high temperature, volcanic storms, reducing atmosphere containing
CH4, NH3, etc. In 1953, S.L. Miller, an American scientist created similar conditions in a laboratory scale.
• Urey and Miller design spark discharge apparatus for testing chemical origin of life. He created electric
discharge in a closed flask containing CH4, H2, NH3 & water vapaur at 800 0C. In Miller’s experiment
ratio of CH4, NH3 and H2 was 2 : 1 : 2. He observed formation of amino acids (glycine, alanine and
aspartic acid).
• In similar experiments others observed, formation of sugars, nitrogen bases, pigment and fats.
• Analysis of meteorite content also revealed similar compounds indicating that similar processes are
occurring elsewhere in space. With this limited evidence, the first part of the conjectured story, i.e., chemical
evolution was more or less accepted.
106 Evolution
• We have no idea about how the first self

replicating metabolic capsule of life
arose. The first non-cellular forms of
life could have originated 3 billion
years back. They would have been
giant molecules (RNA, pr otein,
polysaccharides, etc.). These capsules
reproduced their molecules perhaps.
• Organic compounds fir st evolved
on earth and required for origin of
life were proteins and amino acids.
Among macromolecules, nucleic acids
are most essential for origin of life.
(AIIMS 2001)
• Nucleic acids has been the basic to
origin of life. RNA is considered the
biological catalyst when life originated
on earth.
• The first cellular form of life did not
possibly originate till about 2000
million y ears ago. T hes e wer e
probably single-cells. All life forms
were in water environment only.
• This version of a biogenesis, i.e., the first form of life arose slowly through
evolutionary forces from non-living molecules is accepted by majority. However, once
formed, how the first cellular forms of life could have evolved into the complex
Brain Twister biodiversity of today is the fascinating story.
3. Given below are four statements (a-b) each with one or

Daily Practice Problem (DPP-01) two blanks. Select the option which correctly fills up
NCERT P. No. 126-128 the blanks.
1. Which of the type of respiration probably arose first? (a) Miller and Urey while creating probable conditions
on the primitive earth in the laboratory used a
(1) Aerobic as it releases more energy mixture of methane, water vapors, hydrogen,
(2) Anaerobic as it releases more energy and__(i)__.
(3) Aerobic as it is more complex (b) Information of extinct organisms can be obtained
(4) Anaerobic as early atmosphere contained little or by the help of__(i)__. evidence which can be very
no oxygen easily isolated from__(ii)__ types of rocks.
2. The theory of special creation has three connotations. (c) Darwin finches are the representatives of___(i)__
Which of the following is not true? (d) Natural selection can be concluded w ith the
(1) The diversity was always the same since creation introduction of.¬¬__ (i)__. in organisms.
and will be the same in future also (1) a-i: Ammonia, b-i: Anatomical evidences
(2) Earth is about 4000 years old (2) c-i: Convergent evolution, d-i: Reproductive fitness
(3) Species are immutable (3) b-ii: Sedimentary rocks, d-i: Reproductive fitness
(4) There has been gradual evolution of life forms (4) b-ii: Metamorphic rocks, a-i: Ammonia.
BIOLOGY 107
4. Which of the following breakup water into hydrogen and 7. Spark discharge apparatus for testing chemical origin of
oxygen on early earth? life was designed by
(1) Visible light (1) Urey and Miller (2) Jacob and Monod
(2) Infrared radiations (3) Oparin and Haldane (4) Dixon and Joly
(3) Sunlight 8. Which is the most important for origin of life?
(4) UV radiations (1) Oxygen (2) Water
5. Stanley Miller had put the Oparin-Haldane theory to test (3) Nitrogen (4) Carbon.
in 1953 by creating in the laboratory, the probable
9. In their experiment to prove origin of life, Miller and
conditions on the primitive earth. In the experiment
Urey took gases
simple amino acids were synthesized from which of the
following mixtures, as observed after eighteen days? (1) Methane, ethane, hydrogen, ammonia
(1) H2, O2, N2, and H2O (2) Methane, ethane, ammonia, water vapours
(2) CH2, CN, H2, and O2 (3) Methane, hydrogen, ammonia, water vapours
(3) H2, NH3 , CH4 and water vapour (4) Ammonia, water vapours, butane, hydrogen.
(4) NH3, CH4, and O2 10. Miller performed experiment to prove abiogenetic
6. Which of the following was formed in S. Miller's molecular evolution of life. Which molecule was not
experiment ? present in Miller's experiment
(1) Microspheres (2) Nucleic acids (1) Water (2) Methane
(3) Amino acids (4) UV radiations (3) Oxygen (4) Ammonia
7.2 EVOLUTION OF LIFE FORMS – A THEORY NCERT P. No. 128-129
• Based on observations made during a sea voyage (1831-1836) in a sail ship called H.M.S. Beagle round
the world, Charles Darwin concluded that existing living forms share similarities to varying degrees not
only among themselves but also with life forms that existed millions of years ago.
• Many such life forms do not exist any more. There had been extinctions of different life forms in the years
gone by just as new forms of life arose at different periods of history of earth.
• There has been gradual evolution of life forms. Any population has built in variation in characteristics.
Those characteristics which enable some to survive better in natural conditions (climate, food, physical
factors, etc.) would outbreed others that are less-endowed to survive under such natural conditions. Another
word used is fitness of the individual or population.
• The fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately and only to reproductive fitness. Hence, those who are
better fit in an environment, leave more progeny than others. These, therefore, will survive more and
hence are selected by nature. He called it natural selection and implied it as a mechanism of evolution.
• Let us also remember that Alfred Wallace, a naturalist who worked in Malay Archipelago had also come
to similar conclusions around the same time. In due course of time, apparently new types of organisms are
recognisable. All the existing life forms share similarities and share common ancestors. However, these
ancestors were present at different periods in the history of earth (epochs, periods and eras).
• The geological history of earth closely correlates with the biological history of earth. A common permissible
conclusion is that earth is very old, not thousand of years as was thought earlier but billions of years old.
7.3 WHAT ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION? NCERT P. No. 129-132
• Evidence that evolution of life forms has indeed taken place on earth has come from many quarters.
Palaeontological Evidences
• Fossils provide direct and solid evidence in favour of organic evolution through ages.
108 Evolution
• Fossils are studied for knowing about extinct organisms.

• Fossils are remains of hard parts of life-forms found in rocks. Rocks form sediments and a cross-section
of earth’s crust indicates the arrangement of sediments one over the other during the long history of earth.
• Different-aged rock sediments contain fossils of different life-forms who probably died during the formation
of the particular sediment. Some of them appear similar to modern organisms. They represent extinct
organisms (e.g., Dinosaurs). A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates the geological
period in which they existed. The study showed that life-forms varied over time and certain life forms are
restricted to certain geological timespans. Hence, new forms of life have arisen at different times in the
history of earth. All this is called paleontological evidence.
• Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rocks. (NCERT EXAMPLAR)

• In sedimentary rocks upper strata is younger and lower is older. Most of the fossils
are present in sedimentary rocks. Fossilisation is animals buried and preserved by
Brain Twister natural process.
• Age of fossils is determined by Uranium(U238)-Lead method or Potassium-Argon
method or Radioactive Carbon dating (C14) (JIPMER 2002). ESR (electron-spin-
resonance method) is the most accurate method of dating of fossils. (AIIMS 2007)
Comparative Anatomy and Morphology

• Comparative anatomy and morphology shows similarities and differences among organisms of today and
those that existed years ago. Such similarities can be interpreted to understand whether common ancestors
were shared or not.
Homologous Organs
• Study of f unctional anatomy is called
tectology. Organs having same origin but
different functions are called homologous
organs. For example whales, bats, Cheetah
and human (all mammals) share similarities
in the pattern of bones of forelimbs (NEET
2018).
• Though these forelimbs perform different
functions in these animals, they have similar
anatomical str ucture. All of them have
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals &
phalanges in their forelimbs. Flippers of seal
are modified forelimbs.
• Hence, in these animals, the same structure
developed along different directions due to
adaptions to different needs. This is divergent
evolution and these str uctur es ar e
homologous. Homology indicates common
ancestry. Other examples are vertebrate
hearts or brains (optic lobes or cerebrum).
BIOLOGY 109
• The similarity of bone structure in the

forelimbs of many vertebrates is an example
of homology (NEET 2018).
• In plants also, the thorn & tendrils of

Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent
homology. Both thorn and tendrils are
modified axillary buds.
Analogous Organs
• Organs having different origin but similar function are called analogous. Homology is based on divergent
evolution whereas analogy refers to a situation exactly opposite.
• Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike. They are not anatomically similar structures though they
perform similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution-different
structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity.
• Development of common set of characters in groups of different ancestary is called evolutionary
convergence.
• Other examples of analogy are the eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins &
Dolphins. Paired fins of fish and flippers of whale/dolphin are analogous.
• One can say that it is the similar habitat that has resulted in selection of similar adaptive features in
different groups of organisms but toward the same function: Sweet potato (root modification) and potato
(stem modification) is another example for analogy.
Embryological Evidences
• Von Baer is called ‘Father of modern embryology’. The basic rules of embryonic development was
given by Von Baer.
• Embryological support for evolution was also proposed by Ernst Haeckel based upon the observation of
certain features during embryonic state common to all vertebrates that are absent in adult.
• For example, the embryos of all vertebrates including human develop a row of vestigial gill slit just
behind the head but it is functional organ only in fish and not found in any other adult vertebrates.
• However, this proposal was disapproved on careful study performed by Karl Ernst Von Baer he noted
that embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals.
• Frog tadpole have gills & tail like fishes. Tadpole is ammonotelic like fishes while adult frogs are ureotelic.
• Ernst Haeckel proposed the ‘Theory of recapitulation’ or ‘Biogenetic law’ which states that ‘Ontogeny
repcapitulates phylogeny’. DNA is sequenced during study of phylogeny. (CBSE 2002)
Evidences from biochemistry and comparative physiology

• In the same line of argument, similarities in proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse
organisms give clues to common ancestry. These biochemical similarities point to the same shared ancestry
as structural similarities among diverse organisms.
110 Evolution
• Trypsin (ancient enzyme) is present from protozoa to mammals. Amylase is present from porifera to
mammals.
Evidences from Animal Breeding and Plant Breeding
• Man has bred selected plants and animals for agriculture, horticulture, sport or security. Man has
domesticated many wild animals and crops. This intensive breeding programme has created breeds that
differ from other breeds (e.g., dogs) but still are of the same group.
• Most modern breeds of domestic dog and pigeon have evolved through artificial selection. Plant breeding
and animal husbandry programmes are the examples of artificial selection (NCERT EXAMPLAR).
It is argued that if within hundreds of years, man could create new breeds, could not nature have done the
same over millions of years?
Evidences from Genetics or Natural Selection
• Another interesting observation supporting evolution by natural selection comes from England. In a
collection of moths made in 1850s, i.e., before industrialisation set in, it was observe that there were
more white-winged peppered moths (Biston betularia) on trees than dark-winged or melanised moths
(Biston carbonaria). (AIPMT 2000)
Note • Biston betularia changed to Biston carbonaria due to mutation of single mendelian gene.
(AIPMT 1995)
• However, in the collection carried out from the same area, but after industrialisation, i.e., in 1920, there
were more dark-winged moths in the same area, i.e., the proportion was reversed.
• The explanation put forth for this observation was that predators will spot a moth against a contrasting
background. Before industrialisation set in, thick growth of almost white-coloured lichen covered the
trees – in that background the white winged moth survived but the dark-coloured moth were picked out by
predators (AIPMT 1995). Lichens can be used as industrial pollution indicators. They will not grow in
areas that are polluted.
• During post industrialisation period, the tree trunks became dark due to industrial smoke and soots. Under
this condition the white-winged moth did not survive due to predators, dark-winged or melanised moth
survived. Hence, moths that were able to camouflage themselves, i.e., hide in the background, survived.
BIOLOGY 111
• This understanding is supported by the fact that in areas where industrialisation did not occur e.g., in rural
areas, the count of melanic moths was low. This showed that in a mixed population, those that can better-
adapt, survive and increase in population size. Remember that no variant is completely wiped out.
Evidences from Anthropogenic Evolution
• Similarly, excess use of herbicides, pesticides, etc., has only resulted in selection of resistant varieties in
a much lesser time scale. This is also true for microbes against which we employ antibiotics or drugs
against eukaryotic organisms/cell. Hence, resistant organisms/cells are appearing in a time scale of months
or years and not centuries.
• These are examples of evolution by anthropogenic action. This also tells us that evolution is not a directed
process in the sense of determinism. It is a stochastic process based on chance events in nature and chance
mutation in the organisms.
15. After the industrial revolution, melanic moths survived

Daily Practice Problem (DPP-02) because
NCERT P. No. 129-132 (1) They had black colour
(2) They had grey body colour
11. Read the statements given below and identify the suitable
option: (3) They shifted to different habitat
(i) Eye of octopus and mammals are homologous. (4) They reproduced vigorously.
(ii) Sweet potato and potato are analogous. 16. Phylogeny is
(iii) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita (1) Evolutionary history
are homologous. (2) Life history
(1) (i) is true and (ii) is false (3) Group of phyla
(2) (ii) is true and (iii) is false (4) Genetics of animals
(3) (i) and (ii) both are true 17. Which are not homologous ?
(4) (i) is false and (ii) and (iii) are true (1) Fore arm of humans and fins of fishes
12. Which one of the following includes all homologous (2) Wings of bat and insects
organs? (3) Fins of fishes and flippers of Whales
(1) The wing of butterfly, wing of bird, wing (patagia) of bat (4) Human fore arms, Bat's wings and flippers of Whale
(2) The fore limb of frog, wing of bird and fore limb of 18. Fossils are studied for
rabbit (1) Tracing evolutionary history of organisms
(3) The thoracic leg of cockroach, the hind leg of frog (2) Studying extinct organisms
and fore leg of rabbit (3) Filling gaps in our study
(4) The wing of bird, wing of bat and wing of "flying" (4) Providing jobs to scientists
lizard
19. Theory 'Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny' was proposed
13. Select the incorrect statement. by
(1) Wings of insects and birds are analogous (1) Mendel
(2) Wings of insects and bats show convergent evolution (2) Haeckel
(3) Wings of insects and birds are homologous (3) Erasmus
(4) Wings of bats and forelimb of humans show (4) Weismann
divergent evolution
20. Which of the following is the relatively most accurate
14. Which of the following pairs of structures is homologous? method for dating of fossils?
(1) Wings of Grasshopper and forelimbs of Flying Squirrel (1) Radio-carbon method
(2) Tentacles of Hydra and arms of Starfish (2) Potassium-argon method
(3) Forelimbs of a Bat and forelegs of a Horse. (3) Electron-spin resonance method
(4) Wings of a bird and wings of a Moth. (4) Uranium-lead method.
112 Evolution
7.4 WHAT IS ADAPTIVE RADIATION? NCERT P. No. 132-134
• Biogeography is the study of distribution of organisms on earth.
Adaptive Radiation
• Homologous organs shows adaptive radiation. During his journey Darwin went to Galapagos Islands
(AIIMS 1998). There he observed an amazing diversity of creatures. Of particular interest, small black
birds later called Darwin’s Finches amazed him. He realised that there were many varieties of finches in
the same island. All the varieties, he conjectured, evolved on the island itself.
• From the original seed-eating features, many other forms with altered beaks arose, enabling them to
become insectivorous and vegetarian finches.
• The process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally
radiating to other areas of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation. (AIPMT 2012)
• Evolution of different species from a common ancestor is called adaptive radiation. (AIPMT 2007)
BIOLOGY 113
• Darwin’s finches represent one of the best examples of this adaptive radiation and biogeographical
evolution (AIPMT 2007). Another example is Australian marsupials. Placental mammals in Australia
also exhibit adaptive radiation. Giant tortoise also exhibit adaptive radiation.
• A number of marsupials, each different from the other evolved from an ancestral stock, but all within the
Australian island continent.
Convergent Evolution or Adaptive Convergene
• Resemblance between widely different groups due to a common adaptation is convergent evolution.
When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area
(representing different habitats), one can call this convergent evolution.
• Development of similar adaptive functional structures in unrelated groups of organism is called convergent
evolution. Australian marsupials and placental mammals show convergent evolution, e.g., Lemur
and spotted cuscus. Placental mammals in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation in evolving into
varieties of such placental mammals each of which appears to be ‘similar’ to a corresponding marsupial
(e.g., Placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf-marsupial).
26. Flying squirrel and flying phalanger represent the

Daily Practice Problem (DPP-03) phenomenon of
NCERT P. No. 132-134 (1) Divergent evolution
21. Which of the following is not the result of convergent (2) Convergent evolution
evolution? (3) Adaptive radiation
(1) Forelimbs of whales and bats (4) Divergent radiation
(2) Flippers of penguins and dolphins 27. The classical example of adaptive radiation during
(3) Potato and sweet potato formation of new species is
(4) Eye of the octopus and mammals (1) Marsupials of Australia
22. Which of the following set is not an example of divergent (2) Darwin's finches
evolution? (3) Giant Tortoise
(1) Vertebrate hearts or brains (4) All the above
(2) Marsupials and Darwin finches 28. Mammals like Whale, Dolphin, Bat, Monkey and Horse
(3) Sweet potato and potato have some common characters but also show conspicuous
(4) Forelimbs of vertebrates differences. This is due to phenomenon of
23. Two or more species occupying identical or overlapping (1) Divergence (2) Convergence
areas are known as (3) Genetic drift (4) Normalisation
(1) Sympatric species (2) Allopatric species 29. Tasmanian Wolf is a marsupial while Wolf is a placental
(3) Sibling species (4) Polytypic species. mammal. This shows
24. Which of the following doesn't involve anthropogenic (1) Convergent evolution
action (2) Divergent evolution
(1) Development of various breeds of dogs (3) Parallelism
(2) Development of varieties of cabbage (4) Inheritance of acquired characters
(3) Development of pesticide resistant organisms 30. Variety of beaks of finches that Darwin found in
(4) Development of varieties of marsupials Galapagos Islands, is an example of
25. Marsupial mole, Koala, Bandicoot and Wombat are (1) Adaptive radiation
example of (2) Convergent evolution
(1) Divergent evolution (2) Convergent evolution (3) Adaptive convergence
(3) Adaptive radiation (4) 1 & 3 both. (4) Analogous organs
114 Evolution
7.5 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION NCERT P. No. 134-135
• Evolution by natural selection, in a true sense would have started when cellular forms of life with differences
in metabolic capability originated on earth.
Theories of Evolution
• Organic evolution is change in major portion of population.
Lamarckism
• Even before Darwin, a French naturalist Lamarck had said that evolution of life forms had occurred but
driven by use and disuse of organs.
Note • Lamarck gave the first theory of evolution which was published in his book “Philosophic
Zoologique” in 1809.
• Lamarck gave the idea of inheritance of acquired characters. He gave the examples of Giraffes who in
an attempt to forage leaves on tall trees had to adapt by elongation of their necks. As they passed on this
acquired character of elongated neck to succeeding generations, Giraffes, slowly, over the years, came to
acquire long necks. Nobody believes this conj ecture any more.
• Theory that environment can bring about changes in individuals was proposed by Lamarck.
• Weisman objects on the inheritance of acquired characters. Weisman gave the theory of ‘Continuity of
Germplasm’. Weisman cut the tail of mice generation after generation but tail neither disappeared not
shortened showing that Larmack was wrong in inheritance of acquired characters.
• According to Weisman, the characters influencing the germ cells are inherited.
Darwinism
• Darwin gave the theory of natural selection which is the most important theory of general biology (AIIMS
1991). The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is natural selection.
• The rate of appearance of new forms is linked to the life cycle or the life span. Microbes that divide fast
have the ability to multiply and become millions of individuals within hours. A colony of bacteria (say A)
growing on a given medium has builtin variation in terms of ability to utilise a feed component. A change
in the medium composition would bring out only that part of the population (say B) that can survive under
the new conditions. In due course of time this variant population outgrows the others and appears as new
species. This would happen within days. For the same thing to happen in a fish or fowl would take million
of years as life spans of these animals are in years. Here we say that fitness of B is better than that of A
under the new conditions. Nature selects for fitness. One must remember that the so-called fitness is
based on characteristics which are inherited. Hence, there must be a genetic basis for getting selected and
to evolve. Another way of saying the same thing is that some organisms are better adapted to survive in an
otherwise hostile environment. Adaptive ability is inherited. It has a genetic basis. Fitness is the end result
of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature.
BIOLOGY 115
• Appearance of antibiotic - resistant bacteria is an example of pre-existing variation in the population.

(NCERT EXAMPLAR)
• Branching descent and natural selection are the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of Evolution.
• It is possible that the work of Thomas Malthus on populations influenced Darwin.

• An Essay on the 'Principles of Population' written by T.R. Malthus in 1799.
• Darwin also influenced by Charles Lyell (wrote a book ‘Principles of Geology’).
Brain Twister
• Natural selection is based on certain observations which are factual. For example, natural resources are
limited, populations are stable in size except for seasonal fluctuation, members of a population vary in
characteristics (infact no two individuals are alike) even though they look superficially similar, most of
variations are inherited etc.
• The fact that theoretically population size will grow exponentially if everybody reproduced maximally
(this fact can be seen in a growing bacterial population) and the fact that population sizes in reality are
limited, means that there had been competition for resources. Only some survived and grew at the cost of
others that could not flourish.
• The novelty and brilliant insight of Darwin was this: he asserted that variations, which are heritable and
which make resource utilisation better for few (adapted to habitat better) will enable only those to reproduce
and leave more progeny. Hence for a period of time, over many generations, survivors will leave more
progeny and there would be a change in population characteristic and hence new forms appear to arise.
• Darwin also gave the theory of Pangenesis to explain the transmission of characters from generation to
generation.
7.6 MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION NCERT P. No. 135
• Is evolution a process or the result of a process? The world we see, inanimate and animate, is only the
success stories of evolution. When we describe the story of this world we describe evolution as a process.
On the other hand when we describe the story of life on earth, we treat evolution as a consequence of a
process called natural selection. We are still not very clear whether to regard evolution and natural selection
as processes or end result of unknown processes.
• Mutations are discontinuous variations called ‘sports’ by Darwin and ‘Saltatory variations’ by Bateson.
• What is the origin of this variation and how does speciation occur? Even though Mendel had talked of
inheritable ’factors’ influencing phenotype, Darwin either ignored these observations or kept silence.
• In the first decade of twentieeth century, Hugo deVries based on his work on evening primrose (Oenothera
lamarckiana) brought forth the idea of mutations-large difference arising suddenly in a population. He
believed that it is mutation which causes evolution and not the minor variations (heritable) that Darwin
talked about.
• Mutations are random & directionless while Darwinian variations are small & directional. Evolution
for Darwin was gradual while deVries believed mutation caused speciation and hence called it saltation
(single step large mutation).
116 Evolution
35. All of the following are the examples of the effect of

Daily Practice Problem (DPP-04) use a nd dis use of orga ns influence their s ize
NCERT P. No. 134-135 (Lamarckism) except:
(1) Elongation of neck in giraffe
31. Which one of the following is not correct?
(1) The work done on the evening primrose by Hugo de (2) Disappearance of limbs in snakes
Vries laid the foundation of the mutation theory (3) Disappearance of tail in man
(2) Single-step large mutations are known as saltation (4) Disappearance of tail of tadpole of frog
and were considered to be the main factor in causing 36. The rate of appearance of variations leading to speciation
speciation. is directly related to
(3) Darwin advocated that variations are always large (1) Acquired Traits
but heritable changes.
(2) Life span
(4) Branching descent and natural selection are the two
(3) Cranial capacity
key concepts of the Darwinian Theory of Evolution.
32. Select the correct statement. (4) Non heritable Characters
(1) Sweet potato and potato are modified for storage. 37. Fitness, according to Darwin refers ultimately and only
to
(2) Eyes of octopus and mammals are examples of
homologous organs. (1) Dominance over others
(3) Resistance in microbes against certain antibiotics is (2) Ability to defend
an example of adaptive radiation. (3) Strategy for obtaining food
(4) The inheritance of acquired characters and natural (4) Number of offsprings.
selection are the two key concepts of Darwinian 38. Select the correct statement :
theory of evolution.
(1) Darwinian variations are small and directionless
33. Select the incorrect statements.
(2) Mutations are random and directional
(i) The essence of the Darwinian theory of evolution is
natural selection (3) Fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt and
(ii) Evolution is a directed process in the sense of get selected by nature
determinism (4) All mammals except whales and camels have seven
(iii) The geological history of the earth is not related to cervical vertebrae
the biological history of the earth 39. The two key concepts of Darwinian theory of Evolution
(iv) During evolution, the rate of appearance of new are
forms is linked to the life cycle (1) Fitness (2) Branching descent
(1) (i) and (ii) (2) (ii) and (iii) (3) Natural selection (4) Both (2) and (3).
(3) (i) and (iv) (4) (ii) and (iv). 40. Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters or the
34. Hugo Devries worked on Theory of Use and Disuse of Organ was given by
(1) Oenothera lamakiana (2) Lathyrus odoratus (1) Wallace (2) Lamarck
(3) Pisum sativum (4) Arachis hypogea. (3) Charles Darwin (4) Hugo de Vries
7.7 HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE NCERT P. No. 136-137
• In a given population one can find out the frequency of occurrence of alleles of a gene or a locus. This
frequency is supposed to remain fixed and even remain the same through generations. Hardy-Weinberg
principle stated it using algebraic equations. This principle says that allele frequencies in a population
are stable and is constant from generation to generation.
• The gene pool (total genes and their alleles in a population) remains a constant. This is called genetic
equilibrium. Sum total of all the allelic frequencies is 1.
• Individual frequencies, for example, can be named p, q, etc. In a diploid organisms, p and q represent the
frequency of allele A and allele a.
BIOLOGY 117
• The frequency of AA individuals in a population is simply p 2. This is simply stated in another ways, i.e.,
the probability that an allele A with a frequency of p appear on both the chromosomes of a diploid individual
is simply the product of the probabilities, i.e., p 2. Similarly frequency of aa individuals is represented as
q2 and of Aa individuals is represented as 2pq. Hence, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. This is a binomial expansion
of (p + q)2.
• Gene frequency (genetic equilibrium or HWE) or gene pool remains constant due to following conditions
: 1. Population must be very large., 2. Migration of individual does not occur (emigration or immigration),
3. Mating must be random, 4. Mutations must not occur, 5. No gene flow or gene migration, 6. No genetic
drift and 7. No natural recombinations.
• When frequency measured, differs from expected values, the difference (direction) indicates the extent of
evolutionary change.
• Disturbance in genetic equilibrium, or Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, i.e., change of frequency of alleles in
a population would then be interpreted as resulting in evolution.
• Five factors are known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These five factors are also the source of
variations.
• These are gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination and natural selection.
118 Evolution
Gene migration or gene flow
• When migration of a section of population to another place and population occurs, gene frequencies
change in the original as well as in the new population. New genes/alleles are added to the new population
and these are lost from the old population.
• There would be a gene flow if this gene migration, happens multiple times. Transfer of genes between
genetically distinct but interbeeding populations is called gene flow. (JIPMER 1998)
Genetic drift
• If the same change occurs by chance, it is called genetic drift. Change of gene frequency from one
generation to next is called genetic drift.
• Genetic drift or Sewall Wright effect operates only on very small isoloated population (CBSE 1998).
Genetic drift is random, non-directional change. Founder effect is an example of genetic drift.
• Founder effect : Sometimes the change in allele frequency is so different in the new sample of population
that they become a different species.
• Small group of population called founders left their habitat and goes into new habitat. In new habitat this
population (founders) shows different genotype frequency from that of the original population and leads
to variation. The original drifted population becomes founders and the effect is called founder effect.
Mutation
• Microbial experiments show that pre-existing advantageous mutations when selected will result in
observation of new phenotypes. Over few generations, this would result in speciation. Natural selection
is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce and leave
greater number of progeny.
Genetic Recombination
• A critical analysis makes us believe that variation due to mutation or variation due to recombination
during gametogenesis, or due to gene flow or genetic drift results in changed frequency of genes and
alleles in future generation. Coupled to enhance reproductive success, natural selection makes it look like
different population.
Natural Selection
• Most accepted theory about the evolution (origin of species). Natural selection is a process by which the
organisms which are better adapted physically, physiologically and behaviourly, survived and reproduce
to pass the characters to new generations & leave to more progeny.
• Frequency of a gene in a population will increase if the gene is favourably selected.
• On the basis of size, there are three types of individuals in a population- Large sized, medium sized and
small sized.
BIOLOGY 119
• Natural selection can lead to stabilisation, directional change and disruption.

(a) Stabilisation (Balancing Selection) : More individual acquire mean character value so in graph
peak gets higher and narrower. It favours medium (average) sized population. Curve is bell shaped.
(b) Directional change (Progressive Selection) : Population changes towards one direction so more
individuals acquires value other than the mean character value. In graph, peak shift in one direction.
e.g., Evolution of DDT resistant mosquitoes.
• Artificial selection to obtain cows yielding higher milk output represents directional change because
it pushes the mean of the character in one direction. (NEET 2017)
• Industrial melanism observed in moth, Biston betularia shows directional change. (NCERT
EXAMPLAR)
(c) Disruption : It favours both small and large sized individuals so more individuals acquire preipheral
character value at both the ends of the distribution curve. In graph two peaks form.
44. In a population of black-colored seagull, black colour is

Daily Practice Problem (DPP-05) due to a melanic dominant allele. Mm and MM
NCERT P. No. 136-137 individuals are black, and mm individuals are white. In
each population, 81 individuals are white-colored, with
41. Read following statements and identify the incorrect one
19 black- colored individuals.
in regards to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium, what is the
(1) The allelic frequency in a population are stable and
approximate frequency of the melanic (M) allele in each
constant from generation to generation
population?
(2) Gene migration or gene flow is essential for the
maintenance of Hardy -Weinberg principle (1) 0.81
(3) Evolution occurs when Hardy - Weinberg principle (2) 0.19
in disturbed (3) 0.90
(4) When frequency measured, differs from expected (4) 0.10.
va lues , the differenceindica tes the extent of
evolutionarycharge. 45. How many of the given statements are incorrect?
42. In the diagram, the x-axis denotes the number of i. The Universe is almost 20 billion years old.
individuals with a certain phenotype. The dotted lines ii. Analogy indicates common ancestry.
denote the phenotypes favoured by natural selection.
iii. When adaptive radiation has occurred in an isolated
geographical area, one can call this convergent
evolution.
iv. Natural selection is based on certain observations
which are factual.
v. Hardy-Weinberg principle sa ys that a llele
frequencies in a population are equal to 1.
(1) Two
Which of the following inferences can be drawn from
the given diagram? (2) One
(1) This natural selection will lead to stabilisation. (2) Three
(2) In this pattern of natural selection, more individuals (4) Four
will acquire the mean character value.
46. Gene pool of a population tends to remain stable if
(3) This natural selection will lead to a directional the population is large,' without large scale mutations,
change. without migration and with
(4) This natural selection will lead to disruption.
(1) Random mating
43. The entire collection (of plants/seeds) having all the
diversealleles for all genes in a given crop is called (2) Moderate environmental changes
(1) Gene pool (2) Germplasm (3) Natural selection
(3) Genome (4) Genotype. (4) Reduction in predators
120 Evolution
47. Genetic drift operates in 49. In which type of natural selection does the peak get
(1) Large isolated population higher and narrower?
(2) Small isolated population (1) Balancing selection
(3) Fast reproductive population (2) Directional selection
(4) Slow reproductive population (3) Stabilizing selection
48. A population will not exist in Hardy-Weinberg (4) Both 1 and 3.
equilibrium if 50. Effect on the genetic drift isminimized if
(1) There are no mutations (1) Population is large
(2) There is no migration (2) Emigrating individuals are largein number
(3) The population is large (3) Emigration occurs frequently
(4) Individuals mate selectively (4) Large segment of a populationdies.
7.8 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION NCERT P. No. 137-140
• About 2000 million years ago (mya) the first cellular forms of life appeared on earth. The mechanism of
how non-cellular aggregates of giant macromolecules could evolve into cells with membranous envelope
is not known. Some of these cells had the ability to release O 2.
• The reaction could have been similar to the light reaction in photosynthesis where water is split with the
help of solar energy captured and channelised by appropriate light harvesting pigments. Slowly single-
celled organisms became multi-cellular life forms.
• By the time of 500 mya, invertebrates were formed and active. Jawless fish probably evolved around
350 mya. Sea weeds and few plants existed probably around 320 mya.
Note • The characteristic which is mainly responsible for diversification of insects on land is
the presence of exoskeleton. (AIPMT 2015)
• We are told that the first organisms that invaded land were plants. First plant to colonise lands were
bryophytes. They were widespread on land when animals invaded land.
• Evolution of life shows that life forms had a trend of moving from water to land. (NCERT
EXAMPLAR)
Evolution of Plants
• Chlorophyte ancestor gives rise to bryophytes and tracheophytes ancestors.

• Tracheophytes ancestors give rise to Zosterophyllum and Rhynia - type plants.
• Rhynia - type plants evolved into Psilophyton. Psilophyton is the common ancestor of Sphenopsids
(horsetails), Ferns, Progymnosperms and Gymnosperms (Ginkgos, Gnetates, Conifers).
• Progymnosperms evolved into seed ferns (Gymnosperms). Seed ferns gives rise to Cycads and
Angiosperms - first dicot and then monocot. Cycads evolved from seed ferns while conifers evolved from
Psilophyton directly.
BIOLOGY 121
Cenozoic
Quaternary
Tertiary
Bryophytes
Cretaceous
Mesozoic
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Paleozoic
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Evolution of Animals
• Fish with stout and strong fins could move on land and go back to water. This was about 350 mya.
• In 1938, a fish caught in South Africa happened to be a Coelacanth (Latimeria) which was thought to be
extinct. These animals called lobefins evolved into the first amphibians that lived on both land and water.
There are no specimens of these left with us. However, these were ancestors of modern day frogs and
salamanders. The amphibians evolved into reptiles.
• Lobe fish or lobefins are the example of link species. (NCERT EXAMPLAR)
• Reptiles lay thick shelled eggs which do not dry up in sun unlike those of amphibians. Again we only see
their modern day descendents, the turtles, tortoises and crocodiles.
• In the next 200 millions years or so, reptiles of different shapes and sizes dominated on earth.
• Giant ferns (pteridophytes) were present but they all fell to form coal deposits slowly. Coal deposition
done in carboniferous period about 300 mya.
122 Evolution
Birds
Lizards Tuataras
Turtles Snakes Crocodiles
Mammals
Quaternary 0
Tertiary 50
Dinosaurs
(extinct)
Cretaceous 100
150
Jurassic
Therapsids
(extinct)
200
Triassic
250
Permian
300
Carboniferous
350
• Some of these land reptiles went back into water to evolve into fish like reptiles probably 200 mya
(e.g., Ichthyosaurs). Icthyosaurs was marine dinosaur.
Note • Pteranodon was flying dionsaur.
• The land reptiles were, of course, the dinosaurs. The biggest of them, i.e., Tyrannosaurus rex was about
20 feet in height and had huge fearsome dagger like teeth.
• About 65 mya, the dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the earth. We do not know the true reason.
Some say climatic changes killed them. Some say most of them evolved into birds. The truth may lie in
between. Small sized reptiles of that era still exist today.
• Fossil reptile having mammalian trait was Pelycosaurs . Their fossils are small sized.
• The first mammals were like shrews. First mammals originated 220 million years
ago.
Brain Booster
BIOLOGY 123
• Mammals were viviparous and protected their unborn young inside the mother’s body. Viviparity is
considered to be more evolved because the young ones are protected inside the mother’s body and
are looked after they are born leading to more chances of survival (NCERT EXAMPLAR). Mammals
were more intelligent in sensing and avoiding danger at least.
• When reptiles came down mammals took over this earth.
• There were in South American mammals resembling horse, hippopotamus, bear, rabbit, etc. Due to
continental drift, when South
Amer ica joined Nor th
America, these animals were
overridden by North American
fauna.
• Due to the same continental
dr ift pouched mammals of
Australia survived because of
lack of competition from any
other mammal.
• Alfred Wegener proposed
the continental drift theory.
(NCERT EXAMPLAR)
• Lest we f orget, some
mammals liv e wholly in
water. Whales, dolphins,
seals and sea cows are some
examples.
• Evolution of horse, elephant,
dog, etc., are special stories of
evolut ion. The most
successful s tory is the
evolution o f man with
language skills and self
consciousness.
53. Arrange the following plants in the ascending order of

Daily Practice Problem (DPP-06) evolution. Cycads, monocotyledons, dicotyledons,
NCERT P. No.137-140 progymnosperms, seed ferns, psilophyton.
(1) Psilophyton, seed ferns, progymnosperms, cycads,
51. The wrongly matched pair w.r.t. the organisms and their dicotyledons, monocotyledons
probable time of evolution is
(2) Psilophyton, progymnosperms, seed ferns, cycads,
(1) Jawless fish – around 350 mya dicotyledons, monocotyledons
(2) Lobefins – around 350 mya (3) Psilophyton, progymnosperms, seed ferns, cycads,
(3) Fish-like giant reptiles – around 320 mya monocotyledons, dicotyledons
(4) Sea weeds – around 320 mya (4) Progymnosperms, Psilophyton, seed ferns, cycads,
52. Occurrence of endemic species in South America and dicotyledons, monocotyledons.
Africa is due to 54. Which of the following organisms invaded the land first?
(1) Progressive evolution (1) Plants
(2) Continental drift (2) Coelacanth
(3) Absence of terrestrial routes to these places (3) Amphibians
(4) Mutation. (4) Reptiles.
124 Evolution
55. Which of these is the correct evolutionary line of 57. The fish-like giant reptile which existed 200 mya was
mammals? (1) Pteranodon (2) Ichthyosaurs
(1) Saurops ids  Syna ps ids  Thera ps ids (3) Triceratops (4) Tyrannosaurus
 Mammals 58. Which reptile went back in to water to evolve in to fish
(2) Syna ps ids  Sa urops ids  Thera ps ids like reptile
 Mammals (1) Ichthyosaurs (2) Calotes
(3) Sauropsids  Therapsids  Mammals
(3) Hemidactylus (4) Alligator
(4) Synapsids  Therapsids  Mammals.
59. W hich of the following evolved into the firs t
56. Occurrence of higher number of endemic species in amphibians?
South America and Australia is due to
(1) Lobefins (2) Shrews
(1) Retrogressive evolution
(3) Salamanders (4) Turtles
(2) Continental drift
60. Pelycosaurs and Therapsids were
(3) These species have become extinct from other
regions (1) Sauropsids (2) Synapsids
(4) Absence of terrestrial links between these places. (3) Sphenopsids (4) Dinosaurs.
7.9 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN NCERT P. No. 140-141
• Among apes, Chimpanzee is closest to man. Only ape present in India is Gibbon.
• Dryopithecus is common ancestor for ape and man. (CBSE 1998)
• About 15 mya, primates called Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus were existing. They were hairy and
walked like gorillas and chimpanzees. Ramapithecus was more man-like while Dryopithecus was more
ape-like. Ramapithecus was first man like primate.
• Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered in Ethiopia and Tanzania. These revealed hominid
features leading to the belief that about 3-4 mya, man-like primates walked in eastern Africa. They were
probably not taller than 4 feet but walked up right.
Australopithecus
• Two mya, Australopithecus probably lived in East African grasslands. Evidence shows they hunted
with stone weapons but essentially ate fruit. (AIIMS 2012)
• Maximum fossils of prehistoric man have been found in African continent.
Homo habilis
• Some of the bones among the bones discovered were different. This creature was called the first human-
like being the hominid and was called Homo habilis.
• The brain capacities were between 650-800cc (AIPMT 2007). They probably did not eat meat.
Homo erectus
• Homo erectus is the direct ancestor of man (Homo sapiens).

• Fossils discovered in Java in 1891 revealed the next stage, i.e., Homo erectus about 1.5 mya.
• Homo erectus had a large brain around 900cc. Homo erectus probably ate meat.
BIOLOGY 125
Neanderthal Man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis )
• Develops speech centre and communicate with each other.

• The Neanderthal man with a brain size of 1400cc lived in caves near east and central Asia between
1,00,000- 40,000 years back. (AIPMT 2012)
• They used hides to protect their body and buried their dead.
Cro-magnon Man (Homo sapiens fossilis)
• Fossils discovered from Cro-Magnon rocks of France by Mac Gregor. Cranial capcity was highest (1650 cc).
• Most significant trend to the evolution of modern man (Homo sapiens) from his ancestors is increasing
cranial capacity.
• Cave-painting done by Cro-Magnon man. Extinct about 10,000-11,000 years ago. They were omnivores
but mostly carnivores. (AIPMT 2004)
• Pre-historic cave art developed about 18,000 years ago. One such cave paintings by pre-historic
humans can be seen at Bhimbetka rock shelter in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh. Agriculture
came around 10,000 years back and human settlements started.
Modern Man (Homo sapiens sapiens)
• During ice age between 75,000-10,000 years ago modern Homo sapiens arose. Present age is the Iron
age.
• Cranial capacity is 1450 cc (comparable to Neanderthal man).
• Homo sapiens arose in Africa and moved across continents
& developed into distinct races. Maximum number of fossils
of man were excavated from Africa. History of Modern man
goes back to 25,000 years back.
• The rest of what happened is part of human history of growth
and decline of civilisations.
• Cor r ect sequence of stages in evolution of man :
Ramapithecus  Australopithecus  Homo habilis 
Homo erectus  Neanderthal man  Cro-Magnon man
 Homo sapiens (Modern man).
126 Evolution
BIOLOGY 127
65. Which is the most primitive ancestor of man?

Daily Practice Problem (DPP-07) (1) Ramapithecus
NCERT P. No. 140-141 (2) Australopithecus
61. Arrange the following in the chronological order of their (3) Homo habilis
appearance i.e. from oldest to latest: (4) Homo neanderthalensis
(1) Ramapithecus  Homo habilis  Java ape man 66. Which of the following fossil man possessed a cranial
 Australopithecus  Neanderthal man capacity almost equal to that of modern man?
(2) Ramapithecus  Australopithecus  Homo (1) Neanderthal man
habilis  Java ape man  Neanderthal man  (2) Java ape man
Java ape man (3) Peking man
(3) Ramapithecus  Java ape man  Australopithecus (4) Australopithecus africanus
 Neanderthal man  Homo habilis 67. Which of the following is direct ancestor of Homo
(4) Ramapithecus  Java ape man  Australopithecus sapiens?
 Homo habilis  Neanderthal man. (1) Homo erectus
62. Which of the following is not true?
(2) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
(1) About 15 mya, primates called Pryopithecus and
(3) Ramapithecus
Ramapithecus were existing
(4) Australopithecus.
(2) Ramapithecus was more ape like
68. The family to which Homo sapiens belongs is
(3) Homo erectus had a large brain around 900 cm 3
(1) Pongidae (2) Hylobatidae
(4) The brain capacities were between 650 to 800 cm 3
of Homo habilis. (3) Hominidae (4) None of these.
63. Identify the correct sequence of stages in the evolution 69. Ancestor of man who first stood erect was
of modern humans. (1) Australopithecus
i. Neanderthal man ii. Cro-Magnon man (2) Java ape man
iii. Australopithecines iv. Homo habilis (3) Peking man
v. Homo erectus vi. Modern human (4) Cromagnon man.
(1) iv, iii, v, ii, i, vi (2) iii, v, iv, ii, i, vi 70. Who were first to built hut like structure for dwelling
(3) iii, iv, v, i, ii, vi (4) iii, iv, v, ii, i, vi and buried their dead?
64. Which of the following species is probably vegetarian (1) Neanderthal man
with a brain capacity between 650-800cc? (2) Cro-magnon man
(1) Australopithecus (2) Lucy (3) Java man
(3) Homo habilis (4) Java Man (4) Homo sapiens sapiens
7.10 Synopsis NCERT P. No. - 341-342
• The origin of life on earth can be understood only against the background of origin of universe especially
earth.
• Most scientists believe chemical evolution, i.e., formation of biomolecules preceded the appearance of
the first cellular forms of life.
• The subsequent events as to what happened to the first form of life is a conjectured story based on
Darwinian ideas of organic evolution by natural selection.
• Diversity of life forms on earth has been changing over millions of years.
• It is generally believed that variations in a population result in variable fitness.
• Other phenomena like habitat fragmentation and genetic drift may accentuate these variations leading to
appearance of new species and hence evolution.
• Homology is accounted for by the idea of branching descent.
128 Evolution
• Study of comparative anatomy, fossils and comparative biochemistry provides evidence for evolution.
• Among the stories of evolution of individual species, the story of evolution of modern man is most
interesting and appears to parallel evolution of human brain and language.
• The tendency of population to remain in genetic equilibrium may be disturbed by : a. Lack of random
mating (NEET 2013), b. Migration, c. Mutation, d. Natural Selection, e. Gene migration or gene flow,
f. Genetic drift and g. Recombination
• The process by which organisms with different evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic adaptation
in response to a common environmental challenge, is called convergent evolution. (NEET 2013)
• Dinosaurs were dominated in the Jurassic period of Mesozoic era. (NEET 2013)
• The finch species of Galapagos Islands are grouped according to their food sources. Their food source
may be seeds, insects or tree buds but not carrion. (NEET 2013)
• In Australia, marsupials and placental mammals have evolved to share many similar characterstics.
This type of evolution may be referred to as convergent evolution. (NEET 2019)
• A population of a species invades a new area. Area with many types of vacant habitats will lead to
adaptive radiation. (NEET 2019)
• Gills of prawn and lungs of man are analogous structures. (AIPMT 2014)
• The wings of a bird and the wings of an insect are analogous structures and represent convergent evolution.
(AIPMT 2015)
• Chitinous exoskeleton is mainly responsible for diversification of insects of land. (AIPMT 2015)
• The earliest organisms that appeared of the earth were non-green and presumbly anaerobes. (NEET 2016)
• The first autotrophic organisms were the chemoautotroph that never released oxygen. (NEET 2016)
• Genetic drift operates in small isolated population. (NEET 2016)
• The correct sequence of events in the origin of life is:
a. Synthesis of organic monomers 
b. Synthesis of organic polymers 
c. Formation of protobionts 
d. Formation of DNA-based genetic system. (NEET 2016)
• Artificial selection to obtain cows yielding higher milk output represents dir ectional selection as it
pushes the mean of the character in one direction. (NEET 2017)
• Animal husbandry and plant breeding programmes are the examples of artificial selection. (NCERT
EXEMPLAR)
• Appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an example of pre-existing variation in the population.
(NCERT EXEMPLAR)
• Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rock. (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
• Directional type of selection is observed in moth Biston betularia during industrial melanism. (NCERT
EXEMPLAR)
• Lobe fish is an example of link species. (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
• Wegener gave the continental drift theory. (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
BIOLOGY 129
1. Agriculture and Human settlement started about 8. Machanism of organic evolution proposed by Hugo
(1) 10000 years back deVries is based upon
(2) 20000 years back (1) Oenothera lamarckiana
(3) 30000 years back (2) Pisum sativum
(4) 40000 years back (3) Drosophila
2. Who were the first to use hides to protect their body (4) Lathyrus.
and buried their dead? 9. "Struggle for existence and survival of the fittest" is
(1) Neanderthal man associated with
(2) Homo erectus (1) Lamarckism (2) Mendelism
(3) Cromagnon man (3) Darwinism (4) Neo Lamarckism.
(4) Homo habilis. 10. Biogenetic law was proposed by
(1) Von Baer (2) Haeckel
3. According to Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele and
genotype frequencies in a population will remain (3) Swammerdam (4) de Vries.
constant from generation to generation in the absence 11. Coal has been mainly formed by
of other evolutionary influences. It makes several (1) Bryophytes
assumptions which were given below (2) Pteridophytes/pteridosperms
i. Random Mating (3) Angiosperms
ii. Sexual Reproduction (4) Algae
iii. Non-overlapping Generations 12. Flippers of Seal are modified
iv. Occurrence of Natural Selection (1) Hind limbs (2) Fore limbs
v. Small size of population. (3) Fins (4) Gills
Identify two assumptions which do not meet for a 13. Potato and Sweet Potato have edible parts which are
population to reach Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? (1) Homologous
(1) iv and v (2) ii and iv (2) Analogous
(3) iii, iv and v (4) i, ii and iii. (3) Recent introductions
4. Which of the following was most similar to modern (4) Two species of the same genus
man?
14. Which is relatively most accurate method of dating of
(1) Java man (2) Neanderthal man fossils ?
(3) Homo habilis (4) Cro-Magnon man. (1) Radiocarbon method
5. Which of the following best explains the origin of life (2) Potassium–Argon method
on earth (3) Electron spin–resonance method
(1) Formation of diverse organic molecules from inor- (4) Uranium–lead method
ganic constituents
15. Which experiment suggests that simplest living
(2) Unit of life called spores were transferred to dif- organisms could not have originated spontaneously from
ferent planets including earth non-living matter ?
(3) Organic matter was present in the atmosphere (1) Microbes did not appear in stored meat.
(4) Life came out of decaying and rotting matter. (2) Microbes appeared from unsterilised organic
6. Saltation is matter.
(1) Minor heritable variation (3) Larvae could appear in decaying organic matter.
(2) Directional random mutation (4) Meat was not spoiled when heated and kept in
(3) Single step large mutation sealed vessel.
(4) Small directional variation. 16. Extra terrestrial origin of life was proposed by theory of
7. Which one of the following is reptilian ancestor of (1) Catastrophism
birds? (2) Spontaneous generation
(1) Hesperornis (2) Ichthyornis (3) Special creation
(3) Archaeopteryx (4) Lycaenops. (4) Panspermia.
130 Evolution
17. Stanley Miller's experiment supports 27. Among human ancestors, brain size was more than 1000
(1) Abiogenesis (2) Biogenesis cc in
(3) Pangenesis (4) Chemical theory (1) Homo erectus
18. Which of the following amino acids was not found to (2) Home habilius
be synthesised in Miller's experiment? (3) Homo neanderthalensis
(1) Alanine (2) Glycine (4) Ramapithecus.
(3) Aspartic acid (4) Glutamic acid 28. Two species of different geneology show resemblance
19. Evolutionary history of an organism is known as due to similar adaptation. The phepomenon is
(1) Ontogeny (2) Phylogeny (1) Convergent evolution
(3) Ancestry (4) Palaeontology (2) Divargent evolution
20. What is common to Whale, Seal and Shark (3) Micro-evolution
(1) Homoiothermy (4) Co-evolution.
(2) Seasonal migration 29. Adaptive radiation is
(3) Thick subcutaneous fat (1) Evolution of different species from a common
ancestor
(4) Convergent evolution
(2) Adaptation due to geographical isolation
21. Age of fossils was previously determined by radioactive
(3) Migration of members of a species to different
elements. More precise recent method which has led to
geographical areas
revision of evolutionary periods is
(4) Power of adaptation of an individual to a variety
(1) Study of carbohydrate and protein in fossils
of environments.
(2) Study of conditions of fossilisation
30. Match the pair of items with the category of organs
(3) Electron spin resonance and fossil DNA
(1) Nephridia of Earthworm and Malpighin tubules of
(4) Presence of carbohydrate and protein in rocks Cockroach–Excretory organ
22. Concept of chemical evolution of life is based on (2) Wings of Honey Bee & Crow–Homologous organs
(1) Effect of solar radiations on chemicals (3) Nictitating membrance and blind spot in human
(2) Interaction of water, air and clay under intense heat eye–vestigial organs
(3) C ombina tion of chemicals under hot mois t (4) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita–
environment coditions Analogous organs.
(4) Crystallisation of chemicals 31. Highest cranial capacity has been in
23. Wings of pigeon, mosquito and bat show (1) Peking Man (2) Java Man
(1) Divergent evolution (2) Atavism (3) Modern Man (4) Handy Man.
(3) Convergent evolution (4) All of the above. 32. Which of the following was formed in S.Miller’s experiment
24. Fossils are dated by (1) Microspheres (2) Nucleic acids
(1) Amount of calcium (3) Amino acids (4) Lipids.
(2) Radioactive carbon content 33. Tendrils of Cucurbita and thorns of Bougainvillea are
(3) Association with mammals (1) Homologous organs (2) Analogous organs
(4) Stratigraphic age. (3) Vestigeal organs (4) Atavistic divergence.
25. A high density elephant population in an area will 34. Miller and Urey performed an experiment to prove the
result in origin of life. They took gases ammonia and hydrogen
(1) Mutualism alongwith
(2) Predation on one another (1) N2 and H2O (2) CH4 and N2
(3) Interspecific competition (3) H2O and CH4 (4) CO2 and NH3
(4) Intraspecific competition. 35. Tendrils of Cucurbita and thorns of Bougainvillea are
(1) Homologous organs (2) Analogous organs
26. Select the correct statement
(3) Vestigial organs (4) Atavistic divergance
(1) Darwinian variations are small and directionless
36. Which ones are not analogous organs
(2) Mutations are random and directional
(1) Wings of birds and wings of butterfly
(3) Fittness is the end result of the ability to adapt and
get selected by nature (2) Eye of Octopus andeye of mammals
(4) All mammals except whales and camels have seven (3) Flippers of penguins and flippers of Dolphin
cervical vertebrae. (4) Thorns of Bongainullea and tendril of Cucurbita.
BIOLOGY 131
37. The study of homologous structures in mature organisms 44. Concept of mutations was put forth by
provides evidence for the evolutionary relationships (1) Charles Darwin who found a wide variety of
among certain groups of organisms. Which field of study organisms during sea voyage
includes this evidence of evolution? (2) Hugo de Vries who worked on Evening Primrose
(1) Comparative cytology
(3) Gregor Mendel who worked an
(2) Biochemistry
(4) Hardy Weinberg who worked on allele frequencies
(3) Geology in population.
(4) Comparative anatomy 45. An evolutionary pattern characterised by increase in
38. Darwin’s finches were a good example of number and kind of closely related species is
(1) Convergent evolution (1) Convergent evolution
(2) Adaptive radiation (2) Parallel evolution
(3) Mutation (3) Adaptive radiation
(4) None of the above. (4) Divergent evolution.
39. Given below are four statements (a–d) with one or two 46. Extinct human who lived 1,000,000-40,000 years ago
blanks. Select the option which fills up the blanks in in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa having short stature,
two statements. heavy eye brows, retreating forehead, large jaws with
Statements : heavy teeth, stocky body, lumbering gait and stooped
(a) Wings of butterfly and birds look alike and are the posture was
result of ...(i)... evolution (1) Homo habilus
(b) Miller showed that CH4, H2, NH3 and ...(i).. when (2) Ramapithecus
exposed to electric discharge in a flask resulted in
(3) Neanderthal Man
formation of ...(ii)... evidence of evolution
(4) Cro-Magnon Man.
(c) Vermiform appendix is a ...(i)...organ and ...(ii)..
(d) According to Darwin evolution look place due 47. Which is correct
to...(i)...and ...(ii) of the fittest Convergent Evolution Divergent Evolution
(1) d–(i) small variations, (ii) survival, a–(i) convergent (1) Eyes of Octopus Bones of vertebrate
(2) a–(i) convergent, b–(i) oxygen, (ii) nucleotides and Mammals forelimbs
(3) b–(i) wa ter vapours (ii) a mino acids, c–(i) (2) Bones of vertabrate Wings of Butterfly and
rudimentary (ii) anatomical fore limbs birds
(4) c–(i) vestigial (ii) anatomical, d–(i) mutations (ii) (3) Bougainvillea thorns Eyes of Octopus and
multiplication. and Cucurbita tendrils Mammalls
40. Single step large mutation leading to speciation is
(4) Bougainvillea thorns Wings of butterfly and
(1) Founder effect (2) Adaptive radiation
and Cucurbita tendrils Birds.
(3) Saltation (4) Natural selection.
48. Extinct human ancestor who ate only fruits and hunted
41. The most apparent change during the evolutionary with stone weapons was
history of Homo sapiens is traced in
(1) Australopithecus
(1) Shortening of jaws
(2) Dryopithecus
(2) Remarkable increase in brain size
(3) Ramapithecus
(3) Loss of body hair
(4) Homo erectus.
(4) Walking upright.
49. Which of the following ca nnot be explained by
42. Haeckel's recapitulation theory/biogenetic law states
Lamarckism?
(1) Ontogeny repeats phylogeny
(1) Absence of lips in snakes
(2) High rate of reproduction
(2) Long neck of giraffe
(3) Alternation of generations
(3) Degeneration of visual apparatus in cave dwellers
(4) Inheritance of acquired characters.
(4) Dull progeny of noble laureate.
43. Evolution of different species starting from a point
spreading to other area is 50. Flowering plants might have originated from
(1) Adaptive radiation (1) Chlorophyte ancestors
(2) Natural selection (2) Tracheophyte ancestors
(3) Migration (3) Rhynia type plants
(4) Divergent evolution. (4) Psilophytes.
132 Evolution
(Concept Builder)
1. Which of the following is used as an atmospheric 7. (p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 represents an equation

pollution indicator? used in :
(1) Lepidoptera (2) Lichens (1) Population genetics
(3) Lycopersicon (4) Lycopodium. (2) Mendelian genetics
2. The theory of spontaneous generation stated that :
(3) Biometrics
(1) Life arose from living forms only
(4) Molecular genetics
(2) Life can arise from both living and non-living
8. Appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an
(3) Life can arise from non-living things only. example of:
(4) Life arises spontaneously, neither from living nor
(1) Adaptive radiation
from the non-living.
(2) Transduction
3. Animal husbandry and plant breeding programmes
are the examples of : (3) Pre-existing variation in the population
(1) Reverse evolution (4) Divergent evolution
(2) Artificial selection 9. Evolution of life shows that life forms had a trend of
(3) Mutation moving from:
(4) Natural selection (1) Land to water
4. Palaentological evidences for evolution refer to the : (2) Dryland to wet land
(1) Development of embryo (3) Fresh water to sea water
(2) Homologous organs
(4) Water to land
(3) Fossils
10. Viviparity is considered to be more evolved because :
(4) Analogous organs.
(1) The young ones are left on their own
5. The bones of forelimbs of whale, bat, cheetah and man
are similar in structure, because : (2) The young ones are protected by a thick shell
(1) One organism has given rise to another (3) The young ones are protected inside the mother’s
(2) They share a common ancestor body and are looked after they are born leading to
more chances of survival
(3) They perform the same function
(4) The embryo takes a long time to develop
(4) The have biochemical similarities
11. Fossils are generally found in :
6. Analogous organs arise due to :
(1) Divergent evolution (1) Sedimentary rocks
(2) Artificial selection (2) Igneous rocks
(3) Genetic drift (3) Metamorphic rocks

(4) Convergent evolution (4) Any type of rock.
BIOLOGY 133
12. For the MN-blood group system, the frequencies of 16. Match the scientists listed under column ‘A’ with ideas
M and N alleles are 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. The listed column ‘B’.
expected frequency of MN-blood group bearing Column A Column B
organisms is likely to be : a. Darwin i. Abiogenesis
(1) 42% (2) 49% b. Oparin ii. Use and disuse of organs
(3) 9% (4) 58% c. Lamarck iii. Continental drift theory

d. Wagner iv. Evolution by natural selection
13. Which type of selection is industrial melanism
observed in moth, Biston bitularia : (1) a-i; b-iv; c-ii; d-iii
(2) a-iv; b-i; c-ii; d-iii
(1) Stabilising
(3) a-ii; b-iv; c-iii; d-i
(2) Directional
(4) a-iv; b-iii; c-ii; d-i.
(3) Disruptive 17. In 1953 S. L. Miller created primitive earth conditions
(4) Artificial. in the laboratory and gave experimental evidence for
origin of first form of life from preexisting non-living
14. The most accepted line of descent in human evolution
organic molecules. The primitive earth conditions
is : created include:
(1) Australopithecus  Ramapithecus  Homo sapiens (1) Low temperature, volcanic storms, atmosphere rich
 homo habilis in oxygen
(2) Homo erectus  Homo habilis  Homo sapiens (2) Low temperature, volcanic storms, reducing
atmosphere
(3) Ramapithecus  Homo habilis  Homo erectus
(3) High temperature, volcanic storms, non-reducing
 Homo sapiens
atmosphere
(4) Australopithecus  Ramapithecus  Homo erectus (4) High temperature, volcanic storms, reducing
 Homo habilis  Homo sapiens. atmosphere containing CH4, NH3 etc.
15. Which of the following is an example for link species? 18. Variations during mutations of meiotic
recombinations are
(1) Lobe fish
(1) Random and directionless
(2) Dodo bird
(2) Random and directional
(3) Sea weed (3) Random and small
(4) Chimpanzee. (4) Random, small and directional.
134 Evolution
(Line by Line
from NCERT)
• Instructions for Questions 1 to 10 9. Assertion : Tyrannosaurus rex had fearsome dagger like
teeth.
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the
correct option in question Reason : Tyrannosaurus was largest dinosaur depending.
(1) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason 10. Assertion : About 200 million years or so, reptiles of
is the correct explanation of assertion. different shapes and size dominated on earth.
(2) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason Reason : Some of land reptiles went back into water
is not the correct explanation of assertion.
to evolve into fish like reptiles probable 200 mya
(3) Assertion is correct but reason is not correct. (eg. Icthyophis).
(4) Assertion is not correct but reason is correct.
• Instructions for Questions 11 to 15
1. Assertion : During evolution pouched mammals of
Australia survived. In the light of the given statements, choose the
correct options in given below:
Reason : Due to lack of competition from any other
mammal due to continental drift. (1) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
(2) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.
2. Assertion : The skull of baby chimpanzee is more like
adult human skull than adult chimpanzee skull. (3) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
Reason : Mammals are viviparous and protected their (4) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.
unborn young inside the mother's body.
11. Statement I : Theory of biogenesis explains that life
3. Assertion : Mesozoic is the era of dinosaurs but they arises from pre-existing life.
suddenly disappeared from the earth.
Statement II : Louis Pasteur finally disapproved the
Reason : Dinosaurs may have changed into birds or
theory of spontaneous generation of life.
climatic changes killed them.
12. Statement I : According to Hardy-Weinberg principle,
4. Assertion : Neanderthal man lived in East African
allele frequencies in a population are stable and is
grasslands.
constant from generation to generation.
Reason : During ice age between 75,000-10,000 years
ago modern Homo sapiens arose. Statement II : Disturbance in genetic equilibrium or
Hardy-Weinberg equilbrium would be interpreted as
5. Assertion : Mutations are directional. resulting in evolution.
Reason : Darwin’s small variations are directional.
13. Statement I : Placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf (a
6. Assertion : Due to continental drift, when South America marsupial) show convergent evolution.
joined North America, South American animals were
overridden by North American fauna. Statement II : Like marsupials placental mammals in
other parts of world also exhibit adaptive radiation in
Reason : Due to the same continental drift placental evolving into varieties of such placental mammals each
mammals of Australia survived because of lack of of which appears to be similar to a corresponding
competition from any other mammal.
marsupial.
7. Assertion : During industrialisation dark-winged or
14. Statement I : Whales, bats, cheetah and human share
melanised moths were more abundant.
similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimb
Reason : They were able to camouflage themselves, hide
in the background and survived. Statement II : All of them have humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals, metacarpals and phalanges.
8. Assertion : Some mammals like Whales, dolphins, seals
and sea cows live wholly in water. 15. Statement I : Lemur and marsupial mole are the
examples of marsupial radiation.
Reason : The most successful story is the evolution of
man language skills and self consciousness. Statement II : Both are found in Australian region.
BIOLOGY 135
(Direct from
NCERT)
Match the following column and choose the correct 6. Column–I Column–II
option a. Darwin i. Abigenesis
1. Column–I Column–II b. Oparin ii. Use and disuse of organs
a. Anteater i. Flying phalanger c. Lamarck iii. Continental drift theory
b. Lemur ii. Tasmanian tiger cat d. Wagner iv. Evolution by natural selection
c. Bobcat iii. Numbat (1) a–i, b–iv, c–ii, d–iii (2) a–iv, b–i, c–ii, d–iii
d. Flying squirrel iv. Spotted cuscus (3) a–ii, b–iv, c–iii, d–i (4) a–iv, b–iii, c–ii, d–i.
(1) a–ii, b–i, c–iii, d–iv (2) a–iv, b–ii, c–i, d–iii 7. Column–I Column–II
(3) a–iii, b–iv, c–ii, d–i (4) a–i, b–iii, c–iv, d–ii. a. Wallace i. Essay on population
2. Column–I Column–II b. Malthus ii. Biston
a. Saltation i. Darwin c. Hardy-Weinberg law iii. p2 + q2 + 2pq = 1
b. Formation of life ii. Louis Pasteur d. Industrial melanism iv. Co-proposer of
was proceeded by Natural selection
chemical evolution (1) a–iii; b–iv; c–ii; d–i (2) a–ii; b–i; c–iv; d–iii
c. Reproductive fitness iii. de Vries (3) a–iv; b–i; c–ii; d–iii (4) a–iv; b–i; c–iii; d–ii.
d. Life comes from iv. Oparin and Haldane
pre-existing life 8. Column–I Column–II
(1) a–iii, b–iv, c–i, d–ii (2) a–iv, b–iii, c–ii, d–i a. Oparin i. America
(3) a–iv, b–ii, c–iii, d–i (4) a–ii, b–iii, c–i, d–iv. b. Haldane ii. France
c. Miller iii. Russia
3. Column–I Column–II
d. Lamarck iv. England
Name of the scientist Contribution
(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv
a. Charles Darwin i. Mutation theory
(2) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i
b. Lamarck ii. Germ plasma theory
(3) a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii
c. Hugo de Vries iii. Philosophie Zoologique
(4) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
d. Ernst Haeckel iv. The Origin of species
e. August Weismann v. Biogenetic law 9. Column–I Column–II
vi. Eassy on population (a) Homo habilis (i) first human like being
(1) a–iv, b–iii, c–i, d–v, e–ii hominid
(2) a–iv, b–iii, c–v, d–i, e–vi (b) Homo erectus (ii) buried their dead with
(3) a–iv, b–iv, c–v, d–iii, e–i flowers
(4) a–ii, b–iii, c–i, d–v, e–ii. (c) Neanderthal man (iii) brain size around 900cc
(d) Cro-magnon man (iv) excellent cave painting/art
4. Column–I Column–II
a. Thomas Malthus i. Branching descent (1) a–iv, b–iii, c–ii, d–i (2) a–iii, b–i, c–ii, d–iv
b. Hugo de Vries ii. Studies on populations (3) a–i, b–ii, c–iii, d–iv (4) a–i, b–iii, c–ii, d–iv.
c. Charles Darwin iii. Use and disuse theory 10. Column–I Column–II
d. Lamarck iv. Saltation
a. Mutation i.
Change in population’s allele
(1) a–iv, b–i, c–iii, d–ii (2) a–ii, b–iv, c–i, d–iii frequencies due to change alone
(3) a–ii, b–iv, c–iii, d–i (4) a–iii, b–ii, c–i, d–iv. b. Gene flow ii. Differences insurvival and
5. Column–I Column–II reproduction among variant
individuals
(a) Origin of the earth (i) 3 billion years ago
c. Natural selection iii. Immigration, emigration
(b) Origin of the Universe (ii) 4.5 billion years ago
change allele frequencies
(c) Origin of first cellular (iii) 20 billion years ago
d. Genetic drift iv. Source of new alleles
life form
(d) Origin of first non (iv) 2 billion years ago (1) a–i, b–ii, c–iii, d–iv
cellular life form (2) a–iv, b–ii, c–iii, d–i
(1) a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv (2) a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv (3) a–iv, b–iii, c–i, d–ii
(3) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i (4) a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-i. (4) a–iv, b–iii, c–ii, d–i.
136 Evolution
(Previous Year Questions)
1. According to Darwin, the organic evolution is due to 7. Forelimbs of cat, lizard used in walking; forelimbs
(NEET 2013) of whale used in swimming and forelimbs of bats used
(1) Competition within closely related species. in flying are an example of (AIPMT 2014)
(2) Reduced feeding efficiency in one species due (1) Convergent evolution
to the presence of interfering species. (2) Analogous organs
(3) Intraspecific competition. (3) Adaptive radiation
(4) Interspecific competition. (4) Homologous organs
2. The tendency of population to remain in genetic 8. Forelimbs of cat, lizard used in walking; forelimbs
equilibrium may be disturbed by (NEET 2013) of whale used in swimming and forelimbs of bats used
(1) Lack of mutations in flying are an example of (AIIMS 2014)
(1) Analogous organs
(2) Lack of random mating
(2) Adaptive radiation
(3) Random mating
(3) Homologous organs
(4) Lack of migration.
(4) Convergent evolution.
3. Variation in gene frequencies within populations can
9. A population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for a
occur by chance rather than by natural selection. This
gene with only two alleles. If the gene frequency of
is referred to as (NEET 2013)
an allele A is 0.7, the genotype frequency of Aa is
(1) Random mating (2) Genetic load
(1) 0.21 (2) 0.42 (AIIMS 2014)
(3) Genetic flow (4) Genetic drift.
(3) 0.36 (4) 0.7.
4. The process by which organisms with different
10. Industrial melanism is an example of (AIPMT 2015)
evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic
adaptations in response to a common environmental (1) Natural selection (2) Mutation
challenge, is called (NEET 2013) (3) Neo Lamarckism (4) Neo Darwinism.
(1) Non-random evolution 11. The wings of a bird and the wings of an insect are
(2) Adaptive radiation (1) Analogous structures and represent convergent
evolution (AIPMT 2015)
(3) Natural selection
(2) Phylogenetic structures and represent divergent
(4) Convergent evolution.
evolution
5. The eye of Octopus and eye of cat show different (3) Homologous structures and represent convergent
patterns of structure, yet they perform similar evolution
function. This is an example of (NEET 2013)
(4) Homologous structures and represent divergent
(1) Analogous organs that have evolved due to evolution.
convergent evolution.
12. Which of the following characteristics is mainly
(2) Analogous organs that have evolved due to responsible for diversification of insects on land
divergent evolution
(1) Exoskeleton (2) Eyes (AIPMT 2015)
(3) Homologous organs that have evolved due to
(3) Segmentation (4) Bilateral symmetry.
convergent evolution.
13. Which of the following had the smallest brain
(4) Homologous organs that have evolved due to
capacity (AIPMT 2015)
divergent evolution.
6. Which one of the following are analogous structures (1) Homo neanderthalensis
(AIPMT 2014) (2) Homo habilis
(1) Flippers of Dolphin and Legs of Horse (3) Homo erectus
(2) Wings of Bat and Wings of Pigeon (4) Homo sapiens
(3) Gills of Prawn and Lungs of Man 14. Analogous structures ar e a result of (NEET 2016)
(4) Th or ns of Bougainvil le a a nd Ten dr il s of (1) Shared ancestry (2) Stabilizing selection
Cucurbita. (3) Divergent evolution (4) Convergent evolution.
BIOLOGY 137
15. Following are the two statements regarding the 21. The similarity of bone structure in the forelimbs of
origin of life (NEET 2016) many vertebrates is an example of (NEET 2018)
(a) The earliest organisms that appeared on the earth (1) Homology (2) Analogy
were non-green and presumably anaerobes (3) Convergent evolution (4) Adaptive radiation.
(b) The first autotrophi c orga nisms were the 22. Among the following sets of examples for divergent
chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen evolution, select the incorrect option (NEET 2018)
Of the above statements which one of the following (1) Forelimbs of man, bat and cheetah
options is correct
(2) Heart of bat, man and cheetah
(1) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(3) Brain of bat, man and cheetah
(2) Both (a) and (b) are false
(4) Eye of octopus, bat and man.
(3) (a) is correct but (b) is false
23. In Australia, marsupials and placental mammals have
(4) (b) is correct but (a) is false.
evolved to share many similar characteristics.
16. In Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of
This type of evolution may be referred to as :
heterozygous individual is represented by
(1) Adaptive Radiation (NEET 2019)
(1) pq (2) q2 (NEET 2016)
2 (2) Divergent Evolution
(3) p (4) 2pq.
17. The chronological order of human evolution from (3) Cyclical Evolution
early to the recent is (NEET 2016) (4) Convergent Evolution.
(1) R amapi t he cus  Homo habi l i s  24. A population of a species invades a new area. Which
Australopithecus  Homo erectus of the following condition will lead to Adaptive
(2) A ust ral opi t he c us  Homo habi l i s  Radiation? (NEET 2019)
Ramapithecus  Homo erectus (1) Area with large number of habitats having very
(3) Australopithecus  Ramapithecus  Homo low food supply
habilis  Homo erectus (2) Area with a single type of vacant habitat
(4) Ramapithecus  Australopithecus  Homo (3) Area with many types of vacant habitats
habilis  Homo erectus. (4) Area with many habitats occupied by a large
18. Which of the following is the correct sequence of number of species.
events in the origin of life? (NEET 2016) 25. Which of the following statements is correct about
I. Formation of protobionts the origin and evolution of men? (NEET 2019)
II. Synthesis of organic monomers (1) Agriculture came around 50,000 years back.
III. Synthesis of organic polymers (2) The Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus primates
IV. Formation of DNA-based genetic systems existing 15 million years ago, walked like men.
(1) II, III, I, IV (2) II, III, IV, I (3) Homo habilis probably ate meat.
(3) I, II, III, IV (4) I, III, II, IV. (4) Neanderthal men lived in Asia betweeen 1,00,000
19. Artificial selection to obtain cows yielding higher and 40,000 years back.
milk output represents (NEET 2017) 26. In a species, the weight of newborn ranges from 2 to 5
(1) Directional as it pushes the mean of the character kg, 97% of the newborn with an average weight
in one direction between 3 to 3.3 kg survive whereas 99% of the infants
(2) Disruptive as it splits the population into two, one born with weights from 2 to 2.5 kg or 4.5 to 5 kg die.
yielding higher output and the other lower output Which type of selection process is taking place?
(3) Stabilizing followed by disruptive as it stabilizes (1) Stabilizing Selection (NEET 2019)
the population to produce higher yielding cows (2) Disruptive Selection
(4) Stabilizing selection as it stabilizes this character (3) Cyclical Selection
in the population. (4) Directannal Selection.
20. Which among these is the correct combination of 27. Variations caused by mutation, as proposed by Hugo
aquatic mammals? (NEET 2017) de Vries, are; (NEET 2019)
(1) Dolphins, Seals, Trygon (1) random and directionless
(2) Whales, Dolphins, Seals (2) small and directional
(3) Trygon, Whales, Seals (3) small and directionless
(4) Seals, Dolphins, Sharks. (4) random and directional.
138 Evolution
28. Match the hominids with their correct brain size 36. Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins are examples of
(NEET 2019) (1) Adaptive radiation (NEET 2020)
(a) Homo habilis (i) 900 cc (2) Convergent evolution
(b) Homo neanderthalensis (ii) 1350 cc (3) Industrial melanism
(c) Homo erectus (iii) 650-800cc (4) Natural selection.
(d) Homo sapiens (iv) 1400 cc 37. Which of the following refer to correct example(s)
Select the incorrect statement. of organisms which have evolved due to changes in
(1) a-(iii), b-(ii), c-(i), d-(iv) environment brought about by anthropogenic action?
(2) a-(iii), b-(iv), c-(i), d-(ii) (a) Darwin's Finches of Galapagos islands
(3) a-(iv), b-(iii), c-(i), d-(ii) (b) Herbicide resistant weeds. (NEET 2020)
(4) a-(iii), b-(i), c-(iv), d-(ii). (c) Drug resistant eukaryotes
29. A gene locus has two alleles A, a. If the frequency of (d) Man created breeds of domesticated animals
dominant allele A is 0.4, then what will be the frequency like dogs.
of homozygous dominant, heterozygous and (1) only (a) (2) (a) and (c)
homozygous recessive individuals in the population (3) (b), (c) and (d) (4) only (d).
(1) 0.16 (AA); 0.24 (Aa); 0.36 (aa) (NEET 2019) 38. T he factor t ha t lea ds t o Founder effect i n a
(2) 0.16 (AA); 0.48 (Aa); 0.36 (aa) population is: (NEET 2021)
(3) 0.16 (AA); 0.36 (Aa); 0.48 (aa) (1) Natural selection
(4) 0.36 (AA); 0.48 (Aa); 0.16 (aa). (2) Genetic recombination
30. After about how many years of formation of earth, (3) Mutation
life appeared on this planet? (NEET 2020) (4) Genetic drift.
(1) 50 billion years (2) 500 billion years 39. Match List - I with List -II. (NEET 2021)
(3) 50 million years (4) 500 million years.
List - I List - II
31. The phenomenon of evolution of different species in
a given geographical area starting from a point and (a) Adaptive (i) Sele ct i on of r es is tan t
spreading to other habitats is called (NEET 2020) radiation varieties due to excessive
(1) Adaptive radiation (2) Saltation use of herbicides and
pesticides
(3) Co-evolution (4) Natural selection.
(b) Convergent (ii) Bones of forelimbs in Man
32. A Hominid fossil discovered in Java in 1891, now
evolution and Whale
extinct, having cranial capacity of about 900 cc was
(NEET 2020) (c) Divergent (iii) Wings of Butterfly and Bird
(1) Australopithecus (2) Homo erectus evolution
(3) Neanderthal man (4) Homo sapiens. (d) Evolution by (iv) Darwin Finches
anthropogenic
33. Embryological support for evolution was proposed
by (NEET 2020) action
(1) Alfred Wallace (2) Ernst Heckel Choose the correct answer from the options given
below.
(3) Karl Ernst vol Baer (4) Charles Darwin.
34. Embryological support for evolution was disapproved (1) (a)–(iv), (b)–(iii), (c)–(ii), (d)–(i)
by (NEET 2020) (2) (a)–(iii), (b)–(ii), (c)–(i), (d)–(iv)
(1) Karl Ernst von Baer (2) Alfred Wallace (3) (a)–(ii), (b)–(i), (c)–(iv), (d)–(iii)
(3) Charles Darwin (4) Oparin. (4) (a)–(i), (b)–(iv), (c)–(iii), (d)–(ii).
35. From his experiment, S.L. Miller produced amine 40. Panspermia, an idea that is still a favourite for some
acids by mixing the following in a closed flask astronomers, means : (NEET 2022)
(NEET 2020) (1) Creation of life from dead and decaying matter
(1) CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapor at 800°C (2) Creation of life from chemicals
(2) CH3, H2, NH4 and water vapor at 800°C (3) Origin of sperm in human testes
(3) CH4, H2, NH3 and water vapor at 600°C (4) Transfer of spores as unit of life from other plan-
(4) CH3, H2, NH3 and water vapor at 600°C. ets of Earth
BIOLOGY 139
41. Select the correct statement regarding mutation theory 43. Natural selection where more individuals acquire
of evolution. (NEET 2022) specific character value other than the mean character
(1) This theory was proposed by Alfred Wallace value, leads to (NEET 2022)
(2) Variations are small directional changes (1) Disruptive change
(3) Single step large mutation is a cause of speciation (2) Random change
(4) Large differences due to mutations arise gradually (3) Stabilising change
in a population (4) Directional change
42. If a geneticist uses the blind approach for sequencing 44. Which of the following statements is not true?
the whole genome of an organism, followed by (NEET 2022)
assignment of function to different segments, the (1) Homology indicates common ancestry
methodology adopted by him is called as: (2) Flippers of penguins and dolphins are a pair of
(1) Expressed sequence tags (NEET 2022) homologous organs
(2) Bioinformatics (3) Analogous structures are a result of convergent
(3) Sequence annotation evolution
(4) Gene mapping (4) Sweet potato and potato is an example of analogy.
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM–01 16. (4) 17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20. (4)
1. (4) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (4) 5. (3) 21. (3) 22. (3) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (4)
6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (3) 10. (3) 26. (3) 27. (3) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (1)
31. (3) 32. (3) 33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (1)
11. (4) 12. (2) 13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (1) 41. (2) 42. (1) 43. (1) 44. (2) 45. (3)
46. (3) 47. (1) 48. (1) 49. (4) 50. (3)
16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20. (3)
NCERT EXEMPLAR
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM–03
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (3) 5. (4)
21. (1) 22. (3) 23. (1) 24. (4) 25. (4)
6. (4) 7. (1) 8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (3)
26. (2) 27. (4) 28. (1) 29. (1) 30. (1)
11. (1) 12. (1) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (1)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM–04 16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (1)
31. (3) 32. (1) 33. (2) 34. (1) 35. (4) ASSERTION–REASON & STATEMENT QUESTIONS
36. (2) 37. (4) 38. (3) 39. (4) 40. (2) 1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (2)
6. (4) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (3)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM–05
11. (1) 12. (1) 13. (1) 14. (1) 15. (1)
41. (2) 42. (4) 43. (2) 44. (4) 45. (3)
46. (1) 47. (2) 48. (4) 49. (3) 50. (1) MATRIX TYPE QUESTIONS
1. (3) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (2) 5. (3)
51. (3) 52. (2) 53. (2) 54. (1) 55. (4)
56. (2) 57. (2) 58. (1) 59. (1) 60. (2) ARCHIVE QUESTIONS
1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (1)
61. (4) 62. (2) 63. (3) 64. (3) 65. (1) 11. (1) 12. (1) 13. (2) 14. (4) 15. (1)
66. (1) 67. (1) 68. (3) 69. (1) 70. (1) 16. (4) 17. (4) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (2)
21. (1) 22. (4) 23. (4) 24. (3) 25. (4)
MISCELLANEOUS FROM NCERT 26. (1) 27. (1) 28. (2) 29. (2) 30. (4)
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (1) 31. (1) 32. (2) 33. (2) 34. (1) 35. (1)
6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (2) 36. (2) 37. (3) 38. (4) 39. (1) 40. (4)
11. (2) 12. (2) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (4) 41. (3) 42. (3) 43. (4) 44. (2)
36 The Living World

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Active site edutech- 9844532971

Percentage of Questions in Last 34 Year’s in NEET / AIPMT from this Chapter

A • Origin of life: Theories 15%

E • Origin & Evolution of man 15%

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO KNOW 7.8 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION

7.0 INTRODUCTION NCERT P. No. 126

• Evolutionary biology is the study of history of life forms on earth.

7.1 ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE NCERT P. No. 126-128

Theories of Origin of Life

Theory of Special Creation

Theory of Panspermia or Cosmozoic theory or Cosmic Origin

Theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)

Oparin-Haldane Theory or Chemical Theory or Abiogenic Origin of Life

• We have no idea about how the first self

3. Given below are four statements (a-b) each with one or

7.2 EVOLUTION OF LIFE FORMS – A THEORY NCERT P. No. 128-129

• Fossils are studied for knowing about extinct organisms.

• Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rocks. (NCERT EXAMPLAR)

Comparative Anatomy and Morphology

• The similarity of bone structure in the

• In plants also, the thorn & tendrils of

Evidences from biochemistry and comparative physiology

Evidences from Animal Breeding and Plant Breeding

Evidences from Genetics or Natural Selection

Evidences from Anthropogenic Evolution

15. After the industrial revolution, melanic moths survived

7.4 WHAT IS ADAPTIVE RADIATION? NCERT P. No. 132-134

• Biogeography is the study of distribution of organisms on earth.

Convergent Evolution or Adaptive Convergene

26. Flying squirrel and flying phalanger represent the

7.5 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION NCERT P. No. 134-135

• Organic evolution is change in major portion of population.

• Appearance of antibiotic - resistant bacteria is an example of pre-existing variation in the population.

• It is possible that the work of Thomas Malthus on populations influenced Darwin.

7.6 MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION NCERT P. No. 135

35. All of the following are the examples of the effect of

7.7 HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE NCERT P. No. 136-137

Gene migration or gene flow

• Natural selection can lead to stabilisation, directional change and disruption.

44. In a population of black-colored seagull, black colour is

7.8 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION NCERT P. No. 137-140

• Chlorophyte ancestor gives rise to bryophytes and tracheophytes ancestors.

Note • Pteranodon was flying dionsaur.

53. Arrange the following plants in the ascending order of

7.9 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MAN NCERT P. No. 140-141

• Homo erectus is the direct ancestor of man (Homo sapiens).

Neanderthal Man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis )

• Develops speech centre and communicate with each other.

Cro-magnon Man (Homo sapiens fossilis)

Modern Man (Homo sapiens sapiens)

65. Which is the most primitive ancestor of man?

7.10 Synopsis NCERT P. No. - 341-342

1. Which of the following is used as an atmospheric 7. (p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 represents an equation

(2) Artificial selection (2) Igneous rocks

(3) Genetic drift (3) Metamorphic rocks

(3) 9% (4) 58% c. Lamarck iii. Continental drift theory

(Previous Year Questions)

36 The Living World

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