Fundamentals of Wood Design and Engineering

3/14/2005
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Wood Design
Q Session 3
Fundamentals of
X Introduction to Wood Engineering; Codes &
Standards; Load combinations, weights of building
materials and tributary area; Simple beam design:
Wood Design floor/roof joists, beams and girders.
and Q Session 4
X Column design, stud walls, headers, posts.
Engineering Q Session 5
X Connection design, bolts, lag bolts, screws, nails.
Q Session 6
X Diaphragms and shearwalls, seismic issues; Options
regarding composite panels
February 17, 2005 2
Codes and Standards Codes and Standards

Q Original Model Codes
Q Codes (continued)
X Uniform Building Code (UBC) - International X One and Two Family Dwelling Code (OTFDC) - Council of
Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) - 1997 American Building Officials (CABO) - 1995
X National Building Code (NBC) - Building Officials X International Building Code (IBC) - International Code
and Code Administrators International (BOCA) - Council (ICC) – 2000 and 2003
1999 X International Residential Code (IRC) - International Code
Council (ICC) – 2000 and 2003
X Standard Building Code (SBC) - Southern
X National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) – NFPA
Building Code Congress International (SBCCI) - Building Code (NFPA 5000) - 2003
1997 and 1999 X National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP)
- Federal Emergency Management Administration – 1994,
1997 and 2000
February 17, 2005 3 February 17, 2005 4

Q Jurisdictions Q National Standards
X National X National Design Specifications (NDS) - American
) NEHRP document, other FEMA publications Forest & Paper Association, American Wood
X State Council – 1991, 1997 and 2001
) Two Versions ) Allowable Stress Design (ASD) of wood sawn and
• State buildings, Schools, Hospitals - Higher requirements
glued laminated members, diaphragms, shearwalls
• Minimum requirements for all jurisdictions in the state
and connections.
X Cities, Counties X Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) -
American Forest & Paper Association, American
Wood Council – 1996
) Load and Resistance Factor Design of wood
members, diaphragms, shearwalls, connections.
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Q National Standards
Q Industry Associations
X ASCE-7 – American Society of Civil Engineers –
1998 and 2003 X American Forest & Paper Association
X ACI-318 - American Concrete Institute (ACI) - 2002 X American Wood Council
X ASD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings - X American Plywood Association
American Institute for Steel Construction (AISC) - X American Institute of Timber Construction
1989
X Grading Agencies
X LRFD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings -
American Institute for Steel Construction (AISC) – ) Western Wood Products Association (WWPA)
1999/2000 ) West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB)
X ACI-530/ASCE-5/TMS-402 - American Concrete ) Others - see NDS
Institute (ACI), American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE), The Masonry Society (TMS) - Masonry
ASD - 2002
Allowable Stress Design Allowable Stress Design

Q Load Combinations - 1997 Uniform Building Code -
Q Load Combinations - 1997 Uniform Building Code Alternate (1994 UBC Load Combinations)
1. D 1. D + L + (Lr or S)
2. D + L + (Lr or S) 2. D + L + (W or E/1.4)
3. D + (W or E/1.4) 3. D + L + W + S/2
4. 0.9D ± E/1.4 4. D + L + S + W/2
5. D + 0.75[L + (Lr or S) + (W or E/1.4)] 5. D + L + S + E/1.4
X Note: X Notes:
) Seismic force, E, is a strength level force in the 1997 ) a 1/3 allowable stress increase is permitted for Load
UBC Combinations 2 through 5 for the 1997 UBC Alternate
ASD Load Combinations
) Seismic force, E, is a strength level force in the 1997
UBC
Allowable Stress Design Allowable Stress Design

Q Load Combinations - 2003 International Building
Q Load Combinations - 2003 International Building Code - Alternate
Code 1. D + L + (Lr or S or R)
1. D 2. D + L + (ωW)
2. D+L 3. D + L + ωW + S/2
3. D + L + (Lr or S or R) 4. D + L + S + ωW/2
4. D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R) 5. D + L + S + E/1.4
5. 0.6D + W 6. 0.9D + E/1.4
X Notes:
6. 0.6D + 0.7E ) a 1/3 allowable stress increase is permitted for Load
X Note: Combinations 2 through 6 for the 2000 IBC Alternate
) Seismic force, E, is a strength level force in the 2000 ASD Load Combinations
IBC ) Seismic force, E, is a strength level force in the 2000
IBC
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Dead Loads Dead Loads

Q Floors
Floor Covering 2.0 psf
Plywood (Sheathing) 3.0 psf
Framing 4.0 psf
Ceiling 3.0 psf to 12.0 psf
Electrical & Mechanical 2.0 psf to 5.0 psf
Miscellaneous 1.0 psf
TOTAL 15.0 psf to 25.0 psf
Partitions 10.0 psf for residential
20.0 psf for office
Timber Construction Manual, Fourth Edition, AITC, Page 8-742
Dead Loads Live Loads

Q Roofs
Q Residential 40 psf
Roofing 5 ply or singles 6.0 psf plus 3.0 psf for reroofing
Q Office/Schools 50 psf
or Tile 12.0 psf
Q Stairs/Corridors 100 psf
or Shakes 3.0 psf
Plywood (Sheathing) 2.0 psf Q Storage 125 psf
Framing 3.0 psf
Ceiling 3.0 psf
Insulation 3.0 psf
Electrical & Mechanical 1.0 psf to 2.0 psf
Miscellaneous 1.0 psf
TOTAL 15.0 psf to 25.0 psf
Live Load Reduction Tributary Area vs

Influence Area
Q Old UBC Method - Tributary Area Q Joist and Purlins
X R = r (A - 150) 16”
Q ASCE 7 Method - Influence Area

16’
 15 
X L = L0  0.25 +
 Ai 
 20’ 20’
20’
2 x joists
16’
at 16” on
center
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Tributary Area vs Tributary Area vs

Influence Area Influence Area
Q Beams and Girders Q Columns
20’ 20’ 20’ 20’ 20’ 20’
16’ 16’
16’ 16’
16’ 16’
20’
Framing Methods Types of Wood Buildings

Q Platform Framing Q Balloon Framing Q Residential/Houses Q Warehouse/Industrial
X Single Family Q Bridges
X Two Family X Vehicular
(Duplexes) X Pedestrian
X Townhouses
Q Miscellaneous
X Apartments
X Play Structures
Q Commercial X Gazebos
X Stores, offices X Decks
CABO One and Two Family Dwelling Code, 1995 Edition, Page 67
Why Use Wood? Why Use Wood?

Q Economics
Q Strength of Material per Unit Weight
Q Availability
Q High Strength per Weight Ratio
Q Simple Construction
Q Light Weight
Q Fire Resistant
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Wood Products Lumber Sizes

Q Remanufactured Lumber
X Plywood Q Sawn Lumber
X Glued Laminated Beams X 2 x 4 — 2 x 14 X14 x 14 — 14 x 24
X Microlam X 3 x 4 — 3 x 16 X 16 x 16 — 16 x 24
X Laminated Decking X 4 x 4 — 4 x 16 X 18 x 18 — 18 x 24
Q Wood Chips and Fibers X 6 x 6 — 6 x 24 X 20 x 20 — 20 x 24
X OSB - Oriented Strand Board X 8 x 8 — 8 x 24 X 22 x 22 — 22 x 24
X Particle Board X 10 x 10 — 10 x 24 X 24 x 24
Q Pre-Engineered Products X 12 x 12 — 12 x 24
X I - Joists
X Open Web Joists
X Pre-Manufactured Trusses
Lumber Sizes Lumber Sizes

Q Sawn Lumber Q Sawn Lumber - Standard Dressed Sizes
X Dimension Lumber X Dimension Lumber
) 2 x 4 — 2 x 12 ) Thickness
) 3 x 4 — 3 x 16 • 2 x, 3 x, 4 x - nominal thickness minus 1/2”
) 4 x 4 — 4 x 16 ) Width
• 2” through 6” - nominal width minus 1/2”
X Beams & Stringers
• 8” and wider - nominal width minus 3/4”
) 6 x 10 — 6 x 16
X Timbers
) 8 x 12 — 8 x 16
) Thickness
X Posts & Timbers • 5 x and thicker - nominal thickness minus 1/2”
) 6x6—6x8 ) Width
) 8 x 8 — 8 x 10 • 5” and wider - nominal width minus 1/2”
) 10 x 10
Lumber Sizes Connections

Q Glued Laminated Lumber Q Nails
X Western Species Beams X Common
) Widths X Box
• 3-1/8”, 5-1/8”, 6-3/4”, 8-3/4”, 10-3/4”, 12-1/4”
X Sinkers
) Laminations
• 1-1/2”
Q Bolts
X Southern Pine Beams Q Staples
) Widths Q Glue
• 3”, 5”, 6-3/4”, 8-1/2”, 10-1/2” Q Sheet Metal Connectors
) Laminations X “Simpson Strong-Tie”
• 1-3/8”
X “KC Metals”
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Grading of Lumber Grading of Lumber

Q Visual Grading
Q Knots X Dense Select Structural
Q Checks X Select Structural
Q Shakes X Dense No. 1
Q Splits X No. 1 and Better
Q Slope of Grain X No. 1

X No. 2
X No. 3
X Stud
X Standard
X Construction
February 17, 2005 31 February 17, 2005 X Utility 32
Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

Q Allowable Stresses (Allowable Design Values) Q Allowable Stresses (Allowable Design Values)
X Tabulated Design Values x Adjustment Factors X Tabulated Design Values x Adjustment Factors
) Fb’ = Fb x CD CM Ct CL CF CV Cfu Ci Cr Cc Cf Q Tabulated Design Values
) Ft’ = Ft x CD CM Ct CF Ci
X Tables 4A
) Fv’ = Fv x CD CM Ct Ci [CH] (CH no longer used)
) Visually Graded Dimension Lumber except
) Fc⊥’ = Fc⊥ x CM Ct Ci Cb Southern Pine
) Fc’ = Fc x CD CM CF Ci CP X Table 4B
) E’ = E x CM Ct Ci CT ) Visually Graded Southern Pine Dimension Lumber
) Fg’ = Fg x CD Ct – Not listed in 2001 NDS
X Table 4C
) Mechanically Graded Dimension Lumber

Q Bending Stress Adjustment Factors Q Bending Stress Adjustment Factors
X Load Duration Factor, CD X Load Duration Factor, CD
) Use shortest duration load in combination
Dead Load 0.9
Floor Live Load 1.0
Snow Load 1.15
Roof Live Load 1.25
Wind or Seismic Force 1.6
Design of Wood Structures, Breyer, Donald, Page 4.39

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Q Bending Stress Adjustment Factors
X Temperature Factor, Ct
X Wet Service Factor, CM
) CM = 1.0 for moisture content less than or equal to 19 ) Wet Service Condition
percent for sawn dimension lumber and timber. • Ct = 1.0 for temperature less than or equal to 100 degrees
Fahrenheit.
) CM = 1.0 for moisture content less than or equal to 16
• Ct = 0.7 for temperature greater than 100 and less than or
percent for glued laminated timber. equal to 125 degrees Fahrenheit.
) CM = 0.85 for moisture content greater than 19
percent for sawn dimension lumber with a tabulated equal to 150 degrees Fahrenheit.
allowable bending stress times the size factor of more
than 1150 psi. Otherwise, CM = 1.00. ) Dry Service Condition
• Ct = 1.0 for temperature less than or equal to 100 degrees
) CM = 1.0 for moisture content greater than 19 percent
Fahrenheit.
for sawn timber.
) CM = 0.80 for moisture content greater than 16 equal to 125 degrees Fahrenheit.
percent for glued laminated timber. • Ct = 0.7 for temperature greater than 125 and less than or
equal to 150 degrees Fahrenheit.
Allowable Stresses Lateral Stability of Beams

X Beam Stability Factor, CL
) For beams which are laterally supported on their
compression flange and braced to prevent buckling
or have shapes which do not buckle under bending,
CL = 1.0.
) For beams which do not meet the above criteria a
stability factor is calculated depending on the
unbraced length of the member.
• See NDS Section 3.3.3, Equation 3.3-6

X Beam Stability Factor, CL X Size Factor, CF
) d/b < 2; no lateral support required ) CF for sawn dimension lumber, except Southern Pine,
) 2 < d/b < 4; the ends shall be held in position ranges from 0.9 to 1.5 depending on the width and
) 4 < d/b < 5; the compression edge of the member thickness of the member.
shall be held in line for its entire length and ends at ) CF for Southern Pine sawn dimension lumber has
points of bearing shall be held in position been incorporated into the design value tables.
) 5 < d/b < 6; bridging, full depth blocking or cross
) CF for sawn timber loaded on the narrow face is
bracing shall be installed at 8 feet o.c. maximum, the
compression edge of the member shall be held in calculated by the equation CF = (12/d)1/9 when the
line for its entire length and ends at points of bearing depth exceeds 12 inches.
shall be held in position ) CF for sawn timber loaded on the wide face ranges
) 6 < d/b < 7; both edges of the member shall be held between 0.74 and 1.00.
in line for their entire length and ends at points of ) CF does not apply to glued laminated timbers.
bearing shall be held in position
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X Volume Factor, CV X Flat Use Factor, Cfu
) CV = (21/L)1/x(12/d)1/x(5.125/b)1/x ) Cfu for sawn dimension lumber ranges between 1.0
• L = distance between points of zero moment
and 1.2.
• d = depth of member
) Cfu for glued laminated timber ranges between 1.01
• b = width of member
• x = 10 for all species except Southern Pine (SP = 20) and 1.19.
) CV does not apply to sawn dimension lumber and
timber.
) CV for glued laminated lumber is calculated for each
size member.
) CV does not apply simultaneously with the CL factor.
The lesser values is taken where both factors apply.

X Incising Factor, Ci X Repetitive Member Factor, Cr
) Incisions parallel to grain to a maximum depth of 0.4 ) Cr = 1.15 for sawn dimension lumber 2” to 4” thick,
inches and a maximum length of 3/8 inches with a when the same members are repeated and spaced at
maximum density of 1,100 per square foot. less than or equal to 24 inches on center.
) Ci = 0.80 for sawn dimension lumber and timber,
when incisions have been made to increase
penetration of pressure preservative treatment.
) Ci was 0.85 in previous versions of the NDS.

X Curvature Factor, Cc X Form Factor, Cf
) Cc for glued laminated timber is calculated when the ) Cf = 1.18 for round wood sections.
member is curved, such as in arched glued laminated ) Cf = 1.414 for square wood sections loaded on the
timbers. diagonal (diamond shaped wood section).
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Q Shear Stress Adjustment Factors Q Shear Stress Adjustment Factors
X The same as bending stress adjustment factors for X Wet Service Factor, CM
the following: ) CM = 1.0 for moisture content less than or equal to 19
) Load Duration Factor, CD percent for sawn dimension lumber and timber.
) Temperature Factor, Ct
percent for glued laminated timber.
percent for sawn dimension lumber.
) CM = 1.0 for moisture content greater than 19 percent
for sawn timber.

Q Shear Stress Adjustment Factors Q Shear Stress Adjustment Factors
X Incising Factor, Ci X Shear Stress Factor, CH – Factor Eliminated in the
) Ci = 1.00 for sawn dimension lumber and timber, 2001 NDS
whether or not incisions have been made to increase ) CH was based on the size of splits, checks and
penetration of pressure preservative treatment. shakes on the face of a member.
) The tabulated shear stress values were based on
standard sizes of splits, checks and shakes.
) If the sizes of splits, checks and shakes were less
than assumed for the tabulated values, then the
shear stress value may be increased.
) The values for CH ranged between 1.00 and 2.00.

Q Bearing Stress (Compression Perpendicular to
Q Bearing Stress (Compression Perpendicular to
Grain) Adjustment Factors
Grain) Adjustment Factors
X Wet Service Factor, CM
X The same as bending stress adjustment factors for
the following:
percent for sawn dimension lumber and timber.
) Temperature Factor, Ct
percent for sawn dimension lumber.
percent for sawn timber.
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Q Bearing Stress (Compression Perpendicular to Q Bearing Stress (Compression Perpendicular to
Grain) Adjustment Factors Grain) Adjustment Factors
X Incising Factor, Ci X Bearing Area Factor, Cb
) Ci = 1.00 for sawn dimension lumber and timber, ) Cb = lb + 0.375/ lb for bearing lengths less than 6
whether or not incisions have been made to increase inches long and greater than 3 inches from the end of
penetration of pressure preservative treatment. the member.
) Supports in the middle of the span.
) Ranges between 1.75 for 0.5 inch bearing length and

1.0 for 6 inch bearing length.

Q Modulus of Elasticity Adjustment Factors
X Wet Service Factor, CM Q Modulus of Elasticity Adjustment Factors
) CM = 1.0 for moisture content less than or equal to 19 X Temperature Factor, Ct
percent for sawn dimension lumber and timber. ) Ct = 1.0 for temperature less than or equal to 100
) CM = 1.0 for moisture content less than or equal to 16 degrees Fahrenheit.
percent for glued laminated timber. ) Ct = 0.9 for temperature greater than 100 and less
) CM = 0.9 for moisture content greater than 19 percent than or equal to 125 degrees Fahrenheit.
for sawn dimension lumber. ) Ct = 0.9 for temperature greater than 125 and less
) CM = 1.0 for moisture content greater than 19 percent than or equal to 150 degrees Fahrenheit.
for sawn timber.

Q Modulus of Elasticity Adjustment Factors Q Modulus of Elasticity Adjustment Factors
X Incising Factor, Ci X Buckling Stiffness Factor, CT
) Ci = 0.95 for sawn dimension lumber and timber, ) CT is only used for 2” x 4” or smaller members in
when incisions have been made to increase sawn lumber truss compression chords.
penetration of pressure preservative treatment.
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Governing Load Combination Floor Joist Design

Q CD can be used in determining the governing load
combination 20’ 20’
1 2 20’ 3 4
X Divide the total combined load by the appropriate CD A
factor.
2 x joists
16’
at 16” on
center
B
16’
2 x joists
at 16” on
center
C
Floor Joist Design Floor Joist Design

wDL,F = 15.0 psf
wPartitions = 10.0 psf
16 feet 86.7 plf (16 ft)2 12”/’
wDL = 25.0 psf R R M = wl2/8 =
8
wLL = 40.0 psf
M M = 2,773 lb-ft = 33,280 lb-in
wT = 65.0 psf
wT = 65.0 psf (16”/12”/’) = 86.7 plf 86.7 plf (16 ft)
V V = wl/2 = R =
2
V = 693 lb

Q Fb’ = Fb x CD CM Ct CL CF CV Cfu Ci Cr Cc Cf
X Fb = 1000 psi - DFL No. 1 - NDS Table 4A Q Fv’ = Fv x CD CM Ct Ci
X CD = 1.0 long term loading X Fv = 95 psi - DFL No. 1 - NDS Table 4A
X CM = 1.0 used where the moisture content will not X CD = 1.0 long term loading
exceed 19 percent. X CM = 1.0 used where the moisture content will not
X Cr = 1.15 repetitive members exceed 19 percent.
X CL = 1.0 member is braced against compression X Ct, Ci = 1.0
flange buckling by blocking at supports and the
plywood sheathing.
X CF = 1.0 - conservative for design unless a member
is greater than 14 inches deep.
X Ct, Cfu, Ci, Cf = 1.0
X Cc and CV are only for glued laminated timbers.
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Q Fc⊥’ = Fc⊥ x CM Ct Ci Cb Q E’ = E x CM Ct Ci CT
X Fc⊥ = 625 psi - DFL No. 1 - NDS Table 4A X E = 1,700,000 psi - DFL No. 1 - NDS Table 4A
X CM = 1.0 used where the moisture content will not X CM = 1.0 used where the moisture content will not
exceed 19 percent. exceed 19 percent.
X Ct, Ci = 1.0 X Ct, Ci = 1.0
X Cb = 1.0 the bearing is always at the end of the X CT = 1.0 the member is not a truss chord.
member.

Q Deflection Q F’b = 1000 psi x 1.15 = 1150 psi
X Minimum L/240 for Total Load Q F’v = 95 psi
) L/240 = 16 ft x 12”/’ /240 = 0.80 in. Q Fc⊥ = 625 psi
X Minimum L/360 for Live Load Q E’ = 1,700,000 psi
) L/360 = 16 ft x 12”/’ /360 = 0.53 in. Therefore
Q Deflection = ∆ = 5wL4/(384EI) X Sreq = M/F’b = 33,280 lb-in/1150 psi = 28.9 in3
X Therefore Ireq = 5wL4/(384E∆) X Areq = 3V/2F’V = 3 x 693 lb/(2 x 95 psi) = 10.9 in2
5(86.7 plf)(16’)4(1728in3/ft3)
X Ireq = 5wL4/(384E∆) = 384(1,700,000psi)(0.80in) = 94.0 in4
Q Try 2 x 12 DFL No. 1 - NDS Table 1B

X A = 16.88 in2, S = 31.64 in3, I = 178.0 in4
Floor Joist Design Floor Beam Design

Q Required Bearing
R = 693 pounds
1 20’ 2 20’ 3 20’ 4
Required Bearing Area = 693 lbs/625 psi A
= 1.1 in2
Required Bearing Length = 1.1 in2 / 1.5 in (width) 2 x joists
16’
at 16” on
center
= 0.73 inches
B
Q Use a standard joist hanger - bearing length = 1.5 in.
16’
2 x joists
at 16” on
center
C
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Floor Beam Design Floor Beam Design

Q Live Load Reduction
Q Live Load Reduction
X Tributary Area greater than 150 square feet
X Tributary Area = A = 16 feet x 20 feet = 320 sq ft
X Roof
X R = 0.08(320 sq ft - 150 sq ft) = 13.6%
) See table 16-C in the Uniform Building Code
X R ≤ 23.1(1 + D/L) = 23.1(1 + 24/40) = 37.0% - OK
X Floor
) R (reduction in percentage) = r(A - 150) Q Live Load = 40 psf x (1-13.6%) = 34.6 psf
• r = 0.08 for floors
) R ≤ 40% for members supporting loads from one level only.
) R ≤ 60% for members supporting loads from more than one level.
) R ≤ 23.1(1 + D/L)

Q Live Load Reduction (Influence Area Method) wDL,F = 15.0 psf
X Influence Area = Ai = 32 feet x 20 feet = 640 sq ft wPartitions = 10.0 psf

15  wDL = 25.0 psf
X L = L0  0.25 +  = 84.3% × Lo
 640  wLL = 34.6 psf
Q Live Load = 40 psf x (84.3%) = 33.7 psf wT = 59.6 psf
wT = 59.6 psf (16’) = 953.6 plf

Q Fb’ = Fb x CD CM Ct CL CF CV Cfu Ci Cr Cc Cf
X Fb = 2400 psi - 24F-V4 - NDS Table 5A
20 feet 954 plf (20 ft)2 12”/’ X CD = 1.0 long term loading
R R M = wl2/8 =
8 X CM = 1.0 used where the moisture content will not
M = 47,680 lb-ft = 572,160 lb-in exceed 16 percent.
M
X CV assume equal to 1.0 for preliminary design.
954 plf (20 ft)
V = wl/2 = R = X CL = 1.0 member is braced against compression
V
2 flange buckling by joists.
V = 9,536 lb X Ct, Cfu, Ci, Cr, CC, Cf = 1.0
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Q Fv’ = Fv x CD CM Ct Ci Q Fc⊥’ = Fc⊥ x CM Ct Ci Cb
X Fv = 190 psi - 24F-V4 - NDS Table 5A X Fc⊥ = 650 psi - 24F-V4 - NDS Table 5A
X CD = 1.0 long term loading X CM = 1.0 used where the moisture content will not
X CM = 1.0 used where the moisture content will not exceed 16 percent.
exceed 16 percent. X Ct, Ci = 1.0
X Ct, Ci = 1.0 X Cb = 1.0 the bearing is always at the end of the
member.

Q Floor Beam Design Q Deflection
X E’ = E x CM Ct Ci CT X Minimum L/240 for Total Load
) E = 1,800,000 psi - 24F-V4 - NDS Table 5A ) L/240 = 20 ft x 12”/’ /240 = 1.00 in.
) CM = 1.0 used where the moisture content will not X Minimum L/360 for Live Load
exceed 16 percent. ) L/360 = 20 ft x 12”/’ /360 = 0.67 in.
) Ct, Ci = 1.0
) CT = 1.0 the member is not a truss chord.

Q F’b = 2400 psi Q Calculate CV to verify beam size
Q F’v = 190 psi X CV = (21/L)1/x(12/d)1/x(5.125/b)1/x
Q Fc⊥ = 650 psi ) L = distance between points of zero moment
Q E’ = 1,800,000 psi ) d = depth of member
Therefore ) b = width of member
) x = 10 for all species except Southern Pine (SP = 20)

X Sreq = M/F’b = 572,160 lb-in/2400 psi = 238 in3
X Areq = 3V/2F’V = 3 x 9,536 lb/(2 x 190 psi) = 75.3 in2 X CV = 1.0 (21/20)1/10(12/18)1/10(5.125/5.125)1/10 = 0.97
5(953.6 plf)(20’)4(1728in3/ft3)
X Ireq = 5wL4/(384E∆) = 384(1,800,000psi)(1.00in) = 1910 in4
X Therefore Sreq = 572,160 lb-in/(2400 psi x 0.97)
Q Try 5-1/8” x 18” G.L. - NDS Table 1C = 246 in3 - OK
X A = 92.25 in2, S = 276.8 in3, I = 2491 in4
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Floor Beam Design Notches in Beams

Q Required Bearing Q Limitations
R = 9,536 lbs X Notches are not allowed in the areas of highest
Required Bearing Area = 9,536 lbs/650 psi bending stress.
= 14.7 in2 X Limited to the end thirds of the member and the
Required Bearing Length = 14.7 in2 / 5.125 in(width) following dimensions:

) Notch Depth <= Beam Depth/6
= 2.9 inches
) Notch Length <= Beam Depth/3
Q Use a minimum 6 x 6 post with a heavy duty post
X The notch depth at the support may be up to the
cap - minimum bearing length = 5.5 in.
Beam Depth/4.
Notches in Beams Notches in Beams

Q Bending Stresses Q Check Floor Beam for 2.5 in notch in tension side
X Minimal to No effect at bearing of beam over support.
Q Deflection  3V   d   3 × 9536 lbs   18 in 
Minimal to No effect X fv =    =   
 2bdn   d n   2 × 5125
. in × 155
X . in   155
. in 
Q Shear Stresses
XThe shear stress is increased by the following X fv = 209 psi > 190 psi NG
equations:
Tension Side Notch Compression Side Notch
Lateral Stability of Beams Lateral Stability of Beams

Q Beam Stability Factor, CL
Q For beams which are not laterally supported the
value of CL must be calculated.
F*b = Tabulated compression design value multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors
except Cfu, CV, CL
KbE = 0.745 - 1.225(COVE)

0.439 for visually graded lumber
0.561 for machine evaluated lumber
0.610 for products with COVE <= 0.11
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Lateral Stability of Beams Lateral Stability of Beams

Q Check Floor Beam Design for unbraced length of
twenty feet.
) KbE = 0.610 (NDS 3.3.3)
) le = 1.37lu + 3d = 445 in
led 445 in × 18 in
RbE = = = 17.5
)
b2 (5125
. in)
2
Kbe E ′ 0.610 × 1,600,000 psi

) FbE = = = 3,199 psi
RB 2 17.52
) Fb* = Fb x CD CM Ct CF Cfu Ci Cr Cc Cf = 2,400 psi
( )− ( ) 
2
1 + FbE Fb* 1+ F F *
 bE b FbE Fb*
X CL = .
19  .
19  − 0.95
=
 
X CL = 0.90
Lateral Stability of Beams Homework

Q Fb’ = Fb x CD CM Ct CL CF CV Cfu Ci Cr Cc Cf Q Breyer Chapter 4
X Fb = 2400 psi - 24F-V4 - NDS Table 5A X Use the UBC Basic Load Combinations for solving
X CD = 1.0 long term loading the following problems:
X CM = 1.0 used where the moisture content will not exceed 16%. X 4.28, 4.29, 4.30 (assume: seismic load, E, is at
X CV = 0.97 - previously calculated

strength level), 4.31 (assume: lateral load is due to
wind)
X CL = 0.90 - just calculated
Q Breyer Chapter 5
X Ct, Cfu, Ci, Cr, CC, Cf = 1.0
X 5.12, 5.13, 5.14
Therefore
Q Breyer Chapter 6
Q Fb’ = 2,095 psi => Sreq = 273 in3 < S = 276.8 in3 - OK
X 6.1, 6.5, 6.6, 6.8
16

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3/14/2005

Codes and Standards Codes and Standards

February 17, 2005 3 February 17, 2005 4

Codes and Standards Codes and Standards

Codes and Standards Codes and Standards

Allowable Stress Design Allowable Stress Design

Allowable Stress Design Allowable Stress Design

February 17, 2005 11 February 17, 2005 12

Dead Loads Dead Loads

Dead Loads Live Loads

Live Load Reduction Tributary Area vs

Q ASCE 7 Method - Influence Area

February 17, 2005 17 February 17, 2005 18

Tributary Area vs Tributary Area vs

February 17, 2005 19 February 17, 2005 20

Framing Methods Types of Wood Buildings

Why Use Wood? Why Use Wood?

February 17, 2005 23 February 17, 2005 24

Wood Products Lumber Sizes

Lumber Sizes Lumber Sizes

February 17, 2005 27 February 17, 2005 28

Lumber Sizes Connections

February 17, 2005 29 February 17, 2005 30

Grading of Lumber Grading of Lumber

Q Splits X No. 1 and Better

Q Slope of Grain X No. 1

February 17, 2005 31 February 17, 2005 X Utility 32

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

February 17, 2005 33 February 17, 2005 34

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

Design of Wood Structures, Breyer, Donald, Page 4.39

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

Allowable Stresses Lateral Stability of Beams

February 17, 2005 39 February 17, 2005 40

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

February 17, 2005 43 February 17, 2005 44

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

February 17, 2005 45 February 17, 2005 46

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

February 17, 2005 47 February 17, 2005 48

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

February 17, 2005 49 February 17, 2005 50

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

February 17, 2005 51 February 17, 2005 52

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

) Ranges between 1.75 for 0.5 inch bearing length and

February 17, 2005 55 February 17, 2005 56

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

February 17, 2005 57 February 17, 2005 58

Allowable Stresses Allowable Stresses

February 17, 2005 59 February 17, 2005 60

Governing Load Combination Floor Joist Design

February 17, 2005 61 February 17, 2005 62

Floor Joist Design Floor Joist Design

February 17, 2005 63 February 17, 2005 64

Floor Joist Design Floor Joist Design

Floor Joist Design Floor Joist Design