FM 34-52 INTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DISTRIBU TION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution 1s unilmited,FIELD MANUAL 34-52 *FM34.52 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 28 Septenber 1992 INTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION Table of Contents PREFACE ........ CHAPTER 1 - MILITARY INTELLIGENCE MISSIONS AND . . INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD Warfighting Doctrine»... 2... ‘The Intelligence Cycle. . . Intelligence Disciplines . : Inteligence and Electronic Warfare Operations Mission, Enemy, Troops, Terran, and Time Avalable Factors, Definition of Interrogation Definition of Prisoner of War and Enemy Prisoner of War Pertinent Articles of Geneva Conventions . . . ‘Types of Sours»... - 2s. Personal Qualities, : Special Areas of Knowledge ...... Interrogator Capabilities and Limitations Conflicts . : Interogation Misions Drugand Law Enforcement Agency Operations CHAPTER 2- COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE .. ‘Tactical Operations Center Interrogation Below Division . Division Interrogation Assets . ‘Comps Interrogation Assets and Organization... Echelons Above Corps Interrogation Assets and Organization . Enemy Prisoner of War and Interrogation Facilities DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. “This publication supersedes FM 34-52, 8 May 1987. Page tea: seed +1410 110 1.12 14 11s 116 17 17 wedFM 34-52 CHAPTER 3 - THE INTERROGATION PROCESS CHAPTER 4 - PROCESSING AND EXPLOITING CAPTURED ENEMY ... eee Corps Facilities . : Echelons Above Corps Fale . Medieat Company Inerogatons Interrogation at Brigade and Below Special Forces. . Amphibious Operations . Airborne Operations . . Interrogator Supported Operations ‘Theater Interrogation Facility . . ‘Support Relationships Collection Priority . . Screening... 2.25. Planning and Preparation . . . z Approach Phase 6... eee e eee Questioning Phase . : Termination Phase. . . . Reporting Information .. . : Interrogation with an Interpreter. . Strategic Interrogations and Debricfings . . « DOCUMENTS Document Categories... 0... eee e eee Document Handling . . Document Exploitation ‘Translating . . Evacuation Procedures . . cee et, APPENDIX A-- UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE EXTRACT ..... - tA BA APPENDIX B- QUESTIONING GUIDES ©... 0.0005 APPENDIX C-S2 TACTICAL QUESTIONING GUIDE AND BATTLEFIELD EXPLOITATION. . C-1 OF CAPTURED ENEMY DOCUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT APPENDIX D - PROTECTED PERSONS RIGHTS VERSUS SECURITY NEEDS . . DL APPENDIX E-REPORTS . . PRR eter ete tenes eB APPENDIX F- COMMAND LANGUAGE PROGRAM ..---- 0000-020 Sennencnnaes Fl APPENDIX G- INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE TRAINING . -FM 34-52 GLOSSARY.......... REFERENCES . . INDEX .FM 34-52 PREFACE ‘This manual provides doctrinal guidance, techniques, and procedures governing ‘employment of interrogators as human intelligence (HUMINT) collection assets in support of the commander's intelligence needs. It outlines the interrogator’ role within the intelligence collection effort and the supported unit's day-to-day operations. Details are presented on how ‘interrogation assets accomplish their assigned collection mission. ‘Material in this manual applies to operations in low, mi, and high-intensity conflicts. Principles outlined are valid under conditions involving use of electronic warfare (EW) or nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) weapons. ‘This manual is intended for use by interrogators as well as commanders, staff officers, and military intelligence (MI) personnel charged with the responsibility of the interrogation collection effort. Unless otherwise stated, descriptions pertaining to duties, functions, and responsibilities of the G1, G2, G3, G4, and GS apply to equivalent positions at other organizational echelons, Interrogation is the HUMINT subdiscipline responsible for MI exploitation of enemy personnel and documents to answer the supported specific information requirements (SIR). ‘These SIR responses, slong with those of other MI disciplines, are correlated to satisfy the force commander's priority intelligence requirements (PIR) and intelligence requirements aR). During previous armed contficts, interrogators contributed significantly to the overall intelligence collection effort. They revalidated and established keystone interrogation doctrine (for example, theater interrogation facility [TIF] operations) and documented valuable lessons learned. This knowledge became the genesis for evolving interrogation doctrine. During Southwest Asia operations, interrogators organized and operated a massive document exploitation (DOCEX) effort. Interrogation units screened, interrogated, oF debricfed 49,350 enemy prisoners of war (EPWS), and gathered enough captured enemy documents (CEDs) for DOCEX to fill 18 trailer trucks. ‘Ml interrogation units are a proven and valued collection asset. ‘This manual incorporates, the operational experiences and lessons learned. It builds upon existing doctrine and moves {interrogation into the 2ist century. “These principles and techniques of interrogation are to be used within the constraints established by the following: © ‘The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM). © Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of August 12, 1949, hereinafter referred to as GWS.© Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949, hereinafter referred to as GPW. ‘© Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949, hereinafter referred to as GC. Doctrine in this publication conforms with and supports principles contained in FM 34-1. ‘This publication implements the following Standardization Agreements (STANAG: © STANAG 2033, Interrogation of Prisoners of War, Edition 6, © STANAG 2044, Procedures for Dealing with Prisoners of War, Edition 5. © STANAG 2084, Handiing and Reporting of Captured Enemy Equipment and Documents, Edition 5, ‘This publication also complies with STANAG 1059 and Quadripartite Standardization Agreements (QSTAGS) 170, $23, and 528. ‘The use of the terms EPW, detainee, and source are interchangeable during interrogation process. ‘Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to men, ‘The proponent of this publication is the US Army Intelligence Center. Send comments ‘and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Headquarters, US Army Intelligence Center, ATIN: ATSLTDL-D, Fort Huachuca, AZ, 85613-6000,FM 24-52 CHAPTER 1 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE MISSIONS AND INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD ‘This manual is about interrogation operations. The purpose of this chapter is to define the interrogation mission and its critical elements; describe battlefield operations, IEW operations, and the intelligence processes, disciplines, and the mission, enemy, troops, ‘terrain, and time available (METT-T) factors that shape and drive the interrogation process. It also addresses the personal qualities and special areas of knowledge of the interrogator and the capabilities and limitations of interrogation. It includes information on the various levels of conflict, interroga- tion missions, intelligence preparation of the batilefield (BB) and the intelligence cycle. The level of detail is Structured to assist you in understanding the interroga- tion tactics, techniques, and procedures described in the remainder of the manual. WARFIGHTING DOCTRINE Battlefield operations demand seizing and maintain- ing the initiative. When operations are properly designed and executed, initiative accrues significant ‘benefits from the outset of an operation to final victory. It permits attacking where, when, and what; while fore- ing the enemy to react and try to adapt to our opera- tions. To gain the initiative, the commander must— © See the enemy early and determine the capabilities and intentions of the enemy. © Find and track enemy follow-on echetons. © Identify enemy high-value targets (HVTS), which, if successfully attacked, will contribute to the degradation of important enemy battlefield func- tions. ‘@ Identify, locate, and develop the required targeting data for the attack of high-payoff targets (HPTS), which, if successfully attacked, will contribute to the suecess of friendly plans. © Detect enemy weaknesses and develop the neces- sary data to support the exploitation of these weaknesses. © Effectively use electronic warfare (EW) assets to support battlefield operations while protecting {friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. © Determine the enemy’s capability and guard against that capability. © Protect friendly forces and operations from enemy intelligence collection operations. ‘© Ensure the enemy is defeated. © Use the weather and terrain to friendly advantage. ‘The commander uses defensive and offensive opera- tions to destroy enemy first-echelon forces and deep-at- tack (o simultaneously delay, disrupt, and manipulate enemy follow-on forces. The commander anticipates, creates, and exploits windows of opportunity, using flexibie battle planning, to gain the initiative through of- {ensive operations. By effectively employing maneuver and fire support assets, manipulating the enemy, and expertly using the weather and the terrain, the friendly commander can successfully defeat a superior enemy force. OPERA- TION DESERT STORM is an example of the success- ful application of this doctrine. IEW support is vital to the successful planning and execution of battlefield operations at all echelons. In- telligence support at brigade and battalion levels focuses primarily on close operations, while at division it focuses on close and deep operations. Corps is the focal point for intelligence operations that support sear and deep operations. THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE Intelligence operations follow a four-phase process known as the intelligence cycle, which is shown at Figure 1-1. ‘The intelligence cycle is oriented to the ‘commander's mission. Supervising and planning are in- herent in all phases of the cycle.PLANNING SUPERVICWG PLANNING ‘SUPERVISING Figure 1-1. The Intelligence cycle. ‘The intelligence cycle is continuous, Although the four are conducted in sequence, all are con- ducted concurrently. While available information is processed and additional information is collected, the intelligence staff is planning and directing the collection effort to meet new demans. Previously collerted and processed information (intelligence) is soon as itis available or needed, INTELLIGENCE DISCIPLINES The JEW system includes three MI disciplines: sig- (MINT), an¢ Sahn th ream of HUMINT SIGINT is derived from the intercept, analysis, and exploitation of threat communications and noncom- ‘munications radio-electronic emissions. IMINT IMINT is obtained from the analysis of radar, photographic, infrared, and electro-optical imagery. HUMINT HUMINT js obtained from information collected from human sources and consists of the following intel- ligence collection operations: 12 © Interrogation of EPWs, civilian detainees, insur- gents, defectors, refugees, displaced persons, and agents or suspected agents. ‘© Long-range surveillance (LRS) patrols. © Strategic debriefing. © Controlled collection operations. © Open-source exploitation, to include publications amd broadcasts. ‘© Reports of contact from forward units. © Observation and listening posts. © Low-level source operations (LLSO). ¢ HUMINT liaison contacts. Afver World War If, the US General Board on Intel- ligence surveyed 54 division G2s, 18 corps G2s, and 7‘Army G28, It concluded that 43 percent of all intel- ligence produced in the European theater of operations was from HUMINT, and 84 percent of the HUMINT ‘was from interrogation. ‘The majority of those surveyed agreed that interrogation was the most valuable of all collection operations. HUMINT is vital in all combat operations, regardless of echelon or intensity of conflict. By nature, HUMINT. Tends itself to the collection of information about the ‘enemy's thought processes and intentions. HUMINT. can provide information on almost any topic of intel- FM 34-52 ligence interest, including order of battle (OB) factors, aS well as scientific and technical (S&T) intelligence subjects. During OPERATION DESERT STORM, in- ‘terrogators collected information which helped to— © Develop a plan to breach Iraqi defensive belts. © Confirm fraqi supply-line interdiction by coalition air strikes. ‘© Identify diminishing iraqi troop morale. © Identify 2 US PW captured during the battle of Kaji, INTELLIGENCE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE OPERATIONS. ‘The intelligence cycle supports six tasks which are ‘common to all echelons and which must be worked, at least in part, concurrently to satisfy the needs of the commander. The commander may have to prioritize these functions when resource and time constraints dic- tate, INDICATIONS AND WARNING (l&W) 1&W identifies major shifts in cnemy tactics, opera- tions, and strategy which will set or change the terms of battle, They protect the commander from surprise and identify areas or times of risk by detecting enemy ac- tions that are counier to planning assumptions. © At the operational level, they identify potential ‘enemy action and determine the need for a military response and the probability of hostilities. © At the tactical level, they focus on the timing of hostilities rather than on their probability. 1&W prevent surprise and minimize risk through the early identification of enemy activities and capabilities. INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD IPB integrates the environment with the enemy's fighting doctrine and actions. It reveals his capabilities and vulnerabilities and allows the commander to sys- tematically predict his actions. It also allows him to un- derstand the battlefield and how to synchronize all of his battlefield operating systems for maximum effec. ‘The results of IPB and staff wargaming are used to coordinate and synchronize the intelligence system regardless of the echelon at which it is performed or the intensity of conflict, IPB is more than preparation of the field of battle during hostilities. IPB considers the entire environment of conflict, supporting contingency as well as planning operations. © At the strategic level, IPB focuses on all factors that contribute (0 military potential and includes political, economic, sociological, and S&T aspects of the enemy's ability and intent to conduct military operations. © At the operational level, IPB identifies the enemy's political, economic or military center of gravity, ‘the lines of operation, and the points in time and geography where the decisive engagements of @ campaign will occur. It also predicts the courses of action (COAs) the enemy is likely to follow. This is done by incorporating political, economic, so- cial, and geographical factors, as well as military factors (such as his military potential and ability to apply air, ground, and naval power). © At the tactical level, IPB focuses on the details of the terrain, weather, and enemy. It predicts and prioritizes the enemy's COAs and synchronizes the application of combat power on identified decisive points. In mid-intensity conflict (MIC) to high-intensity con- flict (HIC), IPB focuses on the traditional aspects of ter- rain, weather, and enemy. Many of the factors evaluated in IPB at the strategic level are used during IPB for low- intensity conflict (LIC) at the operational and tactical levels, Social, economic, and political factors that affect the environment of conflict are considered in IPB. The population must be examined in as much detail as the enemy and the terrain to understand what an enemy can or cannot do. Figure 1-2 shows the intelligence eycle using IPB, 13STAFF ELEMENTS #1 ui ‘OPERATIONS | sy on ON INTELLIGENCE PREDICTIONS: COLLECT 7 | OS RP COVER INFORMATION PROCESSED, ‘TO PRODUCE INTELLIGENCE Figure 1-2, Intelligence cycle using IPB.‘SITUATION DEVELOPMENT Situation development confirms or denies the enemy COAS predicted in IPB. It confirms predicted centers of gravity and decisive points and identifies enemy strengths and vulnerabilities. This enables the com- mander to make timely decisions and effectively apply his combat power. ‘TARGET DEVELOPMENT AND TARGET ‘ACQUISITION ‘Target development and target acquisition provide targets and targeting data for attacks by fire, maneuver, and electronic means. They identify and locate those targets that will have the greatest impact on the ‘campaign's decisive engagements. ‘These include deep ‘operational reserves, strategic and operational level command, control, and communications (C*) nodes, key lines of communication, and air and naval staging facilities throughout the enemy’s depth that contribute to his combat potential. At the tactical level, they address those HVTs that directly contribute to the application of combat power at decisive points on the battlefield. BATTLE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (BDA) BDA provides the commander with the effect of friendly operations on the enemy. It focuses on the enemy's remaining military capabilities and potential, At the operational level, it also considers the FM 34-52 campaign’s effects on the enemy's economy and opera- tional infrastructure as well as his military force struc- ‘ure, BDA is focused on providing effects of particular strikes and attacks, ot a series of them. BDA is per- formed by the same collection assets used to satisfy the commander's intelligence and targeting priorities; therefore, BDA cannot be performed continuously ‘without degradation of other capabilities, such as situa- tion development and targeting, The commander must prioritize the BDA effort, identifying what he must know and when he must know it, just as he docs for his PIR and targeting priorities. FORCE PROTECTION Force protection identifies friendly vulnerabilities and the enemy's efforts to exploit them. At the opera- tional level, it includes the early identification of sig- nificant improvements in weapon lethality, the introduction of weapons of mass destruction into the ‘conilict, or the commitment of terrorist or other uncon- ‘ventional forces into friendly reat areas. Force protection goes beyond countering enemy in- telligence and includes the protection of all forces that contribute to our combat power. At the tactical level, it ‘emphasizes measures to counter the enemy's intel- Tigence collection capabilities and to protect the force from enemy action. MISSION, ENEMY, TROOPS, TERRAIN, AND TIME AVAILABLE FACTORS: ‘The METT-T factors are important to the com- mander when planning interrogation operations. METT-T determines how the commander will use inter- rogation assets. The effect of METT-T on interrogation missions is discussed below. MISSION SUPPORT ‘The supported force’s mission bears directly on how the interrogation element will be employed. In cordon and search operations, commanders may determine in- tervogators are best suited to screen the populace in order to identify insurgents and their supporters. In counter-drug operations, commanders may use inter- rogators to exploit documents and to train US and foreign agents in interrogation techniques. In all con- fics, the focus will be on EPW interrogation and CED exploitation. ‘The mission influences interrogation operations in other ways. For example, if the force’s mission is offen- sive, interrogation elements must be highly mobile, with secure communications to the supported G2 or S2. ‘They must be constantly prepared to move forward with the clement they are supporting. This limits time avail- able for exploitation and dissemination. (On the other hand, if the mission is defensive, inter- rogation elements have more time to exploit individual sources, They may also have more flexibility to exploit EPWs or detainees and CEDs, to fulfill the commander's intent to construct operational graphics. Collection requirements vary according to echelon. Strategic echelon requirements reflect the wide scope of interest of the theater and national command authority (NCA); whereas, tactical PIR and IR-and resultant SIR—reflect the immediate, more narrowly focused in- telligence interest of the maneuver commander. 15FM 34-52 ENEMY ‘The enemy, and our knowledge of the enemy, can in- fluence interrogator assignments and the complexity of the exploitation process. One factor which affects inter- rogation operations is the type of opposing enemy force. The techniques and procedures used to collect from in- ssurgents in @ LIC may differ from those used to collect from regular enemy forces in a MIC to HIC. For example, an EPW from a regular forces unit may have undergone political indoctrination, but his com- mitment to his unit may not be as strong as that of the insurgent who is passionately committed to an ideal, ‘Thus, interrogators may have more difficulty persuading the insurgent to talk. Another factor affecting interrogation operations is our current intelligence holdings on the enemy force and the interrogator’s understanding of the threat. Our intelligence holdings on the composition of a newly formed insurgent organization usually will not be as complete as holdings on the composition of a regular ‘enemy force. Thus, the focus of interrogation efforts in the early stages of a LIC may be on enemy force com- position; whereas, the focus in a MIC or HIC may be on ‘enemy force missions or intentions. Cultural aspects also affect interrogation missions. ‘The employment of some basic interrogation techniques ‘will differ based on the ethnic and cultural background of the enemy, and our failure to understand and adapt, to this could hamper the collection effort. TROOPS ‘The number, experience level, and language proficiency of interrogators affect the tactical employ- ment of interrogation elements. Due to the limited number of interrogators at any echelon, interrogation element commanders have to pick from available inter- ogators, ‘They must manage personnel to ensure the ‘most experienced are used 10 the best advantage (for ex- ample, to exploit complex enemy documents) and select EPWS most likely to answer SIR, Interrogation element commanders often have to ‘contend with a mismatch between language-qualified personnel assigned to the unit and languages needed to perform the mission. ‘They overcome the mismatch by acquiring local national (LN) interpreter support through the Assistant Chief of Staff, G1 (Personnel). ‘They can also augment their interrogators by requesting other available linguists within the supported command to serve as interpreters. Another troop-related factor which affects interroga- tion operations is the training of all soldiers on EPW handling and evacuation. EPW treatment during the carly stages of capture is critical to the success of sub- sequent interrogations. The availability of military police (MP) support at brigade and above can enhance interrogation activities. Interrogation operations are more effective in a controlled environment where EPWS are adequately guarded. TERRAIN Terrain and weather are relevant to interrogator operations and affect site deployments, communica- tions, and mobility. MP must ensure proper shelter and security for the EPW facility if itis collocated or fmme- lately adjacent to the EPW collecting point or intern- ‘ment facility. TIME AVAILABLE Information collected through interrogation opera- tions is valuable only iit is reported in a timely manner, Exploitation procedures may need to be adjusted to make the most use of time available. At the tactical level, interrogations will be brief, PIR driven, and reported in concise formats such as size, activity, loca- tion, unit, time, equipment (SALUTE). At the operational and strategic levels, time will ‘generally allow for a more expanded interrogation effort and flexible reporting format, such as the intelligence information report (IIR). ‘The challenge is for interrogators to be proficient tin- suists and skilled members of a highly organized collec ton activity. This ensures the acqui of the maximum amount of pertinent information regardless of time available. Like other intelligence assets, interrogators must serve the commander. Interrogation operations are of no value unless they contribute to the accomplishment of the supported commander’s mission. To understand the interrogator’s role in mission accomplishment, one ‘must understand the interrogation process. DEFINITION OF INTERROGATION Interrogation is the process of questioning a source to obtain the maximum amount of usable information. 18 ‘The goal of any interrogation is to obtain reliable infor- mation in a lawful manner, in a minimum amount oftime, and to satisfy intelligence requirements of any echelon of command. Sources may be— © Civilian internees. © Insurgents, © EPWs, © Defectors. © Refugees. © Displaced persons. © Agents or suspected agents. © Other non-US personnel. ‘A good interrogation produces needed information which is timely, complete, clear, and accurate. An inter- rogation involves the interaction of two personalities — the source and interrogator. Each contact between these two may differ because of individual charac- teristics and capabilities of the participants, Further- more, the circumstances of each contact and physical environment vary. Other forms of intelligence interrogations include in- terviews, debriefings, and elicitations. ‘There are certain principles which generally apply to all types of inter- rogations; namely, the objective, the prohibition against vse of force, and security. OBJECTIVE Each interrogation must be conducted for a definite purpose. The interrogator must keep this purpose firm- ly in mind as he proceeds to obtain usable information to satisfy the assigned requirement, and thus contribute to the success of the uni’s mission. ‘The objective may be specific—Establish the exact location of an ammunition storage facility. Or it may be general—Seek to obtain OB information about a specific echelon of the enemy forces. In cither case, the interrogator must use the objective as a basis for planning and conducting the interrogation. He should attempt to prevent the source from becoming aware of the true objective of the interrogation, The in- terrogator should not concentrate on the objective to the extent he overlooks or fails to recognize and exploit “other valuable information extracted from the source. For example, during an interrogation, the inter- rogator learns of the presence of a heretofore unknown, highly destructive weapon. Although this information| FM 24-52 may not be in line with his specifi objective, the inter- rogator must develop this important lead to obtain all possible information concerning this weapon. It be- comes obvious an interrogation objective can be changed as necessary or desired. PROHIBITION AGAINST USE OF FORCE The Intelligence Staff Officer (32, G2, or $2) has responsibility for all command intelligence functions. He assists the commander by— © Supervising the collection, evaluation, and inter- pretation ofall intelligence information, ‘© Disseminating intelligence to appropriate higher, ower, and adjacent units. © Assuming primary responsibility 1o ensure that all command intelligence functions are conducted in accordance with international, US, and other ap- plicable law and policy. Specifically, the 32, G2, or 82 is responsible to ensure the GWS, GPW, and GC are not violated by intelligence personnel. One of the significant means used by the intelligence staff is the interrogation of the following: © EPWs, ‘© Captured insurgents. © Civilian internees. © Other captured, detained, or retained persons. ‘© Foreign deserters or other persons of intelligence interest. “These persons are protected by the Geneva Conven- tions for the Protection of War Victims of August 12, 1949, as they relate to captured wounded and sick enemy personnel (GWS), retained enemy medical per- sonnel and chaplains (GWS), enemy prisoners of war (GPW), and civilian internees (GC). Captured insur- gents and other detained personnel whose status is not lear, such as suspected terrorists, are entitled to PW protection until their precise status has been deter- ‘mined by competent authority. In conducting intelligence interrogations, the J2, G2, ‘or S2 has primary staff responsibility to ensure these ac- tivities are performed in accordance with the GWS, GPW, and GC, as well as US policies, regarding the treatment and handling of the above-mentioned per- sons. wwFM 34-52 The GWS, GPW, GC, and US policy expressly prohibit acts of violence or intimidation, including physical or mental torture, threats, insults, or exposure to inhumane treatment as a means of or aid to inter- rogation. Such illegal acts are not authorized and will not be condoned by the US Army. Acts in violation of these prohibitions are criminal acts punishable under the UCMS. If there is doubt as to the legality of a proposed form of interrogation not specifically authorized in this manual, the advice of the command judge advocate should be sought before using the method in quest Experience indicates that the use of prohibited tech- niques is not necessary to gain the cooperation of inter- rogation sources. Use of torture and other illegal ‘methods is a poor technique that yields unreliable results, may damage subsequent collection efforts, and can induce the source to say what he thinks the inter- rTogator wants to hear. Revelation of use of torture by US personnel will bring discredit upon the US and its armed forces while undermining domestic and international support for the war effort, It also may place US and allied personnel in enemy hands at a greater risk of abuse by their captors. Conversely, knowing the enemy has abused US and al- lied PWs does not justify using methods of interrogation specifically prohibited by the GWS, GPW, or GC, and US policy. Limitations on the use of methods identified herein as expressly prohibited should not be confused with psychological ploys, verbal trickery, or other nonviolent or noncoercive ruses used by the interrogator in the successful interrogation of hesitant or uncooperative sources. ‘The psychological techniques and principles in this ‘manual should neither be confused with, nor construed to be synonymous with, unauthorized techniques such as brainwashing, physical or mental torture, or any other form of mental coercion to include drugs that may induce lasting and permanent mental alteration and damage. Physical or mental torture and coercion revolve around eliminating the source's free will, and are ex- pressly prohibited by GWS, Article 13; GPW, Articies 13 and 17; and GG Articles 31 and 32. Torture is, ‘defined 2s the infliction of intense pain to body or mind to extract a confession or information, or for sadistic pleasure. Examples of physical torture include— © Electric shock. © Infiction of pain through chemicals or bondage (other than legitimate use of restraints to prevent escape). © Forcing an individual to stand, sit, or kneel in ab- ‘noftnal positions for prolonged periods of time. ‘© Food deprivation. © Any form of beating. ‘Examples of mental torture include— © Mock executions. Abnormal sleep deprivation. © Chemically induced psychosis. Coercion is defined as actions designed to unlawfully induce another to compel an act against one’s will. Ex- “amples of coercion include— ‘© Threatening or implying physical or mental torture to the subject, his family, or others to whom he ‘owes loyalty. © Intentionally denying medical assistance or care in exchange for the information sought or other cooperation. © Threatening or implying that other rights guaran- teed by the GWS, GPW, or GC will not be provided unless cooperation is forthcoming. Specific acts committed by US Army personne! may subject them to prosecution under one or more of the following punitive articles of the UCMI: © Article 78 - Accessory after the fact. ® Article 80 - Attempts (to commit one of the fol- lowing offenses). © Article 81 - Conspiracy (to commit one of the fol- lowing offenses). © Article 93 - Cruelty ané maltreatment. © Article 118 - Murder. © Article 119 - Manslaughter. © Article 124- Maiming,© Article 127 - Extortion. © Anticle 128 - Assault (consummated by battery, ‘with a dangerous weapon; or intentionally inflict- ing grievous bodily harm). © Article 134 - Homicide, negligent: ~ Misprision of a serious offense (taking some positive act to conceal a serious crime ‘committed by another). ~ Soliciting another to commit an of- fense. ~- Threat, communicating, See Appendlix A for the text of these offenses. While using legitimate interrogation techniques, cer- tain applications of approaches and techniques may ap- roach the line between lawful actions and unlawful actions, t may often be difficult to determine where lawful actions end and unlawful actions begin. In at- tempting to determine if a contemplated approach or technique would be considered unlawful, consider these two tests: © Given all the surrounding facts and circumstances, ‘would a reasonable person in the place of the per- son being interrogated believe that his rights, as guaranteed under both intemational and US law, are being violated or withheld, or will be violated or withheld if he fais to cooperate. © Ifyour contemplated actions were perpetrated by the enemy against US PWs, you would believe such actions violate international or US law. If you answer yes to either of these tests, do not ‘engage in the contemplated action. If a doubt still, remains as to the legality of a proposed action, seek 2 legal opinion from your servicing judge advocate. FM 94.52 ‘The approaches, psychological techniques, and other principles presented in this manual must be read in i of the requirements of international and US law as dis- cussed above. Authority for conducting interrogations of personnel detained by military forces rests primarily upon the traditional concept that the commander may use all available resources and lawful means to accomplish his mission and to protect and secure his unit. It is the stated policy of the US Army that military operations will be conducted in accordance with the law of war obligations of the US. The GWS, GPW, and GC establish specific standards for humane care and treat- ment of enemy personnel captured, retained, or detained by US military forces and its allies. Suspected ‘or alleged violations of these standards will be reported, investigated and, if appropriate, referred to competent authority for trial or other disposition. Violations of the GWS, GPW, or GC committed by US personnel ‘rormally constitute violations of the UCMI. ‘The commander is responsible for ensuring that the forces under his command comply with the GWS, GPW, and GC. Should violations occur in the conduct of war- fare, the commander bears primary responsibility for in- ‘vestigating and prosecuting violations. ‘SECURITY ‘The interrogator, by virtue of his position, possesses a ‘reat deal of classified information. He is aware is job is to obtain information, not impart it to the source. He safeguards rnilitary information as well as the source of that information. ‘This becomes very clear when one considers that among those persons with whom the interrogator has contact, there are those attempting to collect informa- tion for the enemy. The interrogator is alert to detect any attempt made by the source to elicit information. DEFINITION OF PRISONER OF WAR AND ENEMY PRISONER OF WAR A PW is 4 US or allied person detained by an enemy power. An EPW is a person detained by US or allied powers. The first issue interrogators must deal with is, Who must be afforded PW treatment. Figure 1-3 paraphrases Article 4 of the GPW. In addition, the fol- lowing personnel shall be treated as PWs: Persons belonging, or having belonged, to the armed forces of the occupied country, if— © The occupying power considers it necessary by reason of such allegiance to intern them; in par- ticutar, it © Such persons have made an unsuccessful at- tempt to rejoin the armed forces to which they belong and which are engaged in com- bat; oF 18PWs are persons who have fallen into the power of the enemy and who are— ‘© Members of the armed forces of a party to the conflict, militias, or volunteer corps forming part of such armed forces. ‘© Members of other militias and volunteer corps, including those of organized resistance move- ments, belonging to a part of the conflict, and operating in or outside their territory, even if this territory is occupied, provided such militias or volunteer corps, including such organized resistance movements, fulfill the following conditions by— ~Being commanded by a person responsible for thelr subordinates. ~-Having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance, ~Carrying arms openty. ~Conducting their operations by the laws and customs of war. Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority not reooguized by the Detaining Power. Persons who accompany the armed forces without being members of it, such as civilian mem- bers of military aircraft crews, war correspondents, supply contractors, members of labor units or services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, if they have received authorization from the armed forces they accompany, who shall provide them for that pur- ‘pose with an identity card as described in the Geneva Conventions. ‘Members of the crews of merchant marine, and crews of civil aircraft of the parties to the ‘conflict, who do not benefit by more favorable treatment under any other provisions of inter- national law. Inhabitants of an unoccupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forees, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war. Figure 1.3. Definition of prisoner of war (GPW). © Where they fail to comply with a summons made to them with a view to internment. Obviously, there are many personnel who qualify for and require treatment as PWs. If there is any question ‘whether a person should be treated as a PW, treat the individual as such. The determination whether an in- vidual qualifies as a PW is a Staff Judge Advocate (GIA) function, but has a direct impact on the interroga- tion effort due to GPW requirements. It is especially important in LICs to distinguish between PWs and criminals. PERTINENT ARTICLES OF GENEVA CONVENTIONS Several articles of the GPW apply to inter- rogators and interrogation operations. ‘The articles most commonly used by interrogators are shown in Figure 1-4. TYPES OF SOURCES ‘The interrogator encounters many sources who vary greatly in personality, social class, civilian occupation, military specialty, and political and religious beliefs. ‘Their physical conditions may range from near death to 1410 perfect health; intelligence levels may range from well below average to well above average; and security con- sciousness may range from the lowest to the highest.= “el OF OMGION by the Detamnmng Power causing death or seriously endangering the health of a PW in its custody is prohibited. PWs must al- ‘ways be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation and against insults and public criosity. Article 14-PWs are entitled, in all circumstances, to respect for their persons and honor. Women shall be treated with all regard due their sex, and shall always benefit by treatment as favorable that ‘granted men, Article 15--The Power detaining PWs shall provide, free of charge, for the maintenance and medi cal attention required by their state of health. Article 17--This article covers several requirements with direct impact on interrogation, © Every PW, when questioned on the subject, is bound to give only his surname, first names and rank, date of birth, and army, regimental, personal or (SIC) serial number, of failing this, equivafent information, If he willfully infringes this rule, he may render himself liable to a restriction of the privileges (emphasis added) accorded to his rank or status. For example, this does not mean if prisoner fails to give this information he loses status as a prisoner, only special privileges. An example might be an officer who fails to identity himseif as such, An officer cannot be compelled to work (Article 49). An officer who fails to identify himself as such could lose this privilege. © The questioning of PWs shall be carried out in a language they understand. No physical or mental torture nor any other form of coercion may be inflicted on EPWS to secure from them information of any kind whatsoever. EPWs who refuse to answer may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment of any kind. Article 18--All effects and articles of personal use, except arms, horses, military equipment and documents, shall remain in the possession of PWs. ‘They will also retain their metal helmets, gas ‘masks, and like articles ixsued for personal protection. Effects and articles used for their clothing or feeding shall also remain in their possession, even if such effects and articles belong to their regula- tion military equipment. © Badges of rank and nationality, decorations and articles having above all a personal or sen- timental value may not be taken from PWs. © Sums of money carried by PWs may not be taken away from them except by order of an of- ficer, and after the amount and particulars of the owner have been recorded in a special register and an itemized receipt has been given, legibly inscribed with the name, rank, and unit of the person issuing said receipt Article 19-PWs shall be evacuated, as soon as possible after their capture, to camps situated in an area far enough from the combat zone for them to be out of danger. Only those PWs, who, owing to ‘wounds and sickness, would run greater risks by being evacuated than by remaining where they are, ‘may be temporarily kept back in a danger zone. Article 33Medical personnel and chaplains, while retained by the Detaining Power with a view to assisting PWS, shall not be considered as PWs. They shall, however, receive as a minimum, the ‘benefits and protection of the Geneva Convention. They shall continue to exercise their medical and spiritual functions forthe benefits of PWS. Figure 1-4, Pertinent articles of the GPW. FM 34.52 1a2 Source: may be civilian internees, insurgents, EPWs, cefectors, refugees, displaced persons, and agents of suspected agents. Because of these variations, the inter- sogator males 2 careful study of every source 10 evaluate his mentai, emotional, and physical state, and ses it as a basfs for interrogation. He deals mainly with ‘COOPERATIVE AND FRIENDLY A cnoperative and friendly source offers litle resis- vierrogation, and normally speaks freely on al- »y topic introduced, other than those which tend ‘ate or degrade him personally. To obtain the s:gunt of information from cooperative and ces, the interrogator takes care to establish ve a frlendly and cooperative atmosphere by ‘ROE inquiring into those private affairs which are beyond 2he scope of the interrogation. At the same time, he sist avcié becoming overly friendly and losing control of the interrogation. NEUTRAL AND NONPARTISAN A. neutral and nonpartisan source is cooperative to a miced dearce. He normally takes the position of answering questions asked directly, but seldom volun- ‘ears information. In some cases, he may be afraid to answer for fear of reprisals by the enemy. This often is the case in LIC where the people may be fearful of in- surgeat reprisals. With the neutral and nonpartisan xr0e, the interrogator may have 10 ask many specific ‘questions 10 obtain the information required. HOSTILE AND ANTAGONISTIC A hostile and antagonistic source is most difficult to interrogate. In many eases, he refuses to talk at all, and offers a real challenge to the interrogator. An inter- rogator must have self-control, patience, and tact when deating with him. At lower tactical echelons, there i generally insuffi- ion: time available to effectively interrogate a hostile ‘or eatagonistic source, When time is available, and the ‘Source appears to be an excellent target for exploitation, the source should be segregated and approached in an effort to obtain his cooperation. Because of possible ‘igh stress and frustration levels that such a source may invoke in you, great care must be taken to maintain your self-control, No matter what the source says or does, you must abide by the provisions of the law of war 3s previously discussed. ‘The absence of the use of threats in interrogation is ‘intentional, as threats in and of themselves constitute a form of coercion. Any attempt at enforcement of a threat would constitute an act prohibited by the GWS, GPW, or GCand is punishable under the UCMJ. A hostile or antagonistic source may be best exploited at echelons where sufficient time and resources will ‘generally be available. ‘The successful interrogator is a skilled professional ‘who is able to rapidly evaluate sources of information and adapt his approaches and techniques accordingly. ‘The interrogator extracts intelligence from two primary sources: human sources and material sources (primarily CEDs). The senior interrogator determines which of these sources may be most effectively exploited to meet the supported commander’s PIR and IR. CEDs (see Chapter 4) include any piece of recorded information which has been in the possession of a foseign nation and comes into US possession. This in- ‘cludes US documents which the foreign nation may have possessed. There are many ways to acquire a docu- ment; some are found in the possession of human sources, on enemy dead, or on the battlefield. There are three types of documents: © Official (government or military) documents such as overlays, field orders, maps, and codes. © Personal (private or commercial) documents such a letters, diaries, newspapers, and books, © Identity (government or military) documents such as cards and books. PERSONAL QUALITIES ‘An interrogator should possess an interest in human. navure and have a personality which will enable him to gain the cooperation of a source. Ideally, these and ‘other personal qualities would be inherent in an inter- Fogator, however, in most cases, an interrogator can cul- ‘vate these qualities if he has the desire and is willing to devote time to study and practice. Some desirable per- sonal qualities in an interrogator are discussed below. MOTIVATION Motivation is the most significant factor to achieve success. Without motivation, other qualities lose theit significance. The stronger the motivation, the more‘successful the interrogator. An interrogator may be ‘motivated by several factors; for example: © An interest in human relations. © A desire to react to the challenge of personal inter- play. ‘© Anenthusiasm for the collection of information. © A profound interest in foreign languages and cul- tures, ALERTNESS ‘The interrogator must be constantly aware of the shifting attitudes which normally characterize a source's reaction (o interrogation. The interrogator— © Notes the source’s every gesture, word, and voice inflection. ‘© Determines why the source is in a certain mood or why his mood suddenly changed. It is from the source's mood and actions the interrogator deter- mines how to best proceed with the interrogation. ‘© Watches for any indication the source is withhold ing information. © Watches for a tendency to resist further question- ing, diminishing resistance, contradictions, or other tendencies, o include susceptibility. PATIENCE AND TACT ‘The interrogator must have patience and tact in creat- ing and maintaining rapport between himself and the source, thereby enhancing the success of the interroga- tion. ‘The validity of the source's statements and mo- tives behind these statements may be obtainable only Uhrough exercise of tact and patience. Displaying im- patience may— © Encourage the difficult source to think if he remains unresponsive for a little longer, the inter- rogator will stop questioning. © Cause the source 10 lose respect for the inter- rogator, thereby reducing his effectiveness. ‘An interrogator, with patience and tact, is able to ter- minate an interrogation and later continue it without arousing apprehension or resentment. CREDIBILITY ‘The interrogator must maintain credibility with the source and friendly forces. Failure to produce material FM 34-52 rewards when promised may adversely affect future in- ‘terrogations. ‘The importance of accurate reporting ‘cannot be overstressed, since interrogation reports are ‘often the basis for tactical decisions and operations. OBJECTIVITY ‘The interrogator must maintain an objective and dis- passionate attitude, regardless of the emotional reac- tions he may actually experience or simulate during the interrogation. Without objectivity, he may uncon- sciously distort the information acquired. He may also ‘be unable to vary his interrogation techniques effective- yy. ‘SELF-CONTROL ‘The interrogator must have exceptional self-control to avoid displays of genuine anger, irritation, sympathy, cor weariness which may cause him to lose the initiative during the interrogation. Self-conttol is especially im- portant when employing interrogation techniques which require the display of simulated emotions or attitudes. ADAPTABILITY ‘An interrogator must adapt to the many and varied personalities which he will encounter. He should try to imagine himself in the source's position. By being adaptable, he can smoothly shift his techniques and ap- proaches during interrogations according to the opera- tional environment. In many cases, he has to conduct interrogations under unfavorable physical condi PERSEVERANCE A tenacity of purpose can be the difference between aan interrogator who is merely good and one who is su- perior. An interrogator who becomes easily dis- couraged by opposition, noncooperation, or other difficulties will neither aggressively pursue the objective to a successful conclusion nor seek leads to other valu- able information, APPEARANCE AND DEMEANOR ‘The imerrogator’s personal appearance may greatly influence the conduct of the interrogation and attitude of the source toward the interrogator. Usually a neat, ‘organized, and professional appearance will favorably influence the source. A firm, deliberate, and businesslike manner of speech and attitude may create a proper environment for a successful interrogation. If the interrogator’s manner reflects fairness, strength, and efficiency, the source may prove cooperative and more receptive to questioning. 113FM 94.52 However, depending on the approach techniques (see ‘Chapter 3), the interrogator can deliberately portray a ‘ifferent (for example, casual or sloven) appearance and demeanor to obtain the cooperation of the source. INITIATIVE Achieving and maintaining the initiative are essential to 2 successful interrogation just as the offense is the key to success in combat operations. The interrogator ‘must grasp the initiative and maintain it throughout the interrogation. The source, especially if detained by military forces uring tactical operations, normally has undergone a ‘traumatic experience and fears for his life. This anxiety is usually intensified by the source’s lack of knowledge and understanding of what is about to occur (fear of the unknown), or by the unfounded fear he will be tortured or executed. ‘The interrogator has a position of authority over the source. The source realizes this fact, and, in some cases, believes his future might depend upon his association ‘with the interrogator. SPECIAL AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE ‘The interrogator must be knowledgeable on a variety of subjects in order to be effective in exploiting sources. ‘Some of these areas are— © Proficiency in the target language. ‘© Knowledge of the target country. © International agreements. ‘© Enemy materiel and equipment. (© Armed forces uniforms, © OB information. In addition to these subjects, the interrogator should have a knowledge of basic psychology and neurolinguis- ties, PROFICIENCY IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE ‘The interrogator must be proficient in one or more foreign languages to exploit both human sources and CEDs. According to the GPW, a prisoner must be ‘questioned in language he understands, ‘The more proficient an interrogator is with the target language, the better he will be able to develop rapport with his source, understand the nuances of the source's speech, and follow up on source leads to additional in- formation. The skilled Linguist will be able to translate CEDs quicker and more accurately than the interrogator who is merely familiar with the target language, KNOWLEDGE OF THE TARGET COUNTRY ‘The interrogator should be familiar with the social, political, and economic institutions; geography; history; Janguage; and culture of the target country. Since many sources will readily discuss nonmilitary topics, the inter- rogator— 1414 © May induce reluctant prisoners to talk by discuss- ing the geography, economics, or politics of the target country. © May gradually introduce significant topics into the ‘discussion to gain insight about the conditions and attitudes in the target country, ‘© Should keep abreast of major and current events as, they ocoar in the target country to better under stand the general situation, as well as causes and. repercussions. LAW OF WAR The interrogator should understand US law of war obligations contained in the GWS, GPW, and GC regarding the treatment of EPWs, retained personnel, and civilian internees (see Figure 1-4). ENEMY MATERIEL AND EQUIPMENT The interrogator should be familiar with the ‘capabilities, limitations, and employment of standard ‘weapons and equipment so he may recognize and iden- tify changes, revisions, and innovations. Some of the more common subjecis of interest to the interrogator include the following: © Small arms, @ Infantry support weapons. © Artillery. Aircraft Vehicles. Communications equipment. NBC defense, eeeARMED FORCES UNIFORMS AND INSIGNIA ‘Through his knowledge of uniforms, insignia, decora- tions, and other distinctive devices, the interrogator may be able to determine the rank, branch of service, type of ‘unit, and military experience of a military or paramilitary source. This knowledge is helpful during the planning and preparation and the approach phases ‘Siscussed in Chapter 3, OB INFORMATION OB is defined as the identification, strength, com- ‘mand structure, and disposition of personnel, units, and equipment of any military force. Interrogation OB ele- ‘ments are separate categories by which detailed infor- mation is maintained. They are— © Missions Composition Disposition. Strength. ‘Training, Combat effectiveness Tactics. Logistics. Electronic technical data, eeceoeeeee Miscellaneous data. During the questioning phase, OB elements assist the interrogator in verifying the accuracy ofthe information obtained and can be used as an effective toot 10 gain FM 94.52 new information. Aids which may be used to identify units are— © Names. © Commanders. © Home station identifications. Code designations and numbers, Uniforms and insignia Guidons. Military postal system data, Equipment and vehicle markings. UNDERSTANDING BASIC PSYCHOLOGY ‘An interrogator can best adapt himself to the EPW's or detainee’s personality and control of the their reac- tions when he understands basic psychological factors, traits, attitudes, drives, motivations, and inhibitions, For example, the timely use or promise of rewards and incentives may mean the difference between an interrogation’s success or failure and future EPW or Getainee exploitation NEUROLINGUISTICS Neurolinguistics is a behavioral communication model and a set of procedures that improve communica- tion skills, The interrogator should read and react to nonverbal communications. An interrogator can best adapt himself to the souree’s personality and control his own reactions when he understands basic psychological factors, traits, atitudes, drives, motivations, and inhibi- tions. ° © Documents. ° ° INTERROGATOR CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS HUMINT collection is capable of obtaining informa- tion pertinent to all six IEW tasi ‘© Situation development. ‘© ‘Target development and target acquisition, © law. ore. © BDA © Force protection. Interrogators are trained as linguists to question EPWs and civilian detainees and to exploit CEDs. During their collection, interrogators attempt to obtain ‘and report any information possessed by these targets that pertains to the IEW tasks, This persistence is determined by comparing the information obtained to the SIR contained in the interrogation clement’s collec- tion mission. Interrogators are capable of collecting information on political, economic, and a wide range of military topics. For the most part, interrogators attempt to organize ‘their collection effort according to the OB elements analysts use. In addition to these elements, inter- rogators also obtain PIR-directed information on the 145FM 34.52 missions assigned to enemy units. Appendix B discusses, relevant questioning guides. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS The environment in which interrogation operations are performed affects the degree of success achieved. ‘There are primarily two areas, both having limitations, ‘upon which the interrogators depend: © The TEW process which gives direction and pur. ose to their collection efforts, ‘© The conduct of combat operations which provides them with collection targets, that is, EPWs, detainees, and CEDs, If the IEW process or combat operations are not ‘deal, use what you can to capitalize on capabilities. IEW Process ‘The IEW process can limit interrogators by assigning collection missions which ate not suited to HUMINT collection capabilities; as well as by not disseminating ‘copies of the following reports: ‘© Intelligence summary (INTSUM). © Intelligence report (INTREP). © Daily intelligence summary (DISUM). © Periodic intelligence report (PERINTREP). © ‘Supplementary intelligence report (SUPINTREP). © Other intelligence reports. Combat Operations ‘Combat operations can limit interrogators by— © Delaying evacuation of EPWs or detainees and captured documents, thereby limiting time avail- able to exploit them. @ Allowing prisoners and documents to be mishandled, thereby decreasing their exploitation potential. © Not providing the equipment, supplies, and secure communications needed for successful operations. INHERENT LIMITATIONS Interrogation operations are also limited by the very nature of HUMINT collection. EPWs or detainees and CEDs must actually have the desired information before interrogators can collect it. With EPWs or detainees, there is always the possibility knowledgeable individuals ray refuse to cooperate. ‘The UCMJ, GWS, GPW, and GC set definite Limits ‘on measures which can be taken to induce an BPW or detainee to cooperate. CONFLICTS HIGs are contfcts between two or more nations and their respective allies, where the belligerents employ modern technology complemented by intelligence; ‘mobility, firepower (to include NBC weapons); service support; and C? resources. MICS are conflicts between two or more nations and their respective allies, where the belligerents employ modern technology complemented by intelligence; mobility; firepower (without NBC); C°, and service sup- port resources for limited objectives under definitive policy limiting employment of destructive power and ‘geography involved. LICs are political-military confrontations between ‘contending states or groups below conventional war and above the routine, peaceful competition among states. ‘They— © Frequently involve protracted struggles of compet- ing principles and ideologies, ‘© Range from subversion to the use of armed force. 146 © Are waged by combining and employing political, economic, informational, and military instruments, © Are often localized, generally in the Third World, but contain regional and global security implica- tions. LIC operational intelligence requirements are HUMINT intensive and demand detailed familiarity with the military, political, and front organizations of the insurgent enemy, and the environment in which he operates, ‘The interrogator’s familiarity with the areas of opera- ‘fons (ACs) must include an understanding of the insur- gency, its objectives, history, successes, and failures. ‘This understanding is required not only on a general countrywide basis but also on an expanded basis within the interrogator's particular AO. ‘Therefore, itis essen- tial the interrogator grasps the importance the insur- gent organization places on accomplishing political Objectives as opposed to military successes.‘One measure of the interrogator’s effectiveness is is ability to apply appropriate interrogation techniques to the personality of the source, Interrogations associated with LIC operations dictate the need for skill in the full range of interrogation techniques so the interrogator «can conduct the many types of interrogations demanded. ‘Warfighting doctrine IEW principles apply for LIC, however, intelligence indicators for insurgent activity are unique. Anything insurgents can do to influence and direct a society toward overthrowing its government is reflected by some action or indication, no matter how subile. Some MI advisors may be required to assist paramilitary and nonmilitary elements in developing HUMINT souroes and exploiting their information AS US forces are committed to the LIC operation, in- terrogation support will more closely adhere to the traditional tactical environment, ‘Typical LIC missions are FM 34-52 © Counterinsurgency and insurgency support © Combatting terrorism. © Peacekeeping and peacetime contingency opera- tions. HUMINT is a major LIC source because of the neces- sity to exploit the local populace and to know and un- derstand enemy intentions. In LIC, interrogators exploit EPWs and CEDs. For example, in addition to conducting EPW operations at collecting points, inter- rogators may participate in cordon and search and roadblock operations, tactical check points, and low- level collection missions in conjunction with the sup- porting CI unit (see FM 34-60A(S)). Interrogators may also provide support to drug and law enforcement agen- cy (DLEA) operations. INTERROGATION MISSIONS Interrogators perform various types of missions. As siscussed previously, the 10 main missions are person- nel and document exploitation. ‘There are other func- tions for which interrogators are ideally suited because of their language and HUMINT training, These in- elude ‘© Linguist support to hostage negotiations, counter- drug, and special operation forces (SOF) opera- tions, ‘© LLSO linguist support. © Psychological operations (PSYOP) linguist sup- port. (© Civil Affairs (CA) linguist support. © Treaty verification and observer duties. DRUG AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY OPERATIONS Army interrogators may assist Federal law enforce- ment authorities and, where lives are endangered, state and local law enforcement authorities, after concur- rence by the Army General Counsel and approval by the Seeretary of Defense or his designee. (See AR 381-10, Procedure 12, and AR 500-51.) ‘Army interrogators may assist law enforcement agen- cies and security services or foreign governments or in- ternational organizations only in accordance with applicable law and policy, inciuding any status of forces agreements. Such assistance will ordinarily constitute security assistance, which must be approved in accord- ance with AR 12-15, ‘Under no circumstances will interrogators assist any law enforcement authorities in any manner without prior approval by competent authority after @ legal review of the proposal 1417FM 94-52 CHAPTER 2 COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE ‘The interrogation architecture (interrogators and in- terrogation units) is a seamless system that supports operations from brigade to theater level. The dynamic warfighting doctrine requires interrogation units be highly mobile and have automation and communication equipment to report information to the supported com- mander, Regardless of their employment level, interrogation units should be equipped with state-of-the-art automat- ion equipment, necessary HUMINT software, and dedi- ‘cated and secure communication equipment with skip echelon, digital, voice, facsimile, and optical scanning ‘capability. This equipment enables interrogators to— © Receive data base information. © Manipulate that information. ‘© Incorporate it into their operational data bases. «© Produce tactical information reports, By using secure communication equipment, inter- rogators are able to disseminate time-sensitive informa- tion to the supported commander as answers to his PIR ‘which facilitates decision-making. The Prisoner of War Information System (PWIS) is a databased system main- tained by the provost marshal’s office at theater level. It has the capability to recall an EPW’s evacuation audit trail. ‘This prisoner of war interrogation (IPW) com- ‘munication and automation system facilitates transmis- sion of EPW-derived information from brigade 0 theater; it precludes duplicated effort in EPW or CED exploitation. ‘The MI unit commander must ensure interrogators have the necessary equipment to accomplish their wat- time mission. The MI unit commander retains overall responsibility for interrogators assigned to his unit. The ‘manner in which these interrogators are controlled depends on how the MI unit is task organized for com- bat. If interrogators are deployed in general support (GS) of the division, the MI battalion commander exercises ‘control over them through his $3 and the battalion tac- tical operations center (TOC). If interrogators are deployed in direct support (DS) of a division's subor- dinate units, they are tasked by the commanders of ‘those units through their S2s, TACTICAL OPERATIONS CENTER Normally, interrogators are a primary source of OB information. ‘The interrogation element chief should ensure that he or someone appointed to this duty has daily personal contact with the division or corps collec- tion management and dissemination (CM&D) section at the TOC. During these visits, all questions and infor- mation pertaining to OB and intelligence target priority lists can be discussed and later disseminated to various interrogators. Interrogator elements must receive all reports and findings made by analysts; in turn, all interrogation reporis should reach analysts. Direct contact must be maintained between these two elements, preferably in person or by telephone. This ensures access to impor- ‘ant information which may arise between liaison visits. ‘TASKING RELATIONSHIPS When interrogators are task-organized under the IEW company, the team leader directs the tasking. The DS and GS teams are under operational control (OPCON) to the IEW company when they are support- ing that company. The officers responsible for tasking interrogation elements ensure the following steps are accomplished: © Collection missions that reflect the capabilities and limitations of interrogators are assigned. @ INTREPs are integrated with information provided by other collectors during the IPB process. © Copies of the INTSUM, INTREP, PERINTREP, DISUM, and SUPINTREP are disseminated to the interrogation element as they are published. ‘© Close contact is maintained with the interrogation element.FM 34-52 INTERROGATOR TASK ORGANIZATIONS Interrogators are not assigned by tables of organi tion and equipment (TOE) to units below division. However, MI parent units often task interrogators and place them in DS to brigades. For example, in a light