Law BCR MTP November Answers
Law BCR MTP November Answers
Law BCR MTP November Answers
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2. (i) Revocation or lapse of offer: Section 6 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 deals with various modes
of revocation of offer. According to it, an offer is revoked-
(a) By notice of revocation
(b) By lapse of time: The time for acceptance can lapse if the acceptance is not given within the
specified time and where no time is specified, then within a reasonable time. This is for the
reason that proposer should not be made to wait indefinitely. It was held in Ramsgate Victoria
Hotel Co Vs Montefiore, that a person who applied for shares in June was not bound by an
allotment made in November. This decision was also followed in India Cooperative Navigation
and Trading Co. Ltd. Vs Padamsey PremJi. However these decisions now will have no
relevance in the context of allotment of shares since the Companies Act, 2013 has several
provisions specifically covering these issues.
(c) By non fulfillment of condition precedent: Where the acceptor fails to fulfill a condition
precedent to acceptance the proposal gets revoked. This principle is laid down in Section 6
of the Act. The offeror for instance may impose certain conditions such as executing a certain
document or depositing certain amount as earnest money. Failure to sati sfy any condition
will result in lapse of the proposal. As stated earlier ‘condition precedent’ to acceptance
prevents an obligation from coming into existence until the condition is satisfied. Suppose
where ‘A’ proposes to sell his house to be ‘B’ for ` 5 lakhs provided ‘B’ leases his land to ‘A’.
If ‘B’ refuses to lease the land, the offer of ‘A’ is revoked automatically.
(d) By death or insanity: Death or insanity of the proposer would result in automatic revocation
of the proposal but only if the fact of death or insanity comes to the knowledge of the acceptor.
(e) By counter offer
(f) By the non acceptance of the offer according to the prescribed or usual mode
(g) By subsequent illegality
(ii) Distinction between Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) and Limited Liability Company
Basis LLP Limited Liability Company
1. Regulating Act The LLP Act, 2008. The Companies Act, 2013.
2. Members/Partners The persons who contribute to The persons who invest the
LLP are known as partners of money in the shares are known
the LLP. as members of the company.
3. Internal governance The internal governance The internal governance
structure structure of a LLP is governed by structure of a company is
contract agreement between the regulated by statute (i.e.,
partners. Companies Act, 2013).
4. Name Name of the LLP to contain the Name of the public company to
word “Limited Liability contain the word “limited” and
partnership” or “LLP” as suffix. Pvt. Co. to contain the word
“Private limited” as suffix.
5. No. of members/ Minimum – 2 members Private company:
partners Maximum – No such limit on the Minimum – 2 members
members in the Act. The Maximum 200 members
members of the LLP can be Public company:
individuals/or body corporate
Minimum – 7 members
through the nominees.
Maximum – No such limit on the
members.
if he depends upon his skill and judgment and makes a bad selection, he cannot blame any body
excepting himself.
The rule is enunciated in the opening words of section 16 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 which
runs thus: “Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any other law for the time being in force,
there is no implied warranty or condition as to the quality or fitness for any particular purpose of
goods supplied under a contract of sale”
The rule of caveat emptor does not apply in the following cases:
(i) Fitness for buyer’s purpose: Where the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes know to the
seller the particular purpose for which he requires the goods and relies on the seller’s skill or
judgment and the goods are of a description which it is in the course of the seller’s business
to supply, the seller must supply the goods which shall be fit for the buyer’s purpose.
[Section16(1)].
(ii) Sale under a patent or trade name: In the case of a contract for the sale of a specified article
under its patent or other trade name, there is no implied condition that the goods shall be
reasonably fit for any particular purpose [Section 16(1)].
(iii) Merchantable quality: Where goods are bought by description from a seller who deals in
goods of that description (whether he is in the manufacturer or producer or not), there is an
implied condition that the goods shall be of merchantable quality. But if the buyer has
examined the goods, there is no implied condition as regards defects which such examinatio n
ought to have revealed. [Section 16(2)].
(iv) Usage of trade: An implied warranty or condition as to qualify or fitness for a particular purpose
may be annexed by the usage of trade. [Section 16(3)].
(v) Consent by fraud: Where the consent of the buyer, in a contract of sale, is obtained by the
seller by fraud or where the seller knowingly conceals a defect which could not be discovered
on a reasonable examination, the doctrine of caveat emptor does not apply.
(ii) According to Section 20 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, the partners in a firm may, by contract
between the partners, extend or restrict implied authority of any partners.
Notwithstanding any such restriction, any act done by a partner on behalf of the firm which falls
within his implied authority binds the firm, unless the person with whom he is dealing knows of the
restriction or does not know or believe that partner to be a partner.
The implied authority of a partner may be extended or restricted by contract between the partners.
Under the following conditions, the restrictions imposed on the implied authority of a partner by
agreement shall be effective against a third party:
1. The third party knows above the restrictions, and
2. The third party does not know that he is dealing with a partner in a firm.
Now referring to the case given in the question, M supplied furniture to A, who ultimately sold them
to a third party and M was also ignorant about the agreement entered into by the partners about
the change in their role. M also is not aware that he is dealing with a partner in a firm. Therefore,
M on the basis of knowledge of implied authority of A, can recover money from the firm.
But in the second situation, if M was having knowledge about the agreement, he cannot recover
money from the firm.
5. (i) As per the provisions of section 24 of the sale of Goods Act, 1930, when goods are delivered to
the buyer on approval on ‘on sale or return’ or other similar terms, the property therein passes to
the buyer-
(a) When the buyer signifies his approval or acceptance to the seller or does any other act
adopting the transaction;
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(b) If he does not signify his approval or acceptance to the seller but retains the goods without
giving notice or rejection, then, if a time has been fixed for the return of the goods, on the
expiration of such time, and, if no time has been fixed, on the expiration of a reasonable time;
or
(c) he does something to the good which is equivalent to accepting the goods e.g. he pledges or
sells the goods.
Referring to the above provisions, we can analyse the situation given in the question.
Since Mr. JOSHI, who had taken delivery of the Motor Car on sale or Return basis and pledged
the Motor car to Mr. GAJESH, he has attracted the third condition that he has done something
to the good which is equivalent to accepting the goods e.g. he pledges or sells the goods.
Therefore, the property therein (Motor Car) passes to the Mr. JOSHI. Now in this situation,
Ms. PREETI cannot claim back her Motor Car from Mr. GAJESH, but she can cl aim the price
of the Motor Card from Mr. JOSHI only.
(ii) Under section 7(2) the Registrar shall on the basis of documents and information filed for the
formation of a company, shall register all the documents and information and issue a certificate
that the company is incorporated in the prescribed form to the effect that the proposed company is
incorporated under this Act. The company becomes a legal entity form the date mentioned in the
certificate of incorporation and continues to be so till it is wound up.
Effects of registration of a company
Section 9 of the Companies Act, 2013 provides that, from the date of incorporation mentioned in
the certificate of incorporation, such of the subscribers to the Memorandum and all other persons,
as may from time to time become members of the company, shall be a body corporate by the name
contained in the memorandum, capable forthwith of exercising all the functions of an incorporated
company under this Act and having perpetual suceession with power to acquire, hold and dispose
of property, both movable and immovable, tangible and intangible, to contract and to sue and be
sued by the said name. Accordingly, when a company is registered and a certificate of incorporation
is issued by the Registrar, three important consequences follow:
(a) the company becomes a distinct legal entity. Its life commences from the date mentioned in
the certificate of incorporation capable of entering into contracts in its own name, acquiring,
holding and disposing of property of any nature whatsoever and capable of suing and being
sued in its own name.
(b) it acquires a life of perpetual existence by the doctrine of succession. The members may
come and go, but it goes on forever, unless it is wound up.
(c) Its property is not the property of the shareholders. The shareholders have a right to share in
the profits of the company as and when declared either as dividend or as bonus shares.
Likewise any liability of the company is not the liability of the individual shareholders.
6. (i) The law provides that a contract should be supported by consideration. So long as consideration
exists, the Courts are not concerned to its adequacy, provided it is of some value. The adequacy
of the consideration is for the parties to consider at the time of making the agreement, not for the
Court when it is sought to be enforced (Bolton v. Modden). Consideration must however, be
something to which the law attaches value though it need not be equivalent in value to the promise
made.
According to Explanation 2 to Section 25 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, an agreement to which
the consent of the promisor is freely given is not void merely because the consideration is
inadequate but the inadequacy of the consideration may be taken into account by the Court in
determining the question whether the consent of the promisor was freely given.
OR
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• Temp=temperature
• Dvlpd=developed
• Univ= university
• Statscl=statistical
• Mthds=methods
• Tradtnl=traditional
• Smltns= simulations
• Rlbl=reliable
• Eqvlnt=equivalent
• Crnt=current
• Analgs=analogues
• Rfrnce=reference
• Mdls=models
• Dedcs=deduces
• Psblts=possibilities
• Espcly=especially
• Prdcts=Predicts
• Prblty=probability
• Incrsd=increased
• Trpcl=tropical
• Strm=storm
• Actvty=activity
• Comp=computer
• Prdctns=predeictions
• Frctn=fraction
• Scnd=second
• Algo=algorithm
(b) (ii) Summary
As per Global warming hiatus warming seem to have lapsed in this, but new method suggests
hotter temperatures than expected. New probabilistic system developed by South Hampton
University uses a method different from the traditional one that uses new statistical method
that finds current climate analogues using reference models deducing future possibilities. The
system is as reliable as the current system. It has predicted extremely high mean air
temperature especially on the sea surfaces due to low probability of extreme cold events and
high probability of high heat events causing increased tropical storm activity. It makes
predictions in a fraction of a second and is much faster compared to a super computer.
2. (a) Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions
through speech, signals, writing, or behavior. Communication is relevant in daily life as we
experience it in all walks of life. While talking to friends, family and office colleagues, while passing
on a piece of information, while starting a campaign or a protest march; at every step we want to
communicate a message. The audience differs and the purpose differs; yet communication
happens.
(b) (i) d
(ii) c
(iii) Studies should be given first priority.
(iv) The doctor asked the patient to wait.
(c) GST : At a glance
A new development in the field of tax payment has come up with the advent of GST (Goods and
sales tax). This collective tax, includes all the multiple taxes levied on prod ucts, however the
preparation for its implementation is not too sound. The government has postponed the first filing
of GST, giving tax payers enough time to understand the nuances. The e commerce portals too
have been given some leniency as far as deduction of taxes from sellers is concerned.
3. (a) Chain of Command: The communication pattern that follows the chain of command from the senior
to the junior is called the chain network. Communication starts at the top, like from a CEO, and
works its way down to the different levels of employees. It involves a lot of organizational hierarchy.
(b) (i) a
(ii) c
(iii) A cake can be made by us on a stove.
(iv) They informed that they had been living in Assam.
(c) Letter
Manager Date:
Your Own Office supplies Ltd.
New Delhi
Manager
Name of client company
New Delhi
Dear Sir/Madam
CAREER OBJECTIVE: Seeking a challenging career with a progressive organization that provides
an opportunity to utilize my sales and marketing skills & abilities in the FMCG sector.
PERSONAL SKILLS
Excellent persuasion skills
Highly sales driven
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Auromatic Brothers
Worked as Senior Sales Executive
Responsible for monthly sales target
Led a team of twenty members.
Experience: 5 years.
REFERENCES: Will be provided upon request.
DECLARATION: I solemnly declare that all the above information is correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
Date: Place: (Manish Reddy)