Erican Teen Learners Programme

CAE
Certificate in
Advance English
Venus

Class Code: ETLP-CAE-V-SB010

 contents

Reading Task 1 3
Use of English Task 1 9
Vocabulary Task 1 11
Grammar Task 1 14
Listening Task 1 16
Reading Task 2 21
Use of English Task 2 28
Vocabulary Task 2 29
Grammar Task 2 31
Listening Task 2 34
Speaking Task 37
Writing Task 1 37
Reading Task 3 38
Use of English Task 3 44
Vocabulary Task 3 46
Grammar Task 3 48
Listening Task 3 51
Writing Task 2 55
Vocabulary List 56

2
Reading Task 1
PART 1

Answer questions 1-16 by referring to the newspaper article about body rhythms on page
4-5.

For questions 1-16, answer by choosing from paragraphs A-F. You may choose any of the
paragraphs more than once.
Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.

In which paragraphs are the following statements made about body rhythms?

They used to be more closely linked to nature's external rhythms. 1….

Conventional wisdom about them has been shown to be wrong. 2….

In the long term, they can adapt to change to some extent. 3…. 4…..

They may have developed in a certain way as a survival mechanism. 5…. 6….

Once an alternative sleep pattern is established, it is best not to vary it. 7…..

They do not match exactly with time as we measure it. 8….

Research has confirmed the appropriateness of the term 'body clock'. 9….

They exist in all life forms. 10….

They are thrown into confusion by a certain aspect of modern life. 11…. 12….. 13….

Natural variations in them put some people at a disadvantage. 14….

Lack of sleep may lead to a loss of mental effectiveness. 15….

It is not always possible to compensate for lost sleep. 16….

3
 Wide-awake club
For some people, going to the supermarket at 2 a.m., the gym at 3 a.m., and then
the all-night café is very convenient. But is it good for them? Dr Luisa Dillner stays
up late.

A Look out of your bedroom window at 2 a.m. and you may be surprised by the
number of lights on in your street. Nighttime is no longer reserved for sleep. It has
become the new daytime, offering us the chance to catch up on everything we didn't
manage to cram in during what used to be our waking hours.

Such flexibility has a price, however. Our bodies are run by circadian rhythms,
a kind of internal clock that makes our brains and bodies active during the day and
recuperate through the night. The clock is based in cells behind the eyes. Scientists
have managed to isolate these cells, and through a microscope the cells can be seen
literally ticking away. So robust is this clock that even two weeks on a night shift
without a break will not destroy its intrinsic rhythm.

B Sleep expert Tom Mackey believes that our normal circadian rhythms are
increasingly being distorted. More and more of us are being pressured into doing
things at odd hours. ‘There's more flexitime in companies; this can mean people with
families bringing business home and staying up doing it long after the children have
gone to bed,' he says. “This is going to have an impact on quality and length of sleep.
And you need sleep for rest and repair; in sleep you lay down the memories of
experiences you've had during the day. You need to process them. It has long been
known that if you bombard your mind with information for too long, then everything
gets disorganised - you become unable to manage daytime activities. Many people
repay their week's sleep debt at weekends, but such blocks of extreme sleep may not
be as good as the natural way of sleeping."

C The circadian rhythms that run the sleep/wake cycle are as old as time itself.
Scientist Phil Lowrey has studied the genetic base of circadian rhythms in various
organisms. 'You see circadian rhythms in everything from single-celled bacteria right
up to humans. It is important for all living things to have a biological timing system.
Once nature has a prototype that works, everyone gets it.' Indeed, much of Lowrey's
work has been done on hamsters, largely nocturnal creatures, whose circadian
rhythms get them up just before dusk and make them sleepy before dawn, so they
can avoid predators and hunt for food. Human circadian rhythms were developed in
the opposite direction. Lowrey continues 'Our prehistoric ancestors would have
needed their clock to get them out hunting during the day and probably in bed
around early evening to avoid predators. Our natural rhythm was to sleep as the sun
went down. The invention of the electric light obviously changed that.’

4
D Like most biological systems, circadian rhythms do not correspond to our own way
of recording time. Our internal clock runs a bit longer than 24 hours. Each day the
cells in the brain readjust their timing in response to environmental cues such as the
amount of daylight. This doesn't happen immediately, hence that feeling of physical
and mental disorientation known as 'jet lag' when we fly across time zones. It can
take one day per time zone to make a full recovery. If the clock was unable to self-
regulate as the seasons changed, the poor hamster would suddenly find itself waking
up in broad daylight between the paws of a predator.

E That humans tend to vary in their circadian rhythms has been known for centuries.
Benjamin Franklin's maxim 'Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy,
wealthy and wise', which has long been publicly accepted, recognised that some
people are born to be ‘larks' (to get up and go to bed early) while others are 'owls'
(late risers and late to bed). Larks are productive and communicative from the time
their eyes open, while owls are grouchy and groggy until midday. Franklin's maxim
has, however, been disproved by researchers. A paper in the British Medical Journal
found that far from being the poorer bird, 'owls' tended to be richer and were more
likely to have their own cars. Other research nevertheless suggests that 'owls' may
pay a price health problems - because they tend to go to sleep at less regular times;
whereas 'larks' go to bed at a more appropriate time for their body clock.

F Much of the damage that can be done by disrupting the biological clock has been
seen in shift workers. The fatigue and disorientation following night shifts is similar
to that of jet lag. As with jet lag, the body adjusts over time, but the wake-and-sleep
cycle never seems to be totally reversed. As more of us push back our circadian
clocks, going to bed later and later, the effects on our bodies will be similar to those
of shift workers, including indigestion, higher stress levels, and reduced effectiveness
of the immune system.

Ironically, for regular night shift workers, the best thing to do is to keep to their
pattern of being awake at night and asleep during the day, even on days off.
Otherwise their clocks can never even partially adjust.

5
 PART 2
For questions 17-22, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-G fits into the
numbered gaps in the following newspaper article. There is one extra paragraph
which does not fit in any of the gaps.

What to do if summer gets up your nose

Hay fever, like the common cold, is one of those seasonal diseases people have to
muddle through as best they can, hoping for a change in the weather. Where it
differs from colds and flu is that only part of the population is vulnerable to it, those
who have an allergy to pollen. That proportion is increasing every year. In the past
twenty years the number of medical consultations involving hay fever has
quadrupled. Up to a fifth of people in Britain may now have the allergy, although this
may only be known to their long-suffering colleagues and families and their local
pharmacist. As British summers hot up with global warming, and nasal tracts get
increasingly pollen-sensitive, hay fever could soon overtake the weather as the
nation's favourite summertime complaint.

17___________________________________________________________________

With pollen counts over 50 grains per cubic metre, virtually every person with hay
fever will be feeling the effects,' says Professor Dorothy Linberg, director of the
national pollen research unit, which compiles the pollen count figures published in
the media. 150, she says, is considered high. During a midsummer heatwave
weekend in 2000, several locations in southern Britain, ranging from coastal and
rural areas to big industrial cities, had a pollen count close 700, the highest figure
recorded since 1968.

18___________________________________________________________________

So what is to blame? Experts themselves confess to being unsure as to what prompts

the allergy.
We think it's to do with the western lifestyle,' says Professor Linberg. "Things like
immunisation and, ironically, hygiene, have been implicated.'

19___________________________________________________________________

6
The over-protection of children's immune systems produces softies too enfeebled to
fight off pollen allergies in their teens and twenties, the disease's peak years.

“The key to coping with hay fever,” says Linberg, ‘is understanding how it works.'
Despite the name hay fever, grass pollen is not the only trigger - a minority of
sufferers are affected by pollen from quite another source.

20___________________________________________________________________

Sufferers of all types of hay fever may not realise that genetic factors may be to
blame. Before concerned mums and dads start rolling their toddlers in grime and
pushing them out of the door to catch a few colds and grow up hardy, they should
pause to consider their own background.

21___________________________________________________________________

Nice thought, if hardly practical advice for millions of sufferers. But there are steps
you can take to avoid the disease. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and passive
smoking as a child are known to contribute to the allergy's development in later life.

22___________________________________________________________________

The millions for whom the annual battle with pollen is a wearying one can at least
console themselves that the most successful cure for hay fever is time. Hang on in
there: it should start to fade when you reach middle age.

7
A Tree pollen allergy, typically birch trees, can be linked to asthma, and sufferers
often experience what is called a cross reaction when they eat tree fruits: apples and
stone fruits like peaches. Because tree pollen peaks earlier, those who suffer
symptoms in March and April are likely to have this type of allergy.

B The best thing you can do to avoid developing hay fever,' says Linberg, is choose
your parents. The child of two parents who are sufferers has a 70-90% chance of
developing the allergy. This falls to 50% with one parent, and less than 20% if neither
has it.'

C For that secret army of silent sufferers late June is the prime grumbling season in
Britain. The famous lawn tennis tournament, Wimbledon, ironically, takes place
during the very worst fortnight to be around grass. And this seasonal effect has been
intensifying year by year.

D Linberg counsels watching the pollen forecast carefully - her unit can supply
information of counts on certain days. This way, sufferers can plan their days so as to
minimise their exposure to pollen. If all else fails,' she says, 'try to take a holiday
abroad or by the coast when pollen is at its peak.'

E Wearing sunglasses, keeping car windows shut and fitting a pollen filter to your car
can also help, as can staying indoors in late afternoon, when the pollen count is at its
highest. However, none of these suggestions is anything more than a preventative
measure.

F If you are a runny-nosed kid chasing around with ten siblings who all catch coughs
and colds, you are probably more likely to be protected from hay fever in later life'
she says.

G We tend to assume that environmental extremes are necessarily our fault, but
while global warming may have had a part to play in muddling up flowering seasons,
pollution does not cause hay fever. It may aggravate the symptoms and irritate an
already streaming nose, but it's not the trigger.

8
 Use of English Task 1
For questions 1-6, read through the following text and then choose from the list A-J
the best phrase or sentence to fill each of the spaces. Write one letter (A-J) in the
correct space. Some of the answers do not fit at all. The exercise begins with an
example (0).

So how was your inbox this morning? Overflowing at the seams? Full of messages
from people you don't know, subjects you don't care about, and (0) J the odd gem of
information which could transform your life (1) ....?

Welcome to the club: e-mail is both business blessing and commercial curse.
You can't do without it, yet you still can't face the idea of wading through every one
of those tedious messages that come through the digital door every day. Perhaps
(2) ...., then it's time to move on to the fun parts of the magazine because I have
momentous news for you: the e-mail flood may be bad today, but tomorrow (3) .....
Not only are you going to get more of the stuff, the stuff itself is going to explode too
– into audio and graphics, video and customer response forms. And (4) ...., you're
going to lose a key business edge along the way.

In the US, (5) .... for large corporations that deal with employees, customers
and suppliers by e-mail to dispatch a staggering 800,000 messages per day (yes, you
did read that correctly). Small wonder that one boss of a large software company
decided to close down his network e-mail system for part of each day, (6) .... he
thought people were too busy e-mailing and not spending enough time
communicating.

A. if all this sounds way too familiar

B. it is not unknown
C. unless you refuse to use it
D. precisely because
E. if you try to ignore it
F. it's going to be ten times worse
G. despite the fact that
H. if only you could find it
I. somewhere in among the dross
J. the odd gem of information

9
Correct any illogical linking devices in the following sentences. The first one is
shown as an example.

Although
1. Because he'd never tried it before he was very good at it.

2. Don't forget to phone us finally you get there.

3. Despite being an accomplished musician, Freda is also a first-rate painter.

4. As well as the bad weather, the race meeting has been cancelled.

5. I hope to get some work done while the holidays.

6. So that you're always borrowing a pen, I've decided to buy you one.

7. Cars are expensive to maintain, whereas bicycles cost very little.

8. I put the vases on top of the piano since they wouldn't get broken.

9. While a little sunshine can be good for you, too much can be very harmful.

10. The job is a little tedious, but however it offers lots of fringe benefits.

11. Credit may be arranged so as to spread payment over twelve months.

12. Tony has decided to take a year off owing to travel around the world.

10
Vocabulary Task 1-Complete the crossword. One has been done for you.

Weather
Across
1. If severe weather or a transport problem prevents you from leaving a place,
you are __________ (8)
2. Violent form of 8 across with strong circular 9 across. (7)
3. Very strong 9 across. (4)
4. A great amount of water in a place that is usually dry. (5)
5. A pile of snow blown up by 9 across. (5)
6. Medical term for when your body temperature falls to a dangerously low level. (11)
7. Water at 0°C. (3)
8. Bad weather with a lot of rain. (5)
9. A current of air moving across the earth's surface. (4)
10. Blocked in by heavy snow. (9)

Down
11. Having become hard or stiff from cold. (6)
12. Periods of dry weather causing suffering and hardship. (8)
13. A violent hurricane that occurs in the western Pacific. (7)
14. A large mass of snow that slides down the side of a mountain. (9)
15. To die under water because you can't breathe. (5)
16. Heavy snowfall with extremely strong 9 across. (8)
17. A mixture of rain and snow. (5)

11
Good monolingual dictionaries always indicate if a word or phrase has a particular
'register, in other words the type of context it should be used in. Different dictionaries
use slightly different labels to indicate register but they all tell you whether the word
or phrase is informal, formal, specialised/technical (e.g. medical, legal, literary, etc),
old-fashioned/dated, slang, etc. Words and phrases with no label are of neutral
register.

Use your monolingual dictionary to determine the register of the following words and
to discover a more common/neutral (near) synonym. An example is given.

Word Register Synonym

1. lesion medical cut, wound
2. podgy
3. bananas (adj)
4. pen (v)
5. wireless (n)
6. larcerny
7. pretty (adv)
8. court (v)
9. notwithstanding
10. nosh – up
11. politic
12. bamboozle
13. clavicle
14. lingo

12
Make any necessary changes to the underlined words in the sentences that follow.
Not all the under lined words are in inappropriate register. The first one has been
done for you.

1. Unfortunately, he ended his days in an institution for the criminally bananas.

insane
2. Oh no! I think I've put my clavicle out again.

3. Lingo study classes are from 0900 to 1215 with options in the afternoon.

4. You are invited to a nosh-up to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the

foundation of the club.

5. It's no good trying to bamboozle me. I'm not going to buy any insurance.

6. She turned out to be a great boss to work for notwithstanding what

everybody said about her.

7. It is, to say the very least, pretty regrettable that the Managing Director has
decided to resign at this crucial time.

8. Podgy children run a higher risk of heart disease in later life.

9. My grandmother never bought a TV. She was quite happy listening to her
wireless, as she used to call it.

10. Can you pen a quick shopping list for me? You know how forgetful I am.

11. One feels it may not be politic at this moment to press for an increase in salary.

12. 'Hi, Karen. So this is your new boyfriend.

'Yeah, we've been courting for about two months now?

13. I'm a bit worried about Harry, doctor. He's got some nasty lesions on his legs.

14. I see Fred Gomm's been arrested again.'

'Oh, what for this time?'
The usual - larceny.

13
 Grammar Task 1

Complete the sentences below using the most appropriate form of will or going to
and the verb given in brackets. The first one has been done as an example.

1. What are you going to do (do) after you leave university?

2. I hope I _________(have) a better job this time next year.

3. Look out, that lorry's coming straight at us! Oh no, we ___________ (crash)!

4. 'Could I have an orange juice?'

I'm sorry, we've run out.'
'Oh, alright I _________ (have) a coke then, please.'

5. What time do you think you __________ (get) back from the conference?

6. Oh come on, look at that beautiful blue sky - it ___________ (not rain) today!

7. ‘Have you got any plans for Friday night?'

‘Not really, I ________ (just stay) in and read a book.’

8. Sid promised to come and help us but he ________________________

(probably not remember), you know how unreliable he is.

9. 'Maria, the phone's ringing and I'm in the bath?’

‘OK, I __________ (get) it!’

10. Quick! Give me a paper tissue, I ______________ (sneeze) again!

14
Complete the following passage by putting the time conjunctions from the box in the
correct space. The first one is shown as an example.

until when by the time before if

after while as soon as until once

Memorandum
from Security Supervisor I B Shadow

(1) Before the Ambassador arrives, you will have searched the embassy and grounds
for anything suspicious. (2) ___________ he steps out of his bullet-proof limousine,
you and three of your men will be in charge of his personal safety (3)__________ he
gets back into his limousine after the meeting. (4) _____________ he's shaken hands
with the British diplomats, one of you will have to stay very close to him
(5) _______________ he greets the well-wishers in the crowd and, remember,
(6) _____________ you see anyone behaving strangely, you'll be expected to act first
and ask questions later. (7) _____________ he goes inside the embassy building
with the negotiators, you'll accompany him to the meeting room door and wait
outside
(8) ______________ he re-emerges this could take anything from two to three hours.
(9) ______________ he comes out of the embassy, the crowd will probably have
dwindled somewhat but this is the time when you and your men will need to be
most vigilant, so keep him covered all the time. (10) _______________ he gets back
in his limousine, he'll be back in the hands of the mobile security unit and you'll be
able to breathe a sigh of relief.

15
 Listening Task Part 1:

You will hear three different extracts. Before you listen, work in pairs. Read
questions 1-6 below and discuss the following.

a. What do you think Khalkha is?

b. Which answer would you give to question 2?

c. What do you think is meant by 'spelling reform'?

d. In question 4, how are options A, B and C related to spelling reform?

e. How would you answer question 5?

f. In question 6, which option, A, B or C, would be most helpful for non-native

speakers looking for jobs?

Now listen, and for questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best
according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

Extract One
You hear an interview on a travel programme with a writer who has been to
Mongolia.

1. How did Colin first start learning Khalkha?

a. He taught himself before starting his journey.
b. He took lessons with a teacher in London.
c. He learnt it while he was in the country

16
 2. Colin thinks that adults wanting to learn a new language must

a. have a talent for language learning.

b. be prepared to work hard.
c. be ready to take risks.

Extract Two

You hear two teachers, Rajiv and Susan, discussing the need for English spelling
reform.

3. Rajiv became interested in spelling reform

a. when he was learning the language himself.

b. when he started teaching the language.
c. when he read about the subject.

4. What do Rajiv and Susan agree about?

a. Children would have fewer problems learning to read and write.

b. Foreign learners would know how to pronounce new words.
c. It would lead to considerable economic savings.

17
Extract Three

You hear an interview with Peggy, a researcher who has studied job interviews
conducted in English.

5. What does she consider the main problem for non-native speakers?

a. Their English is not good enough.

b. Their body language gives the wrong message.
c. Their answers are unsuitable.

6. She suggests improving the recruitment process by

a. replacing interviews with practical tests.

b. training interviewers to ask clearer questions.
c. changing interviewers' expectations.

(speaking - part of listening)

➢ What are the main difficulties for people wanting to learn your language?

➢ What, for you, are the main difficulties of doing an interview for an exam or
for a job in English?

Listening Task 1 Part 2

1. Work in small groups. You will hear an economist talking about a skills
shortage (when there are not enough skilled workers for the jobs available).
Match these things happening in modern workplaces with the photos.

a. offices relocating to the countryside

b. perks such as career breaks and sabbaticals for key staff
c. telecommuting - working from home
d. people from different parts of the world collaborating on the same projects
e. working on past retirement age
f. longer working hours

18
2. Which of these things would help companies to attract and retain skilled
workers? Which would skilled workers find unattractive?

19
 3. Work in pairs. What sort of information do you think you will need to fill each
of the gaps in the notes below?

Example: (1) highly qualified staff or successful graduates or something similar

The Skills Shortage

In order to compete successfully, companies in many sectors try to attract workers (1)
________________________.

The competition to recruit good workers is strongest in (2) _________________

companies.

This is a feature of both (3) _______________ and Western economies.

By one estimate, Bangalore is expected to have a shortage of 200,000

(4) _________________.

Many European countries have smaller (5) ___________________ than in the past.

Also, too many university students are tending to study the

(6) ______________________.

The biggest shortage in international organisations is people with

(7) ______________ skills.

Some companies have been considering (8) _________________ to attract staff, but
this leads to other problems.

20
Reading Task 2
PART 1
Read the following magazine article about trekking and answer questions 1-5. On
your answer sheet indicate the letter A, B, C or D against the number of each
question 1-5. Give only one answer to each question.

Accidental Adventurer
Garry Weare needs no introduction to backpackers who go trekking in northern India.
He has been organising adventure holidays there for 25 years and has written one of
the leading guidebooks. I catch Garry in the midst of a hectic round of UK lectures.
Educated in Britain, he first took himself off to India in 1970. I asked how it all came
about.

'I wasn't an outdoors person at university, I didn't join the walking or climbing
clubs. I was inspired to go out there by people from the sub-continent I met during
my studies. Trekking was something I got involved in without ever really intending to,
but it had a very significant effect on me. Once out there, I started thinking that
introducing people to that part of the world would be a wonderful way to earn a
living. I thought I would do it for a few years, then I'd settle down to a proper job -
whatever one of those is!'

‘Unlike neighbouring Nepal, no-one was doing treks of more than a few days
in the Indian Himalayas. I thought it would be nice to organise something a bit
longer.' Garry's efforts were aided by an ability to get on with some key local people,
and in 1981 when, quite by chance, he met Tony Wheeler, the founder of the Lonely
Planet series of guidebooks, he'd been running trekking trips in Northern India for six
years. Tony had already published a book on trekking in Nepal. He thought there
might be a possibility of doing something similar on northern India. As Garry recalls:
'We seemed to get on quite well and six months later we were talking about the
book. It took something like six years before the first edition came out though!’

I wonder how Garry reconciles the fact that his writing and trek-leading, is
inevitably going to have some sort of negative effect on local people and the
environment. 'That is something which I consider very seriously. I think the bottom
line is that if I don't do it, then someone else will, so let me get in first and encourage
people to go in with qualified local guides; that's the only way some sort of standard
can be maintained. At the same time, anybody who believes that we can maintain a
pristine environment and keep those wonderful people in medieval conditions
should take a damned good look at themselves.' Garry believes that we have to share
the benefits of our society with local people, but without reaching the point where
remote villagers become disillusioned with their own lifestyle.

21
 He thinks there can be a happy medium between eastern and western
cultures. Particularly in the region of India where he operates, it is possible to point
to certain benefits of tourism. 'Local youths are becoming far more conscious of their
culture and history than they ever would have been if there hadn't been any tourists
around. If you look at the condition that some of their ancient buildings were in
during the 1970s, the deterioration of the paintings, it was a culture that was dying
out anyway. The influx of money that tourism has brought into the economy has
allowed old buildings to be renovated and people's artistic skills to be retained.'
What's more, he maintains that with or without tourism, roads would have been
extended into the remoter regions and there would still have been mainline
communication coming in from other parts of India.

In addition to constantly updating the guidebook almost single-handedly,

Garry is now director of an adventure travel company. 'You would assume that I have
a ticket to trek wherever I wish. But whenever I have any time to myself - guess
where I go? The Indian Himalayas. It really appears nonsensical to people who don't
know me. But the more you get to know an area the more you realise how much you
don't know.' I wonder out loud if there are places in the Indian Himalayas that are so
special to Garry that he hasn't yet shared them with his readers. 'There are,' he says
flatly, with a mischievous look in his eyes.

1. Why did Garry first go to India?

a. He was enthusiastic about outdoor pursuits.

b. He was keen to set up a business there.
c. He was looking for temporary employment.
d. He was influenced by college friends.

2. How did Garry first come to write a guidebook?

a. He had good local contacts in India.

b. He approached a publisher with the idea.
c. He made friends with an influential person.
d. He knew someone who'd written a similar one.

22
3. According to Garry, how can the negative effects of tourism best be avoided in
northern India?

a. by training local people to act as guides

b. by keeping tourists away from remote villages
c. by preventing the modernisation of lifestyles
d. by preparing local people for social change

4. How has tourism affected local culture most noticeably in the area where
Garry works?

a. It has made people defensive about their culture.

b. It has provided income for cultural projects.
c. It has made people share their culture more readily.
d. It has led to investment in communications.

5. In the final paragraph, Garry is reported as implying that his guidebook

a. may not be completely up-to-date.

b. may not include all there is to see.
c. may not be completely reliable.
d. may not appeal to everybody.

23
 PART 2
Answer questions 6-21 by referring to the newspaper article, in which representatives
from various recruitment agencies speak about secretarial jobs abroad.

For questions 6-21, answer by choosing from the list of agencies A-F.
Some of the choices may be required more than once.
Note: When more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.

Who expresses the following views?

Companies welcome young people who have obtained 6….

extra qualifications in their chosen field.
Experienced secretaries in employment may also benefit 7….
from spell of temporary work abroad.
The same job title may vary in status from country to 8….
country.
Secretarial work is now becoming universally 9….
standardised.
Employees may need to prove the authenticity of their 10…. A. Sarah Temple (Job
qualifications and experience. Power)
In some countries foreigners are only allowed to do 11….
unpaid work. B. Evelyn Ward
It is important for temporary workers to be well-informed 12…. (S.E.A.R.C.H.)
about what is permitted.
Temporary secretaries may gain work skills which may 13…. C. Cathy Doe (Raleigh)
improve their career prospects. 14….
D. Mike Dokes
Temporary work can turn into full-time employment. 15….
(Crawford's)
Our network of contacts enables us to offer a speedy 16….
service.
E. Anna Barnes
Temporary secretaries should beware of changing jobs 17….
(SecAustralia)
too often.
More relaxed rules have made it easier to find work in 18….
F. Barbara Walker
certain countries.
(Crystal)
Temporary work abroad is particularly suitable for people 19….
without personal commitments.
Secretarial work is now seen as a quick, easy way of 20….
making money.
Government agencies can provide useful information 21….
about host countries.

24
 Secretaries Abroad
The chances are that any chat around the coffee machine in an
office will these days include various foreign accents. For, as we
investigate, the itinerant secretary travels the world in all
directions.

Worldwide demand for multi-lingual and English speaking secretaries has never been
greater, and the already generous incentives for those willing to travel are increasing
by the month. So anyone longing for a change of scene, wanting to try their hand at
something new or feeling themselves getting rusty in their present job, could be in
luck. Now is definitely the right time.

'Not only is computer technology making secretarial work similar the world over, but
businesses themselves are becoming increasingly global’, says Sarah Temple, a
business manager at global recruitment agency, Job Power. ‘They want staff to
reflect that.’

Evelyn Ward, an international recruitment consultant based at S.E.A.R.C.H., believes

there are additional reasons. 'As far as Britain is concerned, companies are
expanding overseas at a higher rate than ever. That means there is increasing
opportunity for British secretaries to work away especially if they know another
language. In turn, secretaries from other countries have more opportunities to come
to countries like Britain because of the 'opening up' of the job market; approximately
40,000 secretaries arrived in Britain last year on working visas. What's more, cheap
air fares to and from Europe, especially to destinations such as Australia, are
encouraging people from many countries to pack their bags and go.’

Sarah Temple at Job Power has also noticed another element in this great exodus.
People who want to work abroad are thinking: 'Why should I go for the usual
nomadic jobs, such as nannying and bar work, when I can make a packet, as well as
pick up some useful office skills, by turning my hand to administration?' she says.

Cathy Doe, from rival organisation, Raleigh, a few doors away from Sarah's office in
London's agency heart, Pennington Crescent, was herself a temp, as temporary
secretaries are known, for a year in Belgium, long before she joined the company.
‘We take the view that temping is a great way to discover a bit of the world, while at
the same time getting experience in areas like Information Technology and
communication, which prove invaluable in practically every long-term career.’

25
Surely true, but Cathy's words should, perhaps be tempered with a little caution,
according to Evelyn Ward at S.E.A.R.C.H. 'While prospective employers like young
people to demonstrate the independence and flexibility which comes with having
tried a number of different temping jobs abroad, travelling around aimlessly doesn't
go down well. Temps must show employers that they have some ability to hold down
a job for a certain length of time. Apart from anything else, temping in this way gives
you time to mature personally and assess your values in life. It's a real character-
building exercise.’

Crawford's is one of the leading agencies in the field, although aimed rather at the
high fliers' end of the market. Mike Dokes of Crawford's says: 'We offer graduates a
year's work experience and study in New York as a Personal Assistant. At the end of
this year, they get a certificate in international business practice. In a world where
employers are looking for candidates who can bring more to a company than just a
good degree and two weeks' office experience, this certificate is extremely
worthwhile. A recent temp of ours walked straight into a job as a marketing
administrator on her return from America. The company concerned recognised that
a secretarial role in New York is demanding, fast-paced and often quite scary.’

Meanwhile, international agency, SecAustralia, offers a less graduate-driven option,

giving all temps the chance to build up their 'SecAus passport', a kind of personal
portfolio consisting of typing skills, IT experience and references. 'For people working
abroad, says Anna Barnes of SecAustralia, it can be difficult to have an easily
verifiable track record. Our 'passport', making use of the respected 'SecAus' name,
aims to change all that.’

Increasingly, temping agencies such as SecAustralia are teaming up with other

consultancies around the world to set up exchange programmes. 'If you tell us you're
off to South Africa at the weekend,' says Anna, ‘there's every chance we could have a
placement ready for you the following week.’

But overseas jobs in the secretarial market are not just for recent temps or for those
fancying a spot of character building before getting a serious job. Evelyn Ward at
S.E.A.R.C.H. points out that administrative staff with the travel bug can also profit
from an approach to one of the larger agencies. 'The job market has changed,' she
says. ‘The concept of a job for life has all but disappeared. We live in a society where
relocation is common, and geographical mobility is a big advantage for the employee.
All the more reason, then, to sample what the secretarial world has to offer before
responsibilities and family ties hold you down to a particular place.’

26
Evelyn continues: 'But do make sure you know the facts before you pack your bags.
Not the least important question you should be asking yourself is whether it is legal
for you to work in your chosen country. If the answer is yes, what documentation will
you need, and what financial arrangements must you make? Embassies or consulates
are a good source of such essential information. Anna Barnes at SecAustralia says:
'As far as Australia is concerned, if you have a work visa, it is legal to work there for
three months at a stretch. In other countries, however doing anything other than
voluntary work could be overstaying your welcome.’

Mike Dokes at Crawford's also points out the importance of examining your
qualifications, and doing some research to find out wheth intending to work. He
points out that in the Netherlands, for example, Personal Assistant roles are less
secretarial and more assistant-based than they are in Britain. 'It's not unusual for a
PA to the head of marketing, for example, to have a degree in marketing and to be
given their own projects,’ he says.

So whatever you do, give it a try, but do your research first. You never know, you
might intend to go for a couple of months and end up being pleasantly surprised.

Barbara Walker was a temp with the Crystal agency. She flew out to Sydney without
any money, friends or accommodation, but with secretarial work organised through
Crystal. 'My new employers were so impressed with my adaptability that they put
me on the payroll, gave me a contract, and even got special permission from the
authorities so that they could keep me on after my visa had expired.’ Five years on,
and Barbara is sill with them ... for the time being. Next month she's leaving them, to
set up her own agency for people who want to go and work in Australia.

27
 Use of English Task 2

For questions 1-15 read the film review below and then decide which word best fits
in each space. The exercise begins with an example (0).

Having seen the (0) trailer on TV for this latest Sam Spadacci film, I knew I was in for
something a little different! The main (1) ____________of the film (2) ________ with
the fall and eventual rise of Frankie Longo, (3) ___________ by the new Hollywood
superstar Larry Zardini. The (4) _________, which has some brilliant one-liners, was
written by Spadacci's old associate, Matt Dusi.

Everything starts off fairly predictably – a young Italo-American kid, mixed up

with the local Mafia - it seems to be the usual (5) ____________ of Spadacci's own
roots. But then, after going in and out of jail for a couple of years, Frankie 'gets
cuisine' and suddenly discovers he's a marvellous cook! Some (6) ___________ are a
little slow-moving as we (7) __________ on Frank's culinary prowess - did we really
need to spend five minutes of the film watching Frank's perfect soufflé rising in the
oven?

Soon Frankie is cooking for the rich and famous, including the Mafia big
cheese Joe d'Ancona – a wonderfully over the top (8) ___________ by veteran Bruno
Marmo - and eventually the President! Inevitably, in (9) ____________ of his efforts
to go straight, Frankie is caught up in a secret (10) ____________ to assassinate the
President. Without giving too much away, Frankie apparently goes along with the
Mafia while really sabotaging things. There are some crazy (11) ___________
including gangsters exploding out of a giant birthday cake! The (12) ___________
maintains the almost slapstick feel with a manic tempo at times.

(13) _______________ some of the dialogue is a little laboured at times this is,
all in (14) _______________ a thoroughly entertaining bit of fun, which I
(15) ____________ whole-heartedly.

0. A. commercial B. episode C. trailer D. broadcast

1. A. storyline B. narrative C. contents D. commentary
2. A. concerns B. shows C. describes D. deals
3. A. designed B. set C. played D. cast
4. A. chapter B. script C. speech D. story
5. A. study B. survey C. test D. revision
6. A. sections B. chapters C. acts D. scenes
7. A. analyse B. focus C. devote D. examine
8. A. character B. part C. performance D. personality
9. A. spite B. account C. despite D. view

28
 10. A. plot B. design C. agreement D. intention
11. A. stages B. stunts C. actions D. productions
12. A. beat B. singing C. record D. soundtrack
13. A. While B. Except C. Although D. Whereas
14. A. balance B. all C. conclusion D. end
15. A. offer B. suggest C. recommend D. represent

Vocabulary Task 2
Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of an appropriate
verb taken from the box. The first one is shown as an example.

1. We all need to spend some time just enjoying ourselves.

2. Not having enough money to _____________ basic needs is a great cause of

stress.

3. Many people find it hard to _____________ their behaviour in order to reduce

stress.

4. We've just been told that the new multi-gym will ____________ facilities for
just about all indoor sports.

5. Excuse me! I wonder if you'd have the time to __________ a brief

questionnaire.

6. I try to ___________ my mind by ___________ yoga.

7. How many alcoholic drinks do you _____________ a week?

8. It's important to both give and ______________ affection regularly.

9. I really must try and _______________ my time better. I'm always leaving
things until the last minute.

10. Her grandmother is in excellent health and regularly ______________ the

local sports club.

29
Underline the word in each group that does not fit in with the other three. Use a
dictionary to help you if necessary. The first one is shown as an example.

1. fun enjoyable friendly light – hearted

2. nap rush snooze siesta
3. dizzy worn out tired run – down
4. tackle wrestle with fight mull over
5. focus unwind relax switch off
6. source result cause reason
7. tense angry upset vulnerable
8. stuck confined boosted cramped

Match up the word partners in Columns A and B as in the example.

A B
1. blood A. night
2. stomach B. effects
3. time C. pressure
4. stress D. breakdown
5. minor E. ulcers
6. balanced F. constraints
7. sleepless G. trouble
8. nervous H. ailments
9. heart I. meal
10. harmful J. overload

30
 Grammar Task 2

Put the verbs in brackets into either the present simple or the present continuous
tense. Put any other words in the brackets in the correct place. The first one has been
done for you.

1. This milk doesn't smell (not smell) too fresh - I think I'll throw it out.

2. You ____________ (forever/use) my razor, can't you buy one of your own?

3. Oh yes, Jean and I ___________ (know) each other very well.

4. Mark ___________ (go) to work by train while his car's at the mechanic's.

5. Don't forget the coach ____________ (leave) at 6.45 tomorrow morning so

you'd better get an early night.

6. ‘Where's Harry?' 'In the study, I think he___________ (write) some letters.’

7. Aunt Agnes is very generous, she _____________ (always/give) the children

wonderful presents for their birthdays.

8. That new postman _____________ (not seem) very bright to me, he

_________ (always/leave) our letters in the wrong letterbox.

9. I'm sorry we can't make it to the party on Saturday but we __________(have)

dinner with some old friends.

10. Predictably, at the end of the film the Swarzenegger hero _________ (rescue)
the prisoners and ___________ (get) the girl!

11. Where ____________ you ____________ (live) until your new house is ready?

12. Carter __________ (serve), Pampas ___________ (return) but the ball
__________ (go) into the net. Game to Carter.

31
Complete the following sentences with a suitable form of can, could, be able, may,
might, must and the verb in brackets. An example is given.

1. I feel absolutely awful. I think I must have (have) the flu.

2. Are you going to __________ (come) to Charlie's birthday party next Saturday?

3. My word! It ___________ (take) you ages to write all this. There are more
than 2,000 pages!

4. Which bus do you think you ___________ (leave) your bag on?

5. ‘It's odd we haven't received that cheque. Showerings said they'd sent it.’
‘Yes, I suppose it ___________ (get) lost in the post but I doubt it.'

6. I ___________ (swim) really well when I was six years old.

7. Although she had a broken leg, she ___________ (swim) to the shore.

8. You __________ (tell) me it was a formal party. I looked a real idiot in my

pullover and jeans!

9. It's not surprising we ___________ (not find) the house. You gave us the
wrong address!

10. I used to ____________ (run) for miles. Now I ___________ (not even run)
round the block!

11. I wonder why Pam ignored me in the street this morning.’

'Well, she __________ (not realise) it was you. She's as blind as a bat.'

12. Smoking ______________ (cause) all sorts of physical problems.

13. We ___________ (not be) more delighted when we heard the news.
Congratulations!

14. Quick, Phil! _____________ you (see) that man over there? I think he
________ well (be) the one the police are looking for.

15. Marsha ____________ (be) a brilliant lawyer but she gave it all up to go and
live in Nepal.

32
16. ‘What's that there in those trees?'
‘It __________ (not be) a dog, it's too big. Let's run for it!’

17. Jane's not completely deaf but she __________ ( not hear) properly for a long
time.

18. Billy, come away from that dog. It __________ (bite) you.

33
 Listening Task 2 Part 1
1. Listen to two people, Frances and Sally, being asked their opinions about
issues connected with work. Write down the three questions you think they
have been asked.

Now look at exercise below and compare your questions with the questions there.

2. Listen again. Say if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).

Sally and Frances:

1. suggest several different ideas to answer each question (T)

2. help each other with ideas and encouraging comments ( )
3. treat each question very seriously ( )
4. answer some questions by talking about their personal situation ( )
5. speak in quite a formal style. ( )

3. Complete these extracts from Speaking Part 4 by writing an adverb from the
box in each space. Then listen again to check your answers.

actually completely fairly generally horrifically

just necessarily obviously quite

sort of

1. You don't necessarily have to deal with in line work colleagues.

2. The disadvantages are that it might be _____________________ difficult to

separate work and home life, because you can _____________________ see
your office as you walk past and think, oh, I'll just check my emails again.

3. You might need more self-motivation to _________________ do things and

not just go to the kitchen every five minutes and get something.

34
 4. Some things, yes, because some very basic manual work is going to be
____________ boring, but then __________________ you're losing lots of
your workforce and creating more unemployment, but ______________ it
would be great.

5. ____________________ the opposite of my boss now. I'd look for somebody

who's a good communicator, that tells you what's going on, that doesn't yell
at you, that doesn't smell, that has, sets like boundaries, that helps you
prioritise your workload and doesn't give you half their workload without
giving you any support. That's all _____________ negative.

4. Work in pairs. How do the adverbs affect the meanings of the sentences
above?

Example:

'Necessarily' tells us that you don't have to work with in-line colleagues in
every situation, or in every case.

5. Work alone. Think about your answers to the questions below. How could
you use some of the adverbs in Exercise 3 in your answers?

1. The world we live in is changing faster than ever before. How do you think our
working lives will be different in the future?

2. Many people dream of being able to work from home. What do you think are
the advantages and disadvantages of working from home?

3. Some people believe that we should all continue working as long as we are
able to, while other people believe that we should all retire at 60 or 65. What
is your view?

4. In the future, many jobs we do nowadays may be done by robots or machines.

Do you think this is a good thing? Why (not)?

5. How have computers changed the way people work?

6. Many people complain about their bosses. What qualities would you look for
in a perfect boss, and why?

35
 Listening Task 2 Part 2
Remember
Listen to a local historian talking about shipwrecks in a place in south- that
west England called The Lizard and complete sentences 1-8. The tip box answers
will help you. are no
longer
than 3
The Lizard is an attractive place for divers due to the many shipwrecks on words in
the _____________ (1). the exam.

Divers may come across _________________ (2) in the treasure.

HMS Anson left the port of Falmouth on 24th December, ________________ (3).

The Captain had to look for protection from a full ____________________ (4).

Sailors on the Anson thought the land they could see in front of them was the
_______________ (5) into Falmouth.

The Anson's damaged mast provided a type of ______________ (6) between the
boat and the beach.

Despite being so close to _______________ (7), many of the men on board were lost.

Divers should only visit the wreck when the _______________ (8) are suitable.

36
 Speaking Task
STUDYING AT ODD HOURS

Is studying at night your preferred option? If you are one of the night owls, who can
revise till 3am, rather than waking up at 6am, here’s what Manish Kumar, Vice
President of Product - Learning and Pedagogy at Toppr.com has to say about its
advantages and challenges.

Advantages:
➢ Night owls show a higher ability to stay alert and concentrate
➢ Better retention of information
➢ Less exam stress

Challenges:
➢ You can easily forget what you learned
➢ Your brain loses efficiency with each hour of sleep deprivation
➢ You may have less focus at school

Ponder on the above prompts and share your thoughts with the class.

Writing Task 1

Famous psycholinguist Frank Smith once said, “One language sets you in a corridor
for life. Two languages open every door along the way”.
With this thought in mind, write an essay on the Benefits of being Bilingual.
Write your essay in not more than 300 words.

37
Reading Task 3

PART 1

Answer questions 1-15 by referring to the magazine article about careers.

For questions 1-15, answer by choosing from sections A-D.
Some of the choices may be required more than once.

Which person

liaises with his/her staff in person? 1….

feels great empathy with his/her employers? 2….
encountered difficulties with the job initially? 3….
occasionally feels the need for more contact with people? 4….
liaises with an academic body? 5….
enjoys working independently? 6….
routinely works beyond the stipulated hours? 7….
liaises between his/her clients and other professionals? 8….
can no longer offer complete flexibility of working hours? 9….
informs people how his/her organisation works? 10….
sometimes loses track of what is happening elsewhere in his/her
organisation? 11….
gives lectures to groups of business clients? 12….
has to hold his/her emotions in check? 13….
is co-operative with organisations similar to his/her own? 14….
regards the main part of his/her job as routine? 15….

38
 People at Work
A Name: Adrian Bohane
Occupation: Sales director of a company selling satellite imagery

I usually work in the mornings and afternoons but because the company
headquarters are based in Canada, I often have to turn on my personal computer as
soon as I get home from the office to check for e-mails. This means about three
hours more work after I should have finished for the day. My main job is to look after
thirty distributors in my area so I spend much of my day making contact with them. I
often attend conferences on satellite data and also do presentations to explain to
clients about the industry. Most clients come from an academic background as
satellite data is often used for scientific reasons.

The high point of the job has to be the excellent opportunity I have to travel
and it is great to mix with people from so many nationalities. Conversely, travelling
can sometimes be a low as I am never at home and it involves working on my own a
great deal of the time.

Sometimes it is difficult to remain connected and know exactly what is going

on at head office. However, at the end of the day I am my own boss - which is nice -
so I only really have to worry about me.

In my free time I like to travel and go diving, but as I am so busy with work
there is very little time for any of this. What little time I do have off is spent relaxing
with friends, eating out or working in the garden.

B Name: Victoria Williamson

Occupation: PA to an all-girl pop band

I was actually part of the girls' management team for two months, before they asked
me to be their PA. If we're in America, I get up at 6 a.m. to stay in touch with London
- getting up so early can be really difficult! - but in Europe, I get up around 9.30 a.m. I
go to the hotel gym, make sure everyone's up, check in with security and confirm the
day's appointments and interviews. I'm the link between the girls and the record
company, stylists, accountants and print media. Now that they manage themselves,
there's also a lot of legal paperwork to be signed and returned quickly.

I'm working all the time that I'm awake. I don't have breaks as such, and I'm
often up until 2 a.m. But because the girls have such a great sense of humour and fun,
it's always a real laugh. And at times we can get really emotional together. Working

39
for women is fantastic because they're much more on my wavelength than any of
the male bosses l've had.

C Name: Dr Heather Hall

Occupation: Assistant curator at a major zoo

I arrive at the zoo at about 7.45 a.m. and catch up on what's happening in the
aquarium and reptile house. If I have time before my department meetings, I walk
round each section and talk to the keepers about any problems that may have come
up.
I oversee about 2,000 animals, and we are constantly reviewing which animals
we want to keep. If we're left with just one individual animal from a particular
species, we try to send it to join a breeding programme at another zoo. After lunch -
usually something to eat at my desk - I open my post, which includes letters and
questionnaires from students and other zoos, which I respond to. My afternoon work
is likely to be more diverse. I work closely with a group of scientists at the Institute of
Zoology, working on population and species management. I show visitors from other
zoos and institutes around, talking them through the setup. I also give lectures to
students, anglers, fish hobbyists and members of the public. I finish work at 6 p.m.,
when somebody else takes over, and if I sometimes spend evenings at home,
catching up on reading or research, that's really for my own interest.

D Name: Hannah Latham

Occupation: Motorcycle courier

I do about fifteen to twenty-five pick-ups a day. I mainly pick up and deliver small
packets - that's all fairly standard, but sometimes I take passports to embassies, wait
for visas to be issued, or pay cheques into banks. Some of the requests can be quite
strange: I once had to deliver 20 cream cheese bagels to a cafél A lot of my work is in
inner London, so I have to be really careful,especially in wet weather. The job takes a
lot of concentration, and I occasionally get angry with drivers, but I have to control
my road rage as it impairs my riding. I used to get lost quite a bit at first, but it didn't
take long to develop my map-reading skills.

I do feel really satisfied when I've had a good day, and I don't seem to have
any problems switching off in the evening. I used to work Saturdays, too, but now my
weekends are completely taken up with motorcycle racing, which is my new passion.

40
 PART 2
For questions 16-22, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-H fits into the
numbered gaps in the following newspaper article. There is one extra paragraph
which does not fit in any of the gaps.

No Longer Blowing in the Wind

Plastic bags have disfigured South Africa’s landscape until a small town decided to act.
They have been called the national flower of South Africa. Outside every city, town
and village, hundreds of them flutter and rustle in the thorn bushes with the evening
breeze. They come in red, green, blue and black, and even in multi-coloured stripes.
Plastic bags. Lots of them. For South Africa consumes eight billion per year, or nearly
two hundred for every man, woman and child in the country. But the country is not
uniquely cursed. From the deserts of Yemen to the mangrove swamps of Thailand,
the discarded plastic supermarket bag disfigures the landscape of much of the
developing world.

16___________________________________________________________________

‘Our town was filthy,' says Sheila Joseph whose family has run the local general store
for ninety years. 'Our park looked as though there had been a snowstorm every
weekend. It was littered with plastic bags and rubbish. We had lots of clean-up
campaigns, but they didn't work. After two or three weeks, the town was filthy
again.'

17___________________________________________________________________

There are so many plastic bags blowing around the Northern Cape that a job-creation
project in the provincial capital employs 38 people to wash discarded bags, cut them
into strips and knit them together into brightly-coloured hats, carpets, doormats,
bags and even picture frames for sale.

18___________________________________________________________________

“The biggest businesses have been with us from the start, and haven't given a plastic
bag out since,' says the polite but steely Joseph, whose advice is now eagerly sought
by other litter-strewn towns across South Africa. 'Within two weeks, our park was
clean. It’s definitely brought the community of Douglas together.’

19___________________________________________________________________

41
As a representative explained: 'We all want Douglas clean, but I will give a plastic bag
instead of talking about it for ten minutes if a customer moans.' But if the
government has its way, the store and others like it across the country may soon be
banned from handing out the bags.

20___________________________________________________________________
Plastic manufacturers and retailers have reacted to the plans with predictable
outrage. They warn that thousands of people would lose their jobs and that the new
rules are likely to be unenforceable as importers would almost certainly ignore them.
They pointed out that old-fashioned heavy-duty bags use more plastic, not less.
Consumers, they insisted, would be greatly inconvenienced.

21___________________________________________________________________

The proposals may eventually need to be softened to allow manufacturers more time
to adapt. The determination to eradicate the plastic scourge of the countryside has
already galvanised some of the culprits into action, however.

22___________________________________________________________________

Indeed, on the clean streets of Douglas it is difficult to believe that South Africans
really ever needed those eight billion plastic bags. 'It's not that much of a hardship to
remember to bring a shopping bag,' says one elderly resident getting into her car
outside Joseph's store. 'Is it, dear?'

42
A Eager to fend off even more draconian legislation, however, many retailers are
now promising to help with a nationwide recycling programme for the bags they give
away.

B She blamed the mess on the thin bags handed out free to shoppers. Douglas's
15,000 residents did not like the litter. Nor did the tourists who came to see the
confluence of the Vaal and Orange, two of southern Africa's greatest rivers. Farmers
were unhappy too. Livestock sometimes ate the bags and died.

C Someone, of course, had to spoil the party. At the small Orange Vaal store down
the road from Joseph's, they're still giving out free plastic bags to customers who
want them, although demand has halved since the campaign began.

D First inspired by the people of Douglas, they are equally passionate in their hatred
of the bags. They nonetheless remain somewhat sceptical about the practicalities of
such a solution.

E South Africans, however, have decided to do something. And it was the hitherto
unremarkable town of Douglas in the arid Northern Cape region that took the lead.

F The argument put forward by the authorities is that thicker bags would not only be
used again and again, but would also be easier to collect and recycle. Supply of bags
with a thickness of less than 80 microns (a micron is a millionth of a metre) is
therefore likely to be outlawed.

G So it was that the people of Douglas, rejoicing in the slogan 'Fantastic - no plastic'
came to ceremonially execute an effigy made up from old plastic bags by the project
staff. Since then, shoppers bring their own, reusable baskets and bags, including
those made fromm locally recycled plastic.

H 'It won't work,' said a spokesperson. 'The problem is not the plastic bags, the
problem is litter, it's a question of attitude. What worries me is that instead of having
cheap plastic bags cluttering up the streets, we'll have expensive ones."

43
 Use of English Task 3
Read through the following text and choose from the list A-J the best phrase to fit
each space. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all. The exercise begins
with an example (0).

The Roots of Discipline

Humour is strong and flexible. Tragedy is brittle. If we change all our children's
misdeeds into tragedy, (0) J. If all their mistakes are exposed and judged, as before
the High Court, they will swiftly feel themselves to be victims of an unyielding system.
Soon they feel that not only what they did was bad, (1)....

But if a child can make mistakes in safety, (2) ...., or through laughter, his trust and
feeling of parental acceptance is not destroyed. The lesson will, however, still be
learned. Humour defuses a situation; (3)…. .

Quite simply, the best way to convey discipline to our children is to discipline
ourselves. We are the signposts to our children's futures, (4) ... .

It makes sense to take responsibility for our own actions, and respect and accept our
own feelings (5) ..... We are then less likely to hide behind a liberal or an
authoritarian mask that is unable to reflect the full range of our feelings.

A. and they are always looking to us to see where to go

B. if we wish to develop as human beings
C. but that they are intrinsically bad, too
D. as we travel through life together
E. but also that their parents are totally out of control
F. learn through the warmth of a cuddle
G. seriousness augments it
H. which is, of course, its greatest strength
I. before we discipline the child
J. they soon learn the unhappiness of existence

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For questions 1-15, complete the following story by writing each missing word in
the space. Use only one word for each space. The exercise begins with an example
(0).
A summer job
‘Oh good, you're here at last. I was wondering what time you'd (0) arrive,’ snapped
the boss. ‘I've been waiting for you (1) __________ three quarters of an hour!’

I apologised and explained that the early morning traffic had been
(2) __________ heavier than I'd expected.

'Oh dear! I don't suppose you're (3) __________ to getting up so early after
your time at university. To be honest, I'm surprised you were (4) ___________ to get
here before midday,’ he added sarcastically. I smiled and said nothing.

The job was driving a bus around Stratford (5) ____________ Cheryl, the
boss's daughter, gave a description of the places of interest we were passing.

We set off at half past nine with a bus full of tourists. Suddenly Cheryl hissed
into my ear, 'How (6) ___________ have you had your licence? You drive (7)
___________ a complete lunatic! Slow down or they won't see anything.

‘Sorry’, I said, gritting my teeth. ‘I'll (8) ____________ my best.’

At 11 o'clock, the tourists and Cheryl went into Anne Hathaway's cottage so I
decided to go and have a cup of coffee. The cafe was a (9) ___________ further away
than I realised and I had to stand in the queue for ages - it (10) _________ have
taken me 20 minutes to get served. When I got back to the bus, Cheryl was furious.

‘Where on earth have you (11) ___________ ?' shouted Cheryl.

‘I just went for a coffee. Your father said it (12) __________ be OK,’ I
protested.

When we got back, Cheryl told her father about my dreadful behaviour. But
before he (13) ____________ to open his mouth, I said 'Look, I've had just about
enough of this. Don't bother to sack me, I won't be (14) ________ tomorrow!' and
walked out.

I later found out that they had had four different drivers in (15)__________
many weeks.

45
 Vocabulary Task 3
Complete the following sentences with suitable word combinations. See the example.

1. I've never done it before but I'll give it a try.

2. When I asked him where room C10 was, he just __________ his shoulders and
told me to ask someone else.

3. After the bank robbery, the thieves went into ________ in an old barn for six
months.

4. We advise all our clients to _____________ out travel insurance.

5. It's pretty quiet now but when the holiday season is under ____________
absolutely packed with people.

6. Ski instructors must _____________ fairly interesting lives, mustn't they?

7. I hope Bobby won't make himself the life and ____________ tonight. It's so
embarrassing! of the party

8. The group's mission is to ____________ peace between nations and help

different peoples understand each other better.

9. 'Hold your _________ boy! Speak when you're spoken to!, shouted the old
man angrily.

10. As the inspection day approached, the manager _____________ us all under
tremendous pressure to make sure everything was in order.

46
Fill in the missing words in the grid below to reveal another hidden word associated
with age. Look at the example given.

1. Word used to describe old people.

2. Young child who is learning or has just learned to walk.

3. Physical strength to do something over long periods of time.

4. No longer young but not yet old.

5. Someone aged between 13 and 19.

6. If you are aged between 70 and 79 you are in your ____________.

7. A child with special gifts or great ability.

8. A very young child.

9. If you are 32, you are in your __________ thirties.

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 Grammar Task 3
In each of the following sentences add a suitable subject made from a verb. The first
one is shown as an example.

1. Drinking lots of water is supposed to be good for your complexion.

2. __________________causes a lot of unnecessary accidents every year.

3. __________________ is much less popular now than it was 20 years ago.

4. __________________ is by far the most common way of spending the evening.

5. __________________ often makes you appreciate the things you took for
granted in your own country.

6. __________________ crossword puzzles is a classic time-eater.

7. __________________ is a good way of losing weight and getting fit.

8. __________________ in poor light can damage your eyesight.

9. __________________ is my favourite way of relaxing.

10. __________________ is a sign of nervousness or stress.

48
Complete the following sentences by adding the correct preposition and a suitable
gerund. See the example.

1. I'm really looking forward to meeting your sister, I've heard so much about
her.

2. We're thinking __________ to Turkey this summer.

3. Arnold was falsely accused ________ cash from the till.

4. When I was a child my mother was always warning me _________ lifts from
strangers.

5. Jean doesn't believe ___________ today what she can put off until tomorrow!

6. Trevor is absolutely hopeless ____________ photos - he always cuts your

head or feet off!
7. Lesley's rather anxious __________ the doctor next week - she thinks it might
be something serious.

8. Emma was furious with me __________ her ex-boyfriend to the party.

9. I intend to find out who's responsible ______________ the window.

10. I'm tired _____________ the same old faces every day - I need a change!

11. Anyone interested ___________ on the trip to Bath should tell Kerry by noon
today.

12. Dr Farquar is famous ____________ people's names – I’m surprised he can

remember his own!

13. Carol is incredibly honest. She'd never dream _____________ a lie.

14. You can delete anything you don't want ____________ this button.

15. Sally found it difficult to re-adjust to the British way of life __________ back
from a long holiday in the Greek islands.

16. What's the name of that stuff you use ______________ grass stains out of
clothes?

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17. MANUFACTURER'S WARNING: Always wear safety goggles _____________
this machinery.

18. Francesco picked up a strong American accent _____________ a Master's

degree in the USA.

19. ________________ practically nothing, I just can't seem to lose any weight!

20. You must check in your mirror ____________ another car on the motorway.

50
 Listening Task 3 Part 1
1. You will hear an interview with the artist, Liam Carolan. Before you listen,
work in pairs.

1. Do you have any pictures at home? Did you choose them? What do you like
about them?
2. Look at Liam's two paintings on page 61. What do you think of them? What do
they reveal about the sitters' personalities?

Liam Carolan: Self-portrait

2. Work in pairs. Before you listen, read multiple- choice questions 1-6 below
and answer these questions.

a. For Question 2, which comment do you think people would make about his
paintings?
b. How would you answer Question 3?
c. For Question 4, what do you think is the main advantage of painting with the
sitter?
d. For Question 5, what do you think reveals the sitter's personality?
e. For Question 6, what problem do you think artists have when painting a self-
portrait?

1. What does Liam say about his father's career?

a. He taught portrait painting.

b. He didn't paint portraits professionally.
c. His portraits were influenced by abstract artists.
d. He exhibited his portraits together with other famous artists.

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2. What comment do people sometimes make about Liam's painting?

a. It's old-fashioned.
b. It lacks formal training.
c. It's too intellectual.
d. It lacks individuality.

3. According to Liam, people generally prefer to have paintings in their home to

photos because

a. paintings look more pleasant than photos.

b. they suit the design of most houses.
c. they are not produced by machine.
d. they don't look as modern as photos.

4. Why does Liam prefer painting portraits with the sitter in front of him?

a. He thinks the final result is more interesting and alive.

b. He enjoys working with other people in the room.
c. He finds the work more challenging.
d. He receives instant feedback from his sitters.

5. According to Liam, the sitter's personality is revealed in portraits as a result of

a. good artistic technique.

b. artistic interpretation.
c. the artist's acute observation.
d. the way people look at portraits.

6. What problem does Liam have when he is painting a self-portrait?

a. He lacks time to practise painting self-portraits.

b. He has difficulty staying in the same position while painting.
c. He cannot make himself look as relaxed or as handsome as he would like.
d. He cannot get close enough to the image he is painting.

52
3. Now listen to the interview. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or
D) which fits best according to what you hear.

4. (speaking part of listening)

➢ Would you prefer to have a painted portrait or a photograph of yourself in

your house? Why?
➢ How big would it be and where would you put it?

53
 Listening Task 3 Part 2

You are going to hear two people talking about the photographs.

1. First, read the examiner's instructions.

1.

Here are your pictures. They show different indoor leisure activities. I'd like you to
compare two of the pictures and say what skills and abilities each activity requires
and what participants enjoy about each activity.

2. Now listen to two people talking separately about two of these photos.

a. Which two photos are they comparing?

b. Which speaker gives a better response to the instructions? How?
c. What is the problem with the other speaker's response?
54
 3. Listen carefully to the second speaker again. Complete some of the things
she says.

What does the speaker say: Finish her answers.

to start her answer? I’m going to ______________________.
to introduce what she says about chess? To play chess _____________________.
to change the subject from chess to As far as _________________________,
cookery? I think __________________________.

Writing Task 2

Write an essay on the title topic given below in not more than 250 words.
Which is more important in choosing a career - Salary or Self-Fulfillment?

55
 WORD LIST
READING TASK 1

1. Cram (verb) - pack to capacity/pack closely, crowd.

He tried to cram all his clothes into one suitcase.

2. Flexible (noun) - adjustable, versatile.

Employees who approach their job with a flexible mindset are typically
more highly valued by their employers.

3. Circadian rhythm (adj) - a natural internal process that regulates sleep.

Also known as circadian cycle or internal body clock.
Shift workers and frequent fliers can develop a circadian rhythm.

4. Robust (adj) - full bodied, tough, strong, powerful.

The country’s domestic economy is in robust good health.

5. Bombard (verb) - shell,blast.

He is being bombarded by offers/questions.
The military bombarded the neighboring town.

6. Maxim (noun) - adage,saying.

A good maxim is never out of season.

7. Ironically (adv) - sarcastically, paradoxically, amusingly.

Ironically, his cold got better on the last day of his holiday.

8. Muddle (verb) - being in a confused state.

He managed to muddle through university.
I often muddle up Mary with her sister.

9. Virtually (adv) - practically, nearly.

He spent virtually all day studying.

10.Enfeebled (adj) - made weak or feeble.

He found himself politically enfeebled.

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READING TASK 2

1. Backpackers (noun) - a person who travels or hikes carrying their

belongings in a rucksack.
The fact is backpackers can be visible targets for crime.

2. Inevitably (adv) - unavoidably, automatically.

This behavior inevitably will land you in trouble.

3. Conscious (adj) - aware, awake.

We are conscious of the consequences of our actions.

4. Nonsensical (adj) - meaningless, senseless, illogical.

It’s just nonsensical to refuse aid from well intentioned donors.

5. Flatly (adv) - in a firm manner, absolutely.

He flatly denied all wrongdoings.

6. Spell (noun) - a period of time, usually a short one.

Solo travelers tend to meet numerous different personalities in a short
spell of time.

7. Standardized (verb) - to bring into conformity with a standard especially

in order to assure consistency and regularity, to compare with a
standard.
Many are now questioning the value of standardized tests.

8. Itinerant (adj/noun) - traveling/ traveler, journeys, usually working for a

short period of time.
The itinerant preacher moves to a new community every few years.

9. Exodus (noun) - a mass departure of people, the movement of a lot of

people or things away from a place.
There is a mass exodus of people from the rural areas to the cities.
A massive exodus of doctors is forcing the government to recruit from
abroad.

57
 10.Tempered (verb) - to soften by the addition or influence of something
else.
We must temper justice with mercy.

11.Temping (verb) - work as a temporary employee.

I was temping as a secretary for a good number of years before I
retired.

READING TASK 3
1. Liaises (verb) - cooperate, communicate.
She liaises between the distributors and the customers.
Grandparents on both sides will liaise with each other to help their
orphaned grandson.

2. Stipulated (verb) - specify, designate. To state clearly and definitely that

something must be done, or how it must be done.
The rules stipulate that players must wear uniforms.

3. Conversely (adverb) - reversed, upside down (in terms of position).

She placed the book conversely.
In defiance of, on the contrary (a statement of idea that reverses
another)
Conversely you may say that it is unacceptable.

4. Wavelength (in the passage it is used as an idiom) being on the same

wavelength means two or more people being able to think in a similar
way.
They were all on the same wavelength on the matter. (In physics,
wavelength means the distance between two waves of energy)

5. Oversee (verb) - supervise/watch over something or someone in order

to ensure a satisfactory outcome or performance.
I was hired to oversee the construction crew.

6. Rage (noun) - fury, anger.

His rage knew no bounds.

7. Flutter and rustle (verb) - to make a series of quick delicate movements.

Leaves fluttered and rustled down onto the path.

58
8. Litter-strewn (adj) - to spread by scattering.
The park was litter-strewn.

9. Unenforceable (adj) - especially of an obligation or law impossible to

enforce, invalid, void.
In some states, the restrictions on abortion are rendered unenforceable.

10.Fend off (phrasal verb) to defend or protect oneself. Ward off, keep off.
The talisman around his neck is believed to fend off evil or illness.

11.Confluence (noun) convergence, meeting, joining.

The village lies at the confluence of two rivers.

12.Outlawed (verb) - forbidden, banned, prohibited.

Firecrackers are outlawed in this country.

13.Effigy (noun) - statue, sculpture, carving, likeness. Also a roughly made

model of a person that is made in order to be damaged or destroyed as
a protest.
Protestors marched through the streets burning effigies of the
president.

59