Chapter2 Lesson-1 BSME 1A

Handout in
GE 101: Understanding the Self
Chapter II, Lesson 1:

Unpacking the Self: Physical and Sexual Self
Prepared by:
Dando, Avegail Anne V.

Daria, Demy Dave M.
Elvira, Nico James A.
CEAT- BSME- 1A
Ms. Patrice Gracial B. Abian, LPT

Course Facilitator
Handout in GE 101: Understanding the Self
Chapter II, Lesson 1: Physical and Social Self
by Tuazon, M.J.B., Tuazon, M.J.B., and Tuazon, M.J.B.
Course Facilitator: Ms. Patrice Gracial B. Abian, LPT
CHAPTER II
UNPACKING THE SELF
Lesson 1: PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:
1. define physical health
2. discuss the different views of one’s physical self
3. determine the factors that influence the change of one’s physical view
4. discuss the developmental aspect of the reproductive system
5. describe the erogenous zones
6. explain human behavior;
7. characterize the diversity of sexual behavior;
8. describe sexually transmitted diseases; and differentiate natural and
artificial methods of contraception.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, people are so conscious with their physical features. While some
people become contented of who they are and how they look like, most people are busy
making themselves prettier, sexier, more handsome and therefore, more acceptable.
Relationships are built and destroyed because of transformation of one’s physical
characteristics.
Some people are willing to exert much effort and financial resources just to
improve their bodies. Beauty is sometimes correlated to physical attractiveness. For us
to appreciate the physical self, we must also learn and understand the sexual self.
ABSTRACTION
As we come to understand the beauty of the physical self, we must learn to
understand the sexual self. It has been believed that the sex chromosomes of humans
define the sex (female or male) and their secondary sexual characteristics. From
childhood, we are controlled by our genetic makeup. It influences the way we treat
ourselves.
However, there are individuals who do not accept their innate sexual
characteristics and they tend to change their sexual organs through medications and
surgery. Aside from our genes, our society or the external environment helps shape our
selves. This lesson helps us better understand ourselves through a discussion on the
development of our sexual characteristics and behavior.
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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

According to Marieb E.N. 2001, she explains that although the sex of an
individual is determined at the time of fertilization (males have X and Y sex
chromosomes and females have XX), the gonads do not begin to form until about the
eight weeks of embryonic development. Before this time, the embryonic reproductive
structures of males and females were identical and were said to be in the indifferent
stage.
After the gonads have formed, the development of the accessory structures and
external genitalia begins. Whether male or female structures will form depends entirely
on whether testosterone is present or absent. The usual case is that once formed, the
embryonic testes produce testosterone, and the development of the duct system and
external genitalia follows. When testosterone is not produced, as in the case of female
embryos that form ovaries, the female ducts and external genitalia result.
Any interference with the normal pattern of sex hormone production in the
embryo results in bizarre abnormalities.
For example, if the embryonic testes fail to produce testosterone, a genetic male
develops the female accessory structures and external genitalia. On the other hand, if a
genetic female is exposed to testosterone (as might happen if the mother has an
androgen-producing tumor of her adrenal gland), the embryo has ovaries but develops
male accessory ducts and glands, as well as a male reproductive organ and an empty
scrotum.
Pseudohermaphrodites- individuals having accessory reproductive structures
that “do not match” their gonads.
Hermaphrodites, rare individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular
tissues.
In recent years, many pseudohermaphrodites have sought sex change operations
to match their outer selves (external genitalia) with their inner selves (gonads).
The male testes, formed in the abdominal cavity at approximately the same
location as the female ovaries, descend to enter the scrotum about 1 month before birth.
Failure of the testes to make their normal descent leads to a condition called
cryptorchidism. Because this condition results in sterility of a male (and also puts him
at risk for cancer of the testes), surgery is usually performed during childhood to rectify
this problem.
Abnormal separation of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to congenital
defects of the reproductive system. For instance, males who have an extra female sex
chromosome have the normal male accessory structures, but their testes atrophy,
causing them to be sterile.
Other abnormalities occur when a child has only one sex chromosome. An X0
female appears normal but lacks ovaries. YO males die during development. Other
much less serious conditions affect males primarily; these includes phimosis, which
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essentially is a narrowing of the foreskin of the male reproductive organ, and misplaced
urethral openings.
The events of puberty occur in the same sequence in all individuals, but the age
at which they occur varies widely. In males, the event that signals puberty onset is
enlargement of the testes and scrotum, around the age of 13 years, followed by the
appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair. Growth of the male reproductive organ
goes on over the next two years, and sexual maturation is indicated by the presence of
mature sperm in the semen. In the meantime, the young man has unexpected, and often
embarrassing, erections and frequent nocturnal emissions (wet dreams") as his
hormones surge and hormonal controls struggle to achieve a normal balance.
The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts, often apparent by the
age of 11 years. The first menstrual period, called menarche usually occurs about 2
years later. Dependable ovulation and fertility are deferred until the hormonal control
mature which is an event that takes nearly two more years.
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

In adults, the most common problems are infections. Female reproductive organ
infections are more common in young and elderly women and in those whose resistance
is low. Common infections include those caused by:
• Escherichia coli (spread from the digestive tract);
• sexually transmitted microorganisms (such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and herpes
virus), and;
• yeasts (a type of fungus).
Untreated infections may spread throughout the female reproductive tract,

causing pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility. Problems involving painful or
abnormal menses may result from infection or hormone imbalance.
The most common inflammatory conditions in males are urethritis, prostatitis,
and epididymitis, all of which may follow sexual contacts in which sexually transmitted
disease (STD) microorganisms are transmitted.
Epididymitis is inflammation of your epididymis, a tube at the back of your
testicle that carries sperm.
Prostatitis is inflammation (swelling) of the prostate gland.
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra and is a lower urinary tract infection.
Orchiditis, or inflammation of the testes, is rather uncommon but is serious
because it can cause sterility.
As noted earlier, neoplasms represent a major threat to reproductive system
organs. Tumors of the breast and cervix are the most common reproductive cancers in
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adult females, and prostate cancer (a common sequel to prostatic hypertrophy) is a

widespread problem in adult males.
Most women reach peak reproductive abilities in their late 20s. After that a
natural decrease in ovarian function occurs. As estrogen production declines. ovulation
becomes irregular and menstrual periods become scanty and shorter in length.
Eventually, ovulation and menses cease entirely, ending childbearing ability. This
event, called menopause, is considered to have occurred when whole year has passed
without menstruation.
Although estrogen production continues for a while after menopause, the
ovaries finally stop functioning as endocrine organs. When deprived of the stimulatory
effects of estrogen, the reproductive organs and breast begin to atrophy. The vagina
becomes dry; intercourse may become painful (particularly if frequent), and vaginal
infections become increasingly common.
Other consequences of estrogen deficit include
• irritability and other mood changes (depression in some):
• intense vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels, which causes uncomfortable
sweat-drenching "hot flashes":
• gradual, thinning of the skin and loss of bone mass;
• and slowly rising blood cholesterol levels, which place postmenopausal women
at risk for cardiovascular disorders.
To assist women through this frequently challenging time and to avoid skeletal
and cardiovascular consequences, some doctors recommend low-dose estrogen-
progestin formulations.
Males do not experience anything like to menopause. Even though testosterone
secretion gradually decreases as men age, they nonetheless appear to have unlimited
reproductive potential. Men in good health can continue to have children well into their
80s and beyond.
EROGENOUS ZONES
Erogenous zones are described as parts of the body that are chiefly sensitive
and cause increased sexual arousal when touched sexually. Some widely-known
erogenous zones are the mouth, breasts (consisting of the nipple and areola as well as
the lateral breast tissue), reproductive organs, and the anus.
Erogenous Zones differ from person to person, as some people may enjoy being
touched in a certain area more than other areas. Other common areas may include the
neck, thigh, abdomen, and feet.
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Why Are Some Areas More Erogenous than Others?

It has been mentioned that (University of California 2017) the level of erotic
sensitivity of a particular body part is largely dependent on the amount of nerve endings
that are located in that region. The genital regions of the male and female body undergo
a process known as Vasocongestion, which increases the amount of blood that flows to
these regions, making them highly sensitive when aroused.
Finding erogenous zones consists of exploring each other's bodies,
simultaneously increasing sexual desire and intimacy in a relationship. Other areas such
as the eyelids, forearm, head, and abdomen have fewer nerve endings but can also be
potential erogenous zones for some, especially if touched lightly and softly during
foreplay.
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity—solitary, between two
persons, or in a group—that induces sexual arousal (Gebhard PH, 2017). Two major
factors determine human sexual behavior:
• the inherited sexual response patterns that have evolved as a means of ensuring
reproduction and that are a part of each individual's genetic inheritance, and
• the degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted rated on the individual
by society in the expression of his sexuality.
Types of behavior
The various types of human sexual behavior are usually classified according to
the gender and number of participants. There is solitary behavior involving only more
than one individual, and there is sociosexual behavior involving more than one person.
Sociosexual behavior is generally divided into heterosexual behavior (male with
female) and homosexual behavior (male with male or female with female) If three or
more individuals are involved it is, of course. possible to have heterosexual and
homosexual activity simultaneously.
1. Solitary Behavior:
• Self-gratification is common, especially among young males, but decreases
with access to sociosexual activity.
• Females practice self-gratification less frequently and may reduce it in the
presence of a sociosexual relationship.
• Self-gratification is not physically harmful or immature and varies widely
among individuals.
• Fantasies often accompany self-gratification.
• It can be more effective in producing sexual arousal and climax compared to
sociosexual activity.
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• Sexual climax during sleep is unique to humans and occurs for various reasons.
• Most sexual arousal does not lead to sociosexual activity, and individuals must
learn to manage their sexual urges.
2. Sociosexual Behavior:
• Heterosexual behavior starts in childhood and involves curiosity and
pleasurable experiences.
• Adolescence brings about dating, physical contact, and sexual arousal.
• Petting is part of the learning process and may lead to coitus.
• Society views coitus differently based on marital status.
• Pre-marital coitus is increasingly accepted in some societies, particularly in
Scandinavia.
• Extramarital coitus is generally condemned but may be tolerated secretly in
some regions.
• Human beings have a natural desire for sexual diversity.
• Sociosexual behavior has played a role in religious ceremonies.
• Interpretation of behavior as erotic depends on context and motivation.
• Nudity is often seen as erotic unless in specific contexts like medical situations
or nudist camps.
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

Physiology of Human Sexual Response Sexual response follows a pattern of
sequential stages or phases when sexual activity is continued.
First, there is the excitement phase marked by: an increase in pulse and blood
pressure, an increase in blood supply to the surface of the body resulting in increased
skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts (particularly
noticeable in the male reproductive organ and female breasts), more rapid breathing,
the secretion of genital fluids, expansion of the female reproductive organ, and a general
increase in muscle tension. These symptoms of arousal eventually increase to a near-
maximal physiological level. the plateau phase, which is generally of brief duration. If
stimulation is continued, sexual climax usually occurs.
Sexual climax is marked by a feeling of sudden intense pleasure, an abrupt
increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing
contractions in the female and emission of semen by the male. Involuntary vocalization
may also occur. Sexual climax lasts for a few seconds (normally not over ten), after
which the individual enters the resolution phase, the return to a normal or subnormal
physiological state.
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Up to the resolution phase, males and females are the same in their response
sequence However, whereas males return to normal even if stimulation continues,
continued stimulation can produce additional sexual climax in females. In brief, after
one sexual climax, a male becomes unresponsive to sexual stimulation and cannot begin
to build up another excitement phase until some period of time has elapsed, but females
are physically capable of repeated sexual climax without the intervening "rest period
required by males.
NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS

Sexual response involves the entire nervous system.
• The autonomic system controls the involuntary responses;
• The afferent cerebrospinal nerves carry the sensory messages to the brain;
• The efferent cerebrospinal nerves carry commands from the brain to the
muscles;
• the spinal cord serves as a great transmission cable; and
• The brain itself is the coordinating and controlling center, interpreting what
sensations are to be perceived as sexual and issuing appropriate "orders" to the
rest of the nervous system.
The parts of the brain thought to be most concerned with sexual response are
the hypothalamus and the limbic system, but no specialized “sex center” has been
located in the human brain. Animal experiments indicate that each individual has coded
in its brain two sexual response patterns, one for mounting (masculine) behavior and
one for mounted (feminine) behavior. The mounting pattern can be elicited or
intensified by the male sex hormone and the mounted pattern by the female sex
hormone. Normally, one response pattern is dominant and the other latent but capable
of being called into action when suitable circumstances occur. The degree to which
such inherent patterning exists in humans is unknown.
While the brain is normally in charge, there is some reflex (ie, not brain-
controlled) sexual response. Stimulation of the genital and perineal area can cause the
“genital reflex”: erection and emission of semen in the male, changes in the female
reproductive organ, and lubrication in the female. This reflex is mediated by the lower
spinal cord, and the brain need not be involved. Of course, the brain can override and
suppress such reflex activity as it does when an individual decides that a sexual
response is socially inappropriate.
SEXUAL PROBLEMS
They may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin.
Any given problem may involve all three categories; a physiological problem, for
example, will produce psychological effects, and these may result in some social
maladjustment. Physiological problems of a specifically sexual nature are rather few.
Only a small minority of people suffer from diseases of or deficient development of the
genitalia or that part of the neurophysiology governing sexual response Many people,
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however, experience at some time sexual problems that are by-products of other
pathologies or injuries.
Female reproductive organ infections, for example, retroverted uteri, prostatitis,
adrenal tumors, diabetes, senile changes of the female reproductive organ, and
cardiovascular conditions may cause disturbance of the sexual life. In brief, anything
that seriously interferes with normal bodily functioning generally causes some degree
of sexual trouble. Fortunately, the great majority of physiological sexual problems are
solved through medication or surgery. Generally, only those problems involving
damage to the nervous system defy therapy.
Psychological problems constitute by far the largest category. They are not
only the product of socially induced inhibitions, maladaptive attitudes, and ignorance
but also sexual myths held by society. An example of the latter is the idea that good,
mature sex must involve rapid erection, protracted coitus, and simultaneous sexual
climax. Magazines, marriage books, and general sexual folklore reinforce these
demanding ideals, which cannot always be met and hence give rise to anxiety, guilt,
and feelings of inadequacy.
Premature emission of semen is a common problem, especially for young
males. Sometimes this is not the consequence of any psychological problem but the
natural result of excessive tension in a male who has been sexually deprived. In such
cases, more frequent coitus solves the problem.
Premature emission of semen is difficult to define. The best definition is that
offered by the American sexologists, William Howell Masters and Virginia
Eshelman Johnson, who say that a male suffers from premature emission of semen if
he cannot delay long enough to induce sexual climax in a sexually normal female at
least half the time.
This generally means that penetration in the female reproductive organ with
some movement (although not continuous) must be maintained for more than one
minute. The average American male emits semen in two or three minutes after vaginal
penetration, a coital duration sufficient to cause sexual climax in most females. the
majority of the time. The most effective therapy is that advocated by Masters and
Johnson in which the female brings the male nearly to sexual climax and then prevents
the male's sexual climax by briefly compressing the male reproductive organ between
her fingers just below the head of the male reproductive organ.
The couple comes to realize that premature emission of semen can thus be easily
prevented, their anxiety disappears, and ultimately, they can achieve normal coitus
without resorting to this squeeze technique. Erectile impotence is usually of
psychological origin in males under 40, in older males’ physical causes are more often
involved. Fear of being impotent frequently causes impotence, and, in many cases, the
afflicted male is simply caught up in a self-perpetuating problem that can be solved
only by achieving a successful act of coitus. In other cases, the impotence may be the
result of disinterest in the sexual partner, fatigue, distraction because of nonsexual
worries, intoxication, or other causes occasional impotence is common and requires no
therapy.
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Ejaculatory impotence, the inability to emit semen in coitus, is quite rare and
is almost always of psychogenic origin. It seems associated with ideas of contamination
or with memories of traumatic experiences. This inability may be expected in older men
or in any male who has exceeded his sexual capacity.
Vaginismus is a powerful spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the
female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible. It seems wholly
due to antisexual conditioning or psychological trauma and serves as an unconscious
defense against coitus. It is treated by psychotherapy and by gradually dilating the
female reproductive organ with increasingly large cylinders.
Dyspareunia, painful coitus, is generally physical rather than psychological. It
is mentioned here only because some inexperienced females fear they cannot
accommodate a male reproductive organ without being painfully stretched. This is a
needless fear since the female reproductive organ is not only highly elastic but enlarges
with sexual arousal, so that even a small female can, if aroused, easily receive an
exceptionally large male reproductive organ.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections transmitted from an
infected person to an uninfected person through sexual contact. STDs can be caused by
bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Examples include gonorrhea, genital herpes, human
papillomavirus infection, HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, and syphilis
Chlamydia
• Is a common STD that can cause infection among both men and women. It can
cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system. This can make it
difficult or impossible to get pregnant later. Chlamydia can also cause a
potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that occurs outside the womb).
Right: Watery penile discharge experience in males with Chlamydia.

Left: Chlamydia cervicitis as seen during Pap smear
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Gonorrhea
• Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with the
Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium. N. gonorrhoeae infects the mucous
membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian
tubes in women, and the urethra in women and men. N. gonorrhoeae can also
infect the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, eyes, and rectum.
Gonorrhea in the Throat by Dr. Jun Ren

Syphilis
• Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infectious (STI) disease caused by the
bacterium Treponema pallidum. This bacterium causes infection when it gets
into broken skin or mucus membranes, usually of the genitals. Syphilis is most
often transmitted through sexual contact, although it also can be transmitted in
other ways.
Syphilis (Aqua Dermatology)
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Chancroid
• Chancroid is caused by infection with the bacterium Haemophilus. ducreyi,
Clinical manifestations include genital ulcers and inguinal lymphadenopathy or
buboes. Reported cases of chancroid declined steadily between 1987 and 2001.
Since then, the number of reported cases has fluctuated somewhat, while still
appearing to decline overall. In 2016, a total of seven cases of chancroid were
reported in the United States.
Chancroid Bacteria
Human Papillomavirus
• HPV infection is a viral infection that commonly causes skin or mucous
membrane growths (warts). There are more than 100 varieties of human
papillomavirus (HPV). Some types of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
cause warts, and some can cause different types of cancer. Most HPV infections
don't lead to cancer.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
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Herpes Simplex Virus

• Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is among the most prevalent of sexually
transmitted infections. Although most infections are subclinical, clinical
manifestations are characterized by recurrent. painful genital and/or anal
lesions. Most genital HSV infections in the United States are caused by HSV
type 2 (HSV-2), while HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infections are typically orolabial
and acquired during childhood.
Herpes simplex virus by Theresa Lowry-Lehnen

Trichomonas Vaginalis
• Trichomoniasis is caused by a one-celled protozoan, a type of tiny parasite
called Trichomonas vaginalis. The parasite passes between people during
genital contact, including vaginal, oral or anal sex. The infection can be passed
between men and women, women, and sometimes men.
T. vaginalis (arrow) in saline wet mount preparation. 400x
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NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

➢ NATURAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
The natural family planning methods do not include any chemical or foreign
body introduction into the human body. Most people who are very conscious of their
religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural way of birth control. Some want
to use natural methods because it is more cost effective ("Natural and Artificial
Methods of Contraception" 2017)
Abstinence
• This natural method involves abstaining from sexual Intercourse and is the most
effective natural birth control method with ideally 0% fall rate. It is also the
most effective way to avoid STDs. However, most people find it difficult to
comply with abstinence, so only a few of them use this method.
Abstinence birth control by Health Jade Team

Calendar Method
• It is also called as the rhythm method. This natural method of family planning
involves refraining from coitus during the days that the woman is fertile.
According to the menstrual cycle, three or four days before and three or four
days after ovulation, the woman is likely to conceive. The process in calculating
for the woman's safe days is achieved when the woman records her menstrual
cycle for six months.
Calendar Method
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Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

• The basal body temperature is the woman's temperature at rest. BBT falls at
0.5°F before the day of ovulation and during ovulation, it rises to a full degree
because of progesterone and maintains its lovel throughout the menstrual cycle,
and this is the basis for the method. The woman must take her temperature early
every morning before any activity and if she notices that there is a slight
decrease and then an increase in her temperature, this is a sign that she has
ovulated.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

Cervical Mucus Method
• The basis of this method is the changes in the cervical mucus during ovulation.
To check if the woman is ovulating, the cervical mucus must be copious, thin,
and watery. The cervical mucus must exhibit the property of spinnbarkeit,
wherein it can be stretched up until at least one inch and feels slippery. The
fertile days of a woman according to this method is as long as the cervical mucus
is copious and watery and a day after it. Therefore, she must avoid coitus during
these days.
Cervical Mucus Method (Cervical Mucus Stage)
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Symptothermal Method
• The symptothermal method is simply a combination of the BBT method and the
cervical mucus method. The woman takes her temperature every morning
before getting up and also takes note of any changes in her cervical mucus every
day. She abstains from coitus three days after a rise in her temperature or on the
fourth day after the peak of a mucus change.
Ovulation Detection
• The ovulation detection method is an over-the-counter kit that can predict
ovulation through the surge of luteinizing hormone that happens 12 to 24 hours
before ovulation. The kit requires the urine specimen of the woman to detect the
luteinizing hormone.
Ovulation Detection from Cervical Mucus

Coitus Interruptus
• This is one of the oldest methods of contraception. The couple still proceeds
with the coitus, but the man withdraws the moment he emit semen and emit it
outside of the female reproductive organ. The disadvantage of this method is
the pre-emission fluid that contains a few spermatozoa that may cause
fertilization.
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➢ ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

Artificial contraception refers to the conscious prevention of impregnation or
conception by using different drugs, devices, or other scientific techniques. It is also
known as a birth control or a fertility control method.
Contraceptives
• Also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and
progesterone. Estrogen suppresses the follicle stimulating hormone and
luteinizing hormone to suppress ovulation, while progesterone decreases the
permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm's access to the ova To use
the pill, it is recommended that the woman takes the first pill on the first Sunday
after the beginning of a menstrual flow, or the woman may choose to start the
pill as soon as it is prescribed.
Transdermal Patch
• The transdermal patch has a combination of both estrogen and progesterone in
a form of a patch. For three weeks, the woman should apply one patch every
week on the following areas: upper outer arm. upper torso, abdomen, or
buttocks. At the fourth week, no patch is applied because the menstrual flow
would then occur. The area where the patch is applied should be clean, dry, free
from any applications, and without any redness or irritation
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Subdermal Implants
• The subdermal implants are two rod-like implants embedded under the skin of
the woman during her menses or on the 7th day of her menstruation to make
sure that she is not pregnant. It contains etonogestrel, desogestrel and progestin.
It is effective for three to five years.
Hormonal Injections
• A hormonal injection consists of medroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and given
once every 12 weeks intramuscularly. The injection inhibits ovulation and
causes changes in the endometrium and the cervical mucus.
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Intrauterine Device
• An IUD is a small, T-shaped object that is inserted into the uterus via the female
reproductive organ. It prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile
inflammatory condition to prevent implantation. The IUD is fitted only by the
physician and inserted after the woman's menstrual flow to be sure that she is
not pregnant. The device contains progesterone and is effective for five to seven
years.
Chemical Barriers
• Chemical barriers such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin
films are also used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix
and also lower the pH level of the female reproductive organ so it will not
become conducive for the sperm. These chemical barriers cannot prevent
sexually transmitted infections, however, they can be bought without any
prescription.
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Diaphragm
• It works by inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the female reproductive
organ. It is a circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be placed before
coitus. If a spermicide is combined with the use of a diaphragm, there is a failure
rate of 6% ideally and 16% typically. The diaphragm should be fitted only by
the physician, and should be remained in place for six hours after coitus.
Cervical Cup
• The cervical cap is another barrier method that is made of soft rubber and fitted
on the rim of the cervix. Its shape is like a thimble with a thin rim, and could
stay in place for not more than 48 hours.
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Male Condoms
• The male condom is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is placed on the erect
male reproductive organ before penetration in the female reproductive organ to
trap the sperm during emission of semen. It can prevent STIS or Sexually
Transmitted Infections and can be bought over-the-counter without any fitting
needed. Male condoms have an ideal fail rate of 2% and a typical fall rate of
15% due to a break in the sheath's integrity or spilling.
Female Condoms
• These are also latex rubber sheaths that are specially designed for females and
prelubricated with spermicide. It has an inner ring that covers the cervix and an
outer, open ring that is placed against the opening of female reproductive organ.
These are disposable and require no prescription.
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Surgical Method
• Males undergo vasectomy, which is executed through a small incision made on
each side of the scrotum. The vas deferens is then tied cauterized, cut or plugged
to block the passage of the sperm. The patient is advised to use a back-up
contraceptive method until two negative sperm count results are performed
because the sperm could remain viable in the vas deferens for six months.
• In women, tubal ligation is performed by occluding the fallopian tubes through
cutting, cauterizing, or blocking to inhibit the passage of the both the sperm and
the ova. After menstruation and before ovulation, the procedure is done through
a small incision under the woman's umbilicus
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REFERENCES
https://www.mymed.com/diseases-conditions/chlamydia
https://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-
chlamydia.htm#:~:text=Chlamydia%20is%20a%20common%20STD,that%20occurs
%20outside%20the%20womb
https://www.cdc.gov/std/gonorrhea/stdfact-gonorrhea
detailed.htm#:~:text=Gonorrhea%20is%20a%20sexually%20transmitted,urethra%2
0in%20women%20and%20men
https://ssjournals.com/health-guide/gonorrhea-in-throat-treatment-prevention/
https://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-syphilis-detailed.htm
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview?form=fpf
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview?form=fpf
https://www.wederm.com/patient-library/syphilis-rash/
https://www.medicalindependent.ie/clinical-news/herpes-simplex-virus-a-review/
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/T-vaginalis-arrow-in-saline-wet-mount-
preparation-400x_fig1_339336367
https://healthjade.net/abstinence-birth-control/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537282/
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostatitis/#:~:text=Prostatitis%20is%20inflammation
%20(swelling)%20of,with%20sperm%20to%20create%20semen.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17697-epididymitis
https://stamfordskin.com/en/dermatology/genital-ulcer-chancroid/
23 | P a g e

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GE 101: Understanding the Self

Chapter II, Lesson 1:

Dando, Avegail Anne V.

Ms. Patrice Gracial B. Abian, LPT

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Untreated infections may spread throughout the female reproductive tract,

adult females, and prostate cancer (a common sequel to prostatic hypertrophy) is a

Why Are Some Areas More Erogenous than Others?

HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

Right: Watery penile discharge experience in males with Chlamydia.

Gonorrhea in the Throat by Dr. Jun Ren

Syphilis (Aqua Dermatology)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Herpes Simplex Virus

Herpes simplex virus by Theresa Lowry-Lehnen

T. vaginalis (arrow) in saline wet mount preparation. 400x

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

Abstinence birth control by Health Jade Team

Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

Cervical Mucus Method (Cervical Mucus Stage)

Ovulation Detection from Cervical Mucus

➢ ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

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