McMaster Icao Aviation English

STEP-BY-STEP
McMaster
LalomasCursos
ICAO
MciMiaster
Aviaion Baglish
Suceess
30 20 23
grammar special SDEA
units tests online
tests, The Ease-To-UsePrograra
tbat reallypreparesyOa for
he SantesDumont
EngisaAssessnent
Gugtl informátiononthesitsEtOnS
Proven iechnfquestoAtaskAl
! Typesof SDEAQUeSiOns
PavioCpalai Fh:
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
PREFACE /ABOUTTHIS BOOK
HOW DOES THIS BOOK WORK vii
UNIT 01 - GROUND MOVEMENTINCIDENTS 01

UNIT 02-BIRD-STRIKE 07
UNIT 03 -DEPRESSURIZATION 13
UNIT 04- FIRE 19
UNIT 05- BOMBTHREAT 25
UNIT 06- FUELPROBLEMS 31
UNIT 07- NEAR MISS 37
UNIT 08-ICING 43
UNIT 09- PASSENGERPROBLEMS 49
UNIT 10- DITCHINGS 55
UNIT 11- ANIMALS 61
UNIT 12- BELLY-LANDINGS 67
UNIT 13- DANGEROUSGOODS 73
UNIT 14- TAKE-OFFINCIDENTS 79
UNIT 15- NAVIGATIONFAILURE 85
UNIT 16 - PILOTINCAPACITATION 91
UNIT 17- GROUNDSERVICESAND COLLISIONS ON THE GROUND 97
UNIT 18- WEATHERCONDITIONS ANDVOLCANOES 103
UNIT 19 - MECHANICAL ANDELECTRICALPROBLEMS 109
UNIT 20- HOT AIR BALLOONS AND DRONES 115
GRAMMAR 01 - REVIEW OF SIMPLE VERBTENSES 122

GRAMMAR 02- COMPARATIVESANDSUPERLATIVES 125
GRAMMAR 03 -TELL/SAY 129
GRAMMAR 04 - PRESENTPERFECTAND PRESENTPERFECTCONTINUOUS 130
GRAMMAR 05- SEQUENCEOFADJECTIVES 133
GRAMMAR 06- PASTPERFECT, PASTPERFECT CONTINUOUS AND CONDITIONAL 134
PERFECT
GRAMMAR 07- MODALS I 136
GRAMMAR 08– MODALS II 140
GRAMMAR 09- REPORTEDSPEECH 141
GRAMMAR 10- FUTUREPERFECTAND FUTUREPERFECT CONTINUOUS 143
GRAMMAR 11-THERE TO BE 144
GRAMMAR 12-PERSONAL
PRONOUNS/OBJECTPRONOUNS/POSSESSIVE 144
ADJECTIVES
PRONOUNS/POSSESSIVE
PRONOUNS/REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS
GRAMMAR 13- RELATIVE CLAUSES I 146
ii
GRAMMAR 14 – RELATIVE CLAUSES II 147
GRAMMAR 15- RELATIVE CLAUSES II 148
GRAMMAR 16 – PASSIVE VOICEI 151
GRAMMAR 17 - PASSIVEVOICE II 154
GRAMMAR18 -PASSIVE
VOICE I 156
GRAMMAR 19 – COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 159
GRAMMAR 20 - ADVERBS I 161
GRAMMAR 21-ADVERBS II 166
GRAMMAR 22 – SOME/ANY / NO 173
GRAMMAR 23 - PREPOSITIONS I 174
GRAMMAR 24- PREPOSITIONSII 176
GRAMMAR 25 -PREPOSITIONSIII 177
GRAMMAR 26 - VERB + ING 181
GRAMMAR 27- VERB + TO 182
GRAMMAR 28 - VERB + ING OR TO 182
GRAMMAR 29- GET + ADJECTIVE AND GET + PAST PARTICIPLE 183
GRAMMAR 30- B0TH / BOTH OF,NEITHER / NEITHEROF, EITHER/EITHEROF 185
VOCABULARY 187
CONNECTIVES 190
PHRASAL VERBS 191
ANSWER KEY 192
SIBLIOGRAPHY 197
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the following professionals for their comments and
suggestions during the developments of this text:
Luana Mantovani Torres, my wife who recorded the audios with me.
Caio Reis Gonçalves and José Ricardo Quevedo Junior for their expert
proofreading.
Special thanks to all my students who took the tests and could report the
content tested on the examination.
f
V
PREFACE
ABOUT THIS BOOK
If you are preparing for Santos Dumont English Assessment, you are not alone.
More than 7,000 pilots have already taken the Santos Dumont English Assessment and
10,000 more pilots will take it sooner or later. An approval on this test with level 4 or 5
is an essential step in being allowed to travel to a different country ying an aircraft. But
preparing for this test can be a dif cult, frustrating experience. Perhaps you haven't
taken many oral tests in English, such as Santos Dumont English Assessment (SDEA).
Perhaps you are not familiar with the format of SDEA.
Maybe you've taken SDEA once but were not satis ed with your score, or maybe
you've taken the test several times but can't seem to improve your score beyond a
certain point.
In any of these cases, you need a guide. That's why this book was written - to help
students preparing for this important exam to maximize their scores.
This is the most complete, accurate, and up-to-date SDEA preparation book now
available. It is based on fteen years of classroom experience teaching, SDEA
preparation classes, reports from my students and on several years of research on the
test.
McMaster Aviation English Success 2d Edition is simply written and clearly
organized and is suitable for any intermediate or advanced student of English as a
second or foreign language.
McMaster Aviation English Success offers a step-by-step program that teaches you
critical test-taking techniques, helps you polish the language skills needed for the exam,
and generally makes you a smart test-taker. And the guide is an ef cient way for SDEA;
by concentrating only on the points that are actually tested in SDEA, it tests you make
the most of your preparation period and never wastes your time.
Good luck on SDEA!
vi
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
HOW DOES THIS BOOK WORK
On the following website from Anac you will learn how the test works by
following a Mock test:
https://www.anac.gov.br/assuntos/setor-regulado/pro ssionais-da-aviacao-
civil/arquivos/sdeamodelo.pdf/view
Each unit consists of four parts: Aviation topics, Interacting as a pilot,

Unexpected situations, Picture description and discussion.
AVIATION TOPICS
There are three questions in which the test-taker should answer questions in
relation to his/her background experience in aviation and related topics to aviation.
INTERACTING AS A PILOT
In this part of the test, the test-taker should interact as a pilot. He or she will face
up to ve different situations with two audios each. The examiner performs the
introduction of the situation. The test-taker can take notes.
Example:
Examiner: You are going to take off from Brasilia Airport. Listen to Brasilia Tower and read back.
Then, the examiner plays the rst audio of this situation:
Brasilia Tower: McMaster 123. Cleared to take off. Runway 11 Right. After takeoff. Maintain
runway heading. Climb 6,000 feet. Contact Brasilia Departure on frequency 119.50.
After the rst audio of each situation the test-taker always reads back.
The test-taker should read back all information:
Test-taker: Brasilia Tower. McMaster 123. Roger. Cleared to take off. Runway 11 Right.
After takeoff, will maintain runway heading. Will climb 6,000 feet. Will contact Brasilia
Departure on frequency 119.50.
vii
fi
fi
fi
fi
Then, the examiner imagines a hypothetical situation and tells the test-taker to
inform the controller about the situation. Sometimes the test-taker will be instructed to
inform his/her intentions. After that the examiner plays the second audio.
Examiner: Now, imagine you are stabilized at FL370 and you've had a sudden depressurization
and some passengers got injured. Call Brasilia Center, report this situation and say your
intentions.
Test-taker: MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. Brasilia Center. McMaster 123. We had a

sudden depressurization and some passengers got injured. We are descending to FL100.
We request vectors to the nearest suitable airport.
Then, the examiner plays the second audio of this situation.
Brasilia Center: McMaster 123. You are cleared to descend to FL100. I understood you had a
compressor stall. Con rm.
The controller can either understand or misunderstand the information. In this

case the controller misunderstood the information.
The best way to interact is to answer the controller con rming everything is right
and clarifying everything is incorrect. As it follows:
Test-taker: Brasilia Center. McMaster 123. Negative. I had a depressurization.
Descending to FL100.
By doing it, the examiner is sure that the test-taker understood all pieces of
information and the interaction score gets higher as well.
The following question will be asked after the last interaction of each situation:
Examiner: What did the controller say?
Test-taker: The controller cleared me to descend to FL100 and asked if I had a
compressor stall.
Remark: The of cial Call Sign of the aircraft in this part of the SDEA test is ANAC 123, but
in this book we will use the Call Sign MCMASTER 123.
vi
fi
fi
fi
UNEXPECTED SITUATIONS
The test-taker will listen to three different emergency situations. The test-taker
doesn't need to ask for repetition. It will be played automatically ve seconds after the
rst exhibition.
After that, the pilot should report to the examiner everything that happened in
the situation.
The questions from this part are found after the audio script of each situation
from page and on.
Example:
Pilot: Toronto Tower. Cactus 452. We request a re truck on the ground. Our landing gear is
stuck in the up position. We are going to perform a belly-landing.
ATC: Cactus 452. Toronto Tower. Roger. Cleared to land. Runway 15 Right. Emergency services
will be standing by. Con rm the number of persons on board.
Test-taker: It's a message from Cactus 452 to Toronto Tower. Cactus 452 requested a
re truck on the ground, informed their landing gear was stuck in the up position and
they were going to perform a belly-landing.
Then, Toronto Tower acknowledged, cleared them to land. Runway 15 Right, informed
emergency services would be standing by and asked the number of persons on board.
Then, the examiner asks a question.
In your opinion, what threats can a belly-landing cause to the operation?
Remember, there are three situations in this part of the test. At the end of the
third situation, the examiner aska question to compare the three situation and the test-
taker should decide which situation is the most dif cult to deal with.
Here it follows the question:
Now, considering the three situation you have heard in part three:
How would you compare them? You may want to compare them in terms of severity, possible
solutions and ways of prevention. Which one do you think is the most dif cult to deal with?
Why?
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
PIGTURE DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION
The test-taker has 20 seconds to analyze the picture and start the description.
After the description the test-taker v.ili answe: ve questions about the situation.
ONLINE TESTS
Start your online training immediately.
Register on our website: www.mcmasteridiomas.com.br
Whatsapp: (11) 99889-2970

fi
MCMạster Idlomas-cursOS
UNIT 01-GROUND MOVEMENT INCIDENTS
PART 1 -AVIATION TOPICS
Ok, Shall we start? Part One: "Aviation Topics". In this part, you will answer some questions related to
aviation.
1) How can incidences of ground movement accidents be reduced?
2) What are the major causes of ground movement accidents/incidents in your opinion?
3) Do you think our airports have the necessary facilities to help reduce the number of accidents on the
ground? Why? Why not?
Follow-up questions, if necessary: Can you tell more about that?
Why? / Why not? / How? / When? / Where? Canyouexplain it better?

What?
Have you ever been in/through this situation?
Can you say that again, please?
Has it ever happened to you?
Can yougiveanexample/someexamples?
Thank you. This is the end of part one. Let's move on to the second part of the test.
1
MC
idlomas-cursos
Please put the headset on. Let's check the volume.
Santos Dumont EnglishAssessment: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner ita
volume is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear.
Track 1
PART 2-INTERACTINGASA PILOT

Part Two: "Interacting as a Pilot". In this part, you have to interact with the Air Traf c Control in ve different
Situations. You may ask the controller to say again once and you will not be penalized for that. After listenine
to the controller, you should interact as the pilot. All information is important. You may take notes if you wish
You are the pilot of a twin-engined aircraft. Your call sign is McMaster 123.
Situation 1) You are going to take-off from Guarulhos Airport. Listen to Guarulhos Tower and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you have noticed that there is a lot of debris on the runway. Call Guarulhos Tower, report this
situation and your intentions.
Track 3
What did the controller say?
Situation 2) You are on the taxiway at Guarulhos Airport. Listen to Guarulhos Ground and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, you have realized that during taxi you' ve had a fuel indicator warning light on. Call
Guarulhos Ground, report the situation and state intention to return to the apron.
Track 5
Situation 3) You have requested taxi instructions to runway 09 Right. Listen to Guarulhos Ground and read
back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, a ight attendant has informed you that there is re in the galley. You decided to initiate an
ney evacuation.CallGuarulhosGround, inform this situation andrequestassistance.
Track
2
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Situation 4) You are on the nal approach to land at Guarulhos Airport. Listen to Guarulhos Tower and read
back.
Track
Examiner: Now, you are taxiing to the gate via taxiway Alpha and you see this situation. (Show this picture to
the test taker). Call Guarulhos Ground, inform that you have aborted your taxi due to this situation.
Track9
Situation 5) You are preparing for takeoff from Guarulhos Airport. Listen to Guarulhos Clearance and read
back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, during taxi, you see this object on the taxiway. (Show this picture to the test taker). Because
of this situation, you have decided to abort taxing. Call Guarulhos Ground, explain this situation and say your
intentions.
Track 11
Thank you. This is the end of part two. Let's move on to the third part of the test.
3
fi
CMCMaster idiomas-Cursos
PART 3-UNEXPECTED SITUATIONS
Part Three: "Unexpected Situations". In this part of the test. vou will listen to three different
communications between pilots and air traf c controllers. All information is important.
The recordings will be played twice. There is a ve-second pause before the recording is repeated. After
listening to the recording, you should tell me everything that the pilot and the controller said. I will then
ask you a question.
At the end of Part three, I will ask you to compare the three situations, so please take notes.
Do you have any questions?
Situation 1) Listen to situation number one:
Track12
1) In your opinion, what are the possible outcomes of a disconnected hose during the refueling?
Situation 2) Listen to situation number two:
Track 13
2) What may happen if an aircraft takes off with adamaged winglet?
Situation 3) Listen to situation number three:
Track 14
3) What are the possible threats of some debris on the taxiway?
Thank you! You may remove the headset now.
Now, considering the three situations you have heard in part three:
4) How would you compare them? You may want to compare them in terms of severity, possible solutions
and ways of prevention. Which one do you think is the most dif cult to deal with? Why?
Follow-up questions, if necessary: see Part 01
Thank you! This is the end of part three. Let's now move on to the last part of the test, part four.
4
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster Idiomas-cursos
PART 4- PICTUREDESCRIPTIONANDDISCUSSION
In this part, you will tell me what you can see in this picture and what you think is happening in it. After
that, I will ask some questions. Look at the picture carefully. You may take a few moments to think before
you start talking.
Are the instructions clear?
1) Please describe this picture to me.
2) Choose one:
What do you think happened before this picture was taken?; or

What do you think was happening before this picture was taken?; or
Can you create a short story based on this picture? Use your imagination.
3) Imagine that this picture has just been taken:

What do you think will happen next?
4) In your opinion why is the follow-me vehicle assisting the aircraft?
5) In what circumstances should a follow-me vehicle be requested?
6) Now, I am going to read a statement to you and then you will have to tell me to what extent you agree or
disagree with it.
"All airports of the world ought to have a follow-me vehicle in order to potentiate the operations."
Follow-upquestions, ifnecessary:SeePart01
Ok, thank you! So this is the end of the test. Thank you very much for coming.
5
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
AUDIOSCRIPT - UNIT 01
Situation 5
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Cleared to Galeão Airport.
is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear." Flight Level 350 via upper Alfa 304, MAVKA Departure.
Squawk 4612. Read back.
PART 2- INTERACTING ASA PILOT TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Emergency assistance is on
the way. Con rm if there is a foreign object on the taxiway.
Situation1
PART 3- UNEXPECTEDSITUATIONS
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Cleared for takeoff. Runway 27
Right. Wind 270 degrees at 5 knots. After takeof, call São Situation 1
Paulo Departure on frequency 129.50.

TRACK 12: Pilot: Ground from cockpit. American 950.
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. I am undertaking the situation We can see a hose disconnected from the wing during the
to the relevant services. Con m what sort of animal you refueling.
have seen. Ground Mechanic: American 950. Ground Mechanic. I
am on my way to solve the problem.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Cleared to taxi via taxiway Alfa
to runway 09 Right. Hold short on the intersection of TRACK 13: Pilot: Ground Staff. Alitalia 675. A Boeing
taxiway Bravo for further clearance. 737 has just hit our winglet. Has he received wingtip
clearance by the wing walker?
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. You are cleared to return to the Ground Staff: Alitalia 675. Ground Staff. That aircraft was
apron via taxiway Bravo. Did you say you are running out mistakenly led to your apron.
of fuel?
Situation 3
Situation 3
TRACK 14: Pilot: Guarulhos Ground. Boliviana 737.
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Cleared to taxi to runway 27 have to discontinue our taxi because there is some debris on
Left. Follow the 767 taxiing on taxiway Bravo. You are the taxiway.
number ve for takeoff. When reaching holding point. ATC: Bliviana 737. Guarulhos Ground. I believe it
Contact Guarulhos Tower on frequency 118.4. belongs from an appliance that has just crossed the taxiway.
I am sending the alert services to investigate.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Did you say you have smoke in
the passenger cabin? Report number of persons on board. PART 4 - PICTURE DESCRIPTION AND
DISCUSSION
Situation 4
TRACK 15: This picture was taken in a very sunny day. It
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Cleared to land. Runway 09 shows a Boeing from XL, I particularly have never heard
Right. Wind 080 degrees at 9 knots. Be advised of ock of about this company. I believe the plane has just landed. The
birds. plane is white with a blue color on the tail and on its wings
and it's following a chequered follow-me vehicle which is
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Expedite taxi. Con rm you probably leading the aircraft to the apron to disembark the
have two disruptive passengers on board. passengers.
I don't know whether the airport has some facilities or not.
This plane could have landed at this airport due to an
emergency.
Although the background of the picture is fairly rural we
can see what seems to be a control tower in the farther
distance.
6
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
UNIT 02- BIRD-STRIKE
PART 1- AVIATIONTOPICS
aviation.
1) How do airports reduce the risk of wildlife strikes in your opinion?
2) What kind of damage can bird-strikes do to aircraft?
3) At what time of the day do most bird-strikes occur in your opinion? Why?
Follow-up questions, ifnecessary: Can you tell more about that?
Why? / Why not? / How? / When? I Where? ICan you explain it better?
What?
Have you ever been in/'through this situation?
Can yougiveanexample/someexamples?
7
MCMaster
"Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner f the
Track 1
PART 2 - INTERACTING AS A PILO0T

situations. You may ask the controller to say again once and you will not be penalized for that. After listening
to the controller, you should interact as the pilot. All information is important. You may take notes if you wish.
Situation 1) You are going to take off from Manaus Airport. Listen to Manaus Tower and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, tell Manaus Tower that you suffered a bird-strike during takeoff and you've had to shut down
engine number 1 and say your intentions.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are on the ground at Manaus Airport. Listen to Manaus Ground and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, tell the Manaus Ground that you've suffered bird-ingestion on your engine number 2 and due
to this reason you shut engine number 2 down.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are going to land at Manaus Airport. Listen to Manaus Tower and read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, tell Manaus Tower that you have to discontinue your approach due to a ock of birds over
the threshold.
Track 7

fl
fi
fi
fi
aMCMaster Idiomas-cursos
Situation 4) You are going to take off from Manaus Airport. Listen to Manaus Tower and read back.
Treck 8
Examiner: Now, when you aligned to take off, this situation happens to you. (Show the picture to the test
taker). You decide to abort takeoff. Call Manaus Tower, report this situation and intentions.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are preparing for takeoff from Guarulhos Airport. Listen to Guarulhos Clearance and read
back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, during takeoff, this happens to you. (Show the picture to the test taker). Because of this
situation, you have decided to return to Manaus Airport. Call Manaus Approach, explain the situation and say
your intentions.
bgermar
Track 11
9
PART 3-UNEXPECTEDSITUATIONS
Part Three: "Unexpected Situations". In this part of the test, you will listen to three different
communications between pilots and air traf c controllers. AIl information is important.
Ine recordings will be played twice. There is a ve-second pause before the recording is repeated. After
Iistening to the recording, you should tell me everything that the pilot and the controller said. I will then
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) From your point of view, what are the possible outcomes if you lose a radome?
Track 13
2) In your opinion, what are the possible threats if you have a control wheel column jammed?
Track 14
3) From your point of view, is bird-strike the most common emergency situation in our airspace?
|Follow-up questions,ifnecessary:seePart01
10
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
PART 4- PICTUREDESCRIPTION ANDDISCUSSION
In this part, you will tell me what you can see in this picture and what you think is happening in it. After that, I
will ask some questions. Look at the picture carefully. You may take a few moments to think before you start
talking.
1) Plcase describe this picture to me.
2) Choose one:


4) In your opinion which is the worst: bird-strike or bird ingestion? Why?
5) Can you foresee any improvement in the recent technologies that could help to prevent this situation'?
disagree with it.
This situation could have been caused by an environmental problem."
1
CMCMaster

sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Cleared for immediate return.
is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear." Ill give you priority to land. Runway 29.
PART 2- INTERACTINGASA PILOT PART 3- UNEXPECTEDSITUATIONS
Situationl Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Cleared to align and take off. TRACK 12: Pilot: Manaus Tower. Qatari 421. We've just
Runway 11. Wind 100 degrees at 5 knots. After takeoff, had a bird-strike. We are going around.
contact Manaus Departure on frequency 119.70. Manaus Tower: Qatari 421. Roger. I understood you had a
bird-strike on the nal approach. Climb to 4,000 feet. Turn
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Manaus Tower. You are left. Heading 275.
number 1 to land. Runway l1. Con rm if you lost your left
engine. Situation 2
Situation 2 TRACK 13: Pilot: MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY.

Manaus Departure. Dreamjet 785. Declaring we have a
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. CIleared to taxi to runway 29 control wheel column jammed. We are maintaining 3,500
via taxiway Bravo. Contact Manaus Tower on frequency feet. It's dif cult to keep the ight straight.
121.50. Manaus Departure: Dreamjet 785. Con rm the number of
persons on board and your intentions.
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. I understood you had clectrical
problems. Emergency assistance is on the way. Situation
Situation 3 TRACK 14: Pilot: PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN.
Manaus Tower. United 2567. We've collided with a vulture
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Manaus Tower. Cleared to land on the windshield and our rst of cer got unconscious.
ILS runway 11. Wind 090 degrees at 10 knots. Altimeter Request immediate return and priority to land.
setting 1016. Be aware of ock of birds in the vicinity of Manaus Tower: United 2567. Manaus Tower. Cleared for
the airport. immediate return. Heading 070. You are number one for
landing.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Climb 4,000 feet. Turn left.
Heading 275. Hold at MAPMO INTERSECTION.
PART 4 - PICTURE DESCRIPTION AND
Situation 4 DISCUSSION
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Cleared to align and take off. TRACK 15: This is an amazing picture of an Airbus from
Runway 29. Wind 290 degrees at 9 knots. Altimeter setting Turkish Airlines. I believe the aircraft is taking off, as its
1014. landing lights are on and its engines are going. This
situation is taking place at a big airport in a very rainy day.
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Emergency assistance is on the The runway is very wet which makes it very slippery, it can
way. Con rm if you are aborting takeoff due to a ock of pose a big threat to the operation.
birds on the runway. The fact that catches the attention is the enormous ock of
birds that can be seen in the foreground of the picture.
Situation 5 Perhaps, the birds could have been frightened either by the
noise of the engines or by the sound of a thunder.
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Expect start up at two ve and Apparently, the aircraft hasn't hit any bird.
runway 29. Cleared to Boa Vista Aiport via Upper Mike It's possible to see a lot of buildings in the background of
402. Flight Level 380. KODLU DEPARTURE. Squawk the picture although it has been faded by drizzle.
4655. Read back.
12
fi
fl
fl
fi
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
UNIT 03 - DEPRESSURIZATION
PART 1-AVIATION TOPICS
aviation.
1) From your point of view, what are the causes of depressurization?
2) In your opinion, what are the effects of depressurization?
3) How do pilots handle aircraft decompression?
Why? / Why not? How? / When? / Where? Can you explain it better?
What?
Can you give an example /some examples?
13
Piease put the headset on. Let's check the volume.
Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the
volume is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear."
Track 1
PART 2- INTERACTINGAS A PILOT
Sttuattons. You may ask the controller to say again once and you will not be penalized for that. After listening
to the controller, you should interact as the pilot. AIl information is important. You may take notes if you wish.
Situation 1) You are on a cruise ight from Recife to Brasilia. Listen to Brasilia Center and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you've had a door-open indicator warning. Call Brasilia Center, report this situation, say you
are descending to FL100 and diversion to Palmas.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are going to take off from Brasilia Airport. Listen to Brasilia Tower and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, imagine you are stabilized at FL370 and you've had a sudden depressurization and some
passengers got injured. Call Brasilia Center, report this situation and say your intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are on a cruise ight from Natal to Brasilia on FL360. Listen to Brasilia Center and read
back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, imagine that you've had a problem on the air conditioning system. Call Brasilia Center,
inform this situation and ask permission to descend to FLI50.
Track 7

14
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
Situation 4) You are on a cruise ight and you have requested to change the ight level for a better
performance. Listen to Brasilia Center and read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, imagine that you had this situation. (Show the picture to the test taker). Call Brasilia Center,
request immediate descent to FLI00 because you are expecting a sudden depressurization.
UNSEALED DOOR
Track 9
Situation 5) You are preparing for takeoff from Brasilia Airport to Curitiba. Listen to Brasilia Clearance and
read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, imagine that you are stabilized at FL380 and this situation happens to you. (Show this picture
to the test taker). Call Brasilia Center, inform this situation and intentions to divert to Uberlandia.
Track 11
15
fl
fl
MCMaster idlomas-cursos
Part Three: "Unexpected Situations", In this part of the test. you will listen to three different
listening to the recording, you should tell me evervthing that the pilot and the controller said. I will then
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) From your point of view, what are the dangers of depressurization at a high altitude?
Track 13
2) Why does an explosive depressurization pose a big threat to the ight?
Track 14
3) Can you foresee any improvement in the recent technologies which can minimize the risk of
depressurizations?
|Follow-up questions,ifnecessary:seePart01
16
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
PART 4 - PICTURE DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION
you start talking.
N737
2) Choose one:

What do you think these people were doing before this picture was taken?; or

4) What could have caused this explosive depressurization?
5) Do you think that recent technologies can reduce the number of casualties in a situation like this?
6) Now, I am going to read statement to you and then you will have to tell me to what extent do you
agree or disagree with it.
"Crew members lack adequate training to deal with explosive depressurization."
Follow-up questions,ifnecessary:seePart01
Ok, thank you! So this is the end of the test. Thank you very much for coming
17
CMCMaster Idlomas-cursos
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a TRACK l1: McMaster 123. You are cleared to descend to
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume FLI00. Be advised of hot air balloons. Contact Uberlandia
is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear." Approach on frequency 122.85.
PART 2 - INTERACTING AS A PILOT
Situation 1
Situationl
TRACK 12: Pilot: MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY.
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Descend to FL350 due to
Brasilia Center. American 4521. We' ve heard a tremendous
traf c. Expect further clearance in 10 minutes.
bang and we had a sudden depressurization. We are
descending to FL100. Request vectors for priority landing.
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. You are cleared to descend to
ATC: American 4521. Roger. Descent at pilot's discretion.
FLI00. Turn right. Heading 270.
Turn left. Heading 070 to avoid traf c. Report reaching
FLI00.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Cleared to take off. Runway 11
Right. After takeoff. Maintain runway heading. Climb
6,000 feet. Contact Brasilia Departure on frequency 119.50.
EasyJet 321. Three oxygen cylinders have blown up. We' ve
had a depressurization. Descending to FL100. It's very
dif cult to control the aircraft.
FL100. I understood you had a compressor stall. Con rm.
ATC: EasyJet 321. Descent at your discretion. Say the
number of persons on board and remaining fuel.
Situation3
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Brasilia Center. Proceed offset

Situation3
20 miles right of the route due to traf c. Expect further
clearance in 10 minutes.
United 351. Performing an emergency descent. We are
leaving FL410 to FL100.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Descent at pilot's discretion,
ATC: United 351. Roger. Turn left. Heading 180 to avoid
Maintain present heading. Did you say you have smoke in
traf c. Report reaching FLI00.
the cockpit?
Situation 4
DISCUSSION
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Cleared to climb to FLA1O.
TRACK 15: This picture shows a 737 landed on what
Reduce speed to Mach.77 to avoid traf c.
seems to be an isolated area. This aircraft has its top part
missing. It could have been caused either by
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Roger. Cleared to descend to
depressurization or by sabotage. It's very dif cult to
FLI00. Descent at pilot's discretion. Did you say you had
identify the real reason of that big hole.
problems in the air conditioning system?
The plane is white with some stripes running across the
fuselage.
Situation 5
Anybody sitting in that part of the plane would have
suffered major injuries if not fatalities.
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Expect start up at four ve
There are many people attending to the situation, they are
and runway 11 Right. You are cleared to Curitiba Aiport
probably of cials and investigators guring out possible
via UPPER MIKE 532. Flight Level 380. MOXOB 2
causes to send recommendations to the manufacturer and to
BRAVO DEPARTURE SIREM TRANSITION. Squawk
the authorities.
4167. Read back.
The background is very mountainous and the weather is
very foggy.
18
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
aMCMaster
UNIT 04 – FIRE
aviation.
1) Have you ever had any training to deal with re? Talk about it.
2) What are the principal causes of aircraft re?
3) Which is the worst: re in the cabin or re on the engine? Why?
Why? Why not? / How? / When? / Where? Can you explain it better?
What?
Has it everhappenedto you?
Can you give an example / some examples?
19
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster idiomnas-cursos
Please put the headset on. Let's checkthievolume.
"Santos Dumont EnglishAssessment:this is a soundcheck. Please con m to the examiner if

the volume is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear.'
Track
PART 2- INTERACTINGAS A PILOT
Situation 1) You are on a cruise ight from Londrina to Curitiba. Listen to Curitiba Center and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you have a failure indication of your right engine. Call Curitiba Center and inform this
situation.
Track 3
Situation 2) You have requested taxi instructions to runway to runway 15. Listen to Curitiba Ground and read
back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, you realized that you don't have the proper thrust to start taxiing. Contact Curitiba Ground,
inform this problem and say your intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You have just taken off from Curitiba Airport. Listen to Curitiba Departure and read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, imagine you are stabilized on FL310 and you realized you have fumes in the cockpit. Contact
Curitiba Center, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 7
20
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
Situation 4) You are at Curitiba Airport and you are waiting for takeoff clearance. Listen to Curitiba Tower
and read back.
Track
Examiner: Now, during taxi you had this situation. (Show the picture to the test taker). You decide to start the
evacuation immediately. Call Curitiba Ground, inform this situation and your intentions.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are preparing for takeoff from Curitiba Airport. Listen to Curitiba Clearance and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, after takeoff, this happens to you. (Show the picture to the candidate). Because of this
situation, you have decided to return to Curitiba Aiport. Call Curitiba Approach, explain this situation and say
your intentions.
Track 11
21
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) From your point of view, what are the threats of re on the engine?
Track 13
2) In your opinion, what factors can cause engine failure during takeoff?
Track 14
3) What factors can give rise to a tailpipe re?
Follow-up questions, ifnecessary:seePart 01
22
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
PART 4- PICTURE DESCRIPTIONANDDISCUSSION
you start talking.
2)) Choose one:

What do you think was happening before this picture was taken?;or

4) From your point of view, what else could have caused this situation?
5) In your opinion, do you think that both pilots and crew members should constantly have re trainings?
6) Now, I am going to read a statement to you and then you will have to tell me to what extent you agree
or disagree with it.
"Fire is a critical issue and pilots should be constantly trained to deal with."
23
fi
MCMaster Idiomas -cursos
ILSUM DEPARTURE. Squawk 4751. Curitiba Departure on
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a sound frequency 119.7. Read back.
check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume is okay and
you can hear the recording loud and clear." TRACK 11: McMaster 123. You are cleared for immediate return
and landing. Runway 33. Number 1 for landing. Fire ghters will
PART 2 - INTERACTING AS A PILOT be standing by. Con rm the number of persons on board.
Situation 1 PART 3-UNEXPECTED

SITUATIONS
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Curitiba Center. Your transponder Situation 1
appears to be inoperative. Squawk code 4523.

Track 12: Pilot: PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN. Curitiba
TRACK 3: MCMaster 123. Con m if you have indication of re Tower. Turkish 237. We've got re on engine number 1. We shut
on engine number 1. Say remaining fuel on board. it down. Request vectors for immediate return and landing.
ATC: Turkish 237. You are cleared for immediate return and
Situation 2 landing. Runway 33. Emergency services will follow you.
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Cleared to taxi to runway 15. Follow Situation 2

the 737 taxiing on taxiway Bravo. You are number three for
departure. When approaching to the holding point. Contact Track 13: Pilot: MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. Curitiba
Curitiba Tower on frequency 118.15. Tower. Alitalia 7251. We had an engine failure during takeoff. We
request immediate return.
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Emergency assistance is on the way. ATC: Alitalia 7251. I could see you've had a bird-ingestion on
Con rm if you had one of the main landing gears out of the your left engine and it is on re. Climb to 4,500 feet. Turn right.
pavement and stuck. You are cleared to land on runway 15.
Situation 3 Situation 3
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Climb to FL310. Maintain rate of Track 14: Pilot: Curitiba Ground. American 4214. We've shut
climb 2,000 feet per minute. Report reaching FLI60. down the engines due to a tailpipe re on engine number 2. We
request assistance.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. I understood you have fumes in the ATC: American 4214. Fire- ghting service is on the way.
cockpit. You are cleared for immediate return. Contact Curitiba Con rm if you want to disembark the passengers.
Approach on frequency 129.55.
PART 4- PICTURE DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION
Situation 4
Track 15: This is a picture of a mock-up. It's largely used for
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. You are cleared to align and take-off. re ghters in their re trainings. It's possible to see only the
Runway 29. Wind 280 degrees at 5 knots. After takeoff, keep starboard side of a mock-up engulfed in ames. Interestingly, it's
runway heading and climb to 5,000 feet. not producing any apparent smoke.
In the background of the picture there is an appliance equipped
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Maintain your position. Emergency with a roof-mounted re hose spraying water or foam to put the
services are on their way. Do you have a re alarm on your right re out. It's dif cult to identify the extinguishing media that are
engine? being used. Anyway, the re doesn't seem to be under control. In
a real situation this incident could have been caused either by fuel
Situation 5 leak or by mechanical problems. I believe this training is taking
place at a big airport because I can see some constructions and in
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Expect start up at 15. Runway 1S. the farther distance there is a mountainous area. The weather looks
You are cleared to Salvador Airport, via upper Mike 671. Flight like broken.
level 350.
24
fi
fi
fi
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
UNIT 05- BOMB THREAT
aviation.
1) What do you think about the procedures which you have to follow when there is an in- ight bomb
threat?
2) Talk about a bomb threat at an airport that you know of.
3) What do you think about the new technology that is being used against bomb threat at airports?
Follow-upquestions,ifnecessary: Can you tell more about that?
Why? / Why not? How? / When? I Where? /| Can you explain it better?
What?
Can you give anexample / someexamples?
25
fl
MCMaste
Idiomas•cursos
"Santos Dunont English Assessment: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the
Track 1
You are the pilot ofa twin-engined aircraft. Your call sign is McMaster 123.
Situation 1) You are approaching Miami Airport. Listen to Miami Center and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, a ight attendant chief informed you that she has found a note that there is a bomb on board.
Contact Miami Approach, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are on a cruise ight from Kansas to Miami. Listen to Miami Center and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, you've been hijacked and the hijackers are keeping the ight attendants as hostages, but they
aren't able to get into the cockpit. Contact Miami Center and inform this situation.
Track 5
Situation 3) You have just taken off from Miami Airport. Listen to Miami Tower and read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, you've realized that there was a passenger threatening to blow up the plane with a bomb.
This passenger was restrained by a group of passengers and it was gured out it was a false bomb alarm.
Contact Miami Departure, inform about this problem and request immediate return to Miami Airport.
Track 7

26
fi
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Situation 4) You are at the holding point at Miami Airport ready for takeoff. Listen to Miami Tower and read
back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, when crossing 4,000 feet, this situation happens to you. (Show the picture to the test taker).
You decide to return immediately. Call Miami Approach, inform this situation and your intentions.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are preparing for takeoff from Miami Airport. Listen to Miami Clearance and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, after takeoff, it is found inside the plane. (Show the picture to the candidate). Because of this
situation, you decided to return immediately. Call Miami Approach, explain the situation and say your
intentions.
Track 11
27
Part Three: "Unexpected Situations". In this part of the test, you will listen to three different communications
between pilots and air traf c controllers. All information is important.
listening to the recording, you should tell me everything that the pilot and the controller said. I will then ask
you a question.
Track 12
1) What kind of problems can an airplane face up to when there is a malfunction in the airspeed indicator?
Track 13
2) In your opinion, what could cause a thud in the cargo compartment?
Track 14
3) From your point of view, what are the threats of performing an upset maneuver?
4) How would you compare them? You may want to compare them in terms of severity, possible solutions and
ways of prevention. Which one do you think is the most dif cult to deal with? Why?
Follow-up questions, if necessary:see Part 01
28
fi
fi
fi
CMCMaster idiomasCursos
talking.
2) Choose one:

What do you think these people were doing before this picture was taken?;or

4) What could have given rise to the situation shown in the rst picture?
5) Do you foresee any improvements in technology that could help to prevent bombs at airports?
disagree with it.
"Modern technology should replace the action of sniffer dogs at airports."
Follow-up questions, if necessary:seePart01
29
fi
GMCMaster
!diomas-cursos
AUDIOSCRIPT -UNIT 05

sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Cleared for immediate return
and landing. Runway 12. Police assistance will be standing
is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear."
by. Contact Tower on frequency 118.3.

Situation 1
Situation
TRACK 12: Pilot: Miami Center. Airlink 6212. Request
FLI70. Descent at pilot's discretion. Report when reaching
diversion to Orlando. We have a malfunction in the
PALM BEACH INTERSECTION. Contact Miami
airspeed indicator.
Approach on frequency 124.85. ATC: Airlink 6212. Roger. Cleared to divert to Orlando.
Call Orlando Approach on 124.80. Expect vectors to
TRA CK 3: McMaster 123. Miami Approach. Your
approach in ve minutes.
message is unintelligible. Con rm if you have two
disruptive passengers on board.
Situation
Situation TRACK 13: Pilot: PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN.
Miami Control. Tberia 7396. We've heard a big thud in the
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Climb to FL350. Reduce speed
cargo compartment. It's dif cult to keep the ight straight.
to Mach. 78. Contact when reaching FEONA
Request immediate landing at Miami Airport. Request
INTERSECTION.
assistance on the ground.
ATC: Iberia 7396. Roger. Cleared to land on runway 27.
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Miami Center. Descend to
Assistance is standing by.
FL100. Squawk 7500. Contact Miami Approach on
frequency 123.40 for private communication. Say your
Situation 3
intentions.
TRACK 14: Pilot: Miami Center. Delta 4114. We've had a
Situation 3
report of three armed passengers aboard. We intend to
perform an upset maneuver.
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Miami Tower. Climb to FL150.
ATC: Delta 4114. Miami Center. Roger. I suggest you to
Turn left on PALM BEACH INTERSECTION. Heading
go towards the ocean. Turn left. Heading 120. Contact
190. Contact Miami Departure on frequency 119.40.
123.40 for further instructions.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Miami Departure. You are

cleared to return. Expect vectors for runway 09. Con rm if
DISCUSSION
a passenger found a bomb on board.
TRACK 15: We've got two pictures here. The rst one
Situation 4
was taken in China because I can see a sign written "Macau
and Taiwan arrivals". It shows a horrible scene, it looks like
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. You are cleared for takeoff.
that a bomb has blown up. There is a lot of panic among the
Runway 08 Right. Wind 090 degrees at 12 knots, gusts of
passengers. In the background of the picture there are some
30 knots. Contact Miami Departure on frequency 125.5.
of cials and they may have been called either to isolate the
area or to disarm another bomb, I don't know.
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Cleared for immediate return.
The second picture shows a German Shepherd in a leash
Runway 08 Left. You are number 1 for landing. Fire-
held by a police of cer. The dog is snif ng a bag of a
ghting service will be standing by. Con rm if you have
passenger. Most airports around the world have this
smoke in the passenger cabin.
procedure and it has been working so far. Lots of
passengers are caught carrying drugs and homemade
Situation S
bombs
I think bomb threat is a very important issue to be discussed
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Expect start up at 55 and
and major airports of the world haven't been measuring
runway 12. You are cleared to Washington Airport via
efforts to improve their security.
UPPER ALFA ROMEO 17. Flight Level 300. DEEEP 2
DEPARTURE. Squawk 4132. Read back.
30
fi
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
UNIT 06 - FUEL PROBLEMS
aviation.
1) Describe a fuel-related incident you know of.
2) What procedures do you normally follow when you are refueling an aircraft?
3) How will the fuel used in aircraft change in the future?
Why? / Why not? How? / When? Where? /| Can you explain it better?
What?
Can you give an example / someexamples?
31
MCMaster
Santos Dumont EnglishAssessment:this is a sound check Please con rm to the examiner if

the volume is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear.
Track 1
PART 2- INTERACTING AS APILLOT

Part Two: "Interacting as a Pilot". In this part, you have to interact with the Air Traf c Control in ve
different situations. You may ask the controller to say again once and you will not be penalized for that.
After listening to the controller, you should interact as the pilot. AIl information is important. You may
take notes if you wish.
Situation 1) You are approaching Seatle Airport. Listen to Seattle Approach and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you have a fuel indicator warning light on. You decided to dump fuel before landing. Call
Seattle Approach, inform this situation and request vectors to dump fuel.
Track 3
Situation 2) You've just taken off from Seattle Airport. Listen to Seattle Tower and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, you've had a failure on your engine number 2 after takeoff. You suspect it is fuel
ontamination. Contact Seattle Tower, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are on a cruise ight still far from Seattle Airport. Listen to Seattle Center and read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, you've realized you had fuel exhaust and decided to perform a forced landing in a forest.
Contact Seattle Center, inform about this situation and request a rescue service.
Track7

32
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster Idlomas-cursOs
Situation 4) You are going to start taxiing to runway 16 Right at Seattle Aiport. Listen to Seattle Ground and
read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, during taxi, this situation happens to you. (Show the picture to the test taker). You decide to
abort your taxi. Call Seattle Ground and say your intentions.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are preparing for takeoff from Seattle Airport. Listen to Seattle Clearance and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, after takeoff, this happens to you. (Show the picture to the test taker). Because of this
situation, you have decided to retun to Seattle Airport immediately. Call Seattle Approach, explain the
situation and say your intentions.
Track 11
33
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
Part Three: "Unexpected Situations". In this part of the test, you will lisien to three different
communicationsbetween pilots and air traf c controllers. All information is important.
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) Under what circumstances should an aircraft dump fuel?
Track 13
2) From your point of view, what are the outcomes of a fuel leak?
Track 14
3) Can you foresee any improvements in recent technologies which could prevent fuel contamination?
4) How would you comparethem? You may want to compare them in terms of severity, possible solutions
|Follow-up questions, ifnecessary:seePart01
34
fi
fi
fi
aMCMaster idiomas-cursos

talking.
2) Choose one:


4) In your opinion, should pilots follow the refueling?
5) From your point of view, do you think that fuel is safely stored at airports?
disagree with it.
"Issues related to fuel supply of aircraft should be only concerned to the ground personnel."
35
MCMaster
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a TRACK 11: McMaster 123. I'Il give you priority to land at
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume Seattle Airport. Tum right. Heading I10. Expect visual
is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear." approach runway 16 Right.
PART 2- INTERACTING AS A PILOT
Situation 1
Situation 1
TRACK 12: Pilot: Seattle Approach. Aero ot 2178. We

TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Descend to FLO80. When
request to dump fuel and radar vectors to return.
reaching FLO80, reduce speed 250 knots. There is no traf c
ATC: Aero ot 2178. Proceed to the published
at this ight level. Contact Seattle Tower on frequency
fuel dumping area, hold at FL250. Advise when ready for
119.90.
the approach.
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Turn right. Heading 235.
Situation 2
Emergency services will be standing by when you land.
TRACK 13: Pilot: Seattle Tower. United 7456. Request

Situation 2
immediate return and landing due to fuel leak from the left
tank.
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. You are cleared to takeoff.
ATC: United 7456. Roger. Number one for
Runway 34 Left. After takeoff, maintain runway heading
landing. Runway 34 Left. The runway will be sprayed with
until ATOME INTERSECTION. Turn right. Heading 342.
foam to minimize the risk of re.
Contact Seattle Departure on frequency 120.4.
Situation3
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. You are cleared for immediate
landing. Did you say you are running out of fuel? Con rm.
TRACK 14: Pilot: Seattle Tower. Delta 4576. We have to
abort takeoff due to engine failure. We suspect the fuel has
Situation 3
been fouled by some debris or water. Request tug to the
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Seattle Center. There is traf c apron.

ATC: Delta 4576. A tug has already been
at the present ight level. Climb to FL320.
scrambled to assist you. You will be taken to the west apron
due to lack of parking space.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. I understood you had a fuel
exhaust and will perform a forced landing. Con rm the
PART 4 PICTURE DESCRIPTION AND
number of persons on board.
DISCUSSION
Situation 4
TRACK 15: In this picture we are looking at a military,
high wing, twin-engine, turbo-prop aircraft being refueled.
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. You are cleared to taxi to
It's at what looks to be a large air eld.
runway 16 Right via taxiway Alpha. Hold short on taxiway
Apparently this picture was taken in the southern Asia
Bravo. Follow the Boeing on taxiway Bravo.
because I can see some Oriental writings on the refueling
truck.
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Con rn if you had a collision
At this moment, the truck is refueling the right tank via a
withother aircraft. What kind of assistance are you
long hose connected to the wing. There are two gentlemen
requesting?
attending to the situation directly. A man is controlling the
hose and the other is walking over the wing. It's a crucial
Situation 5
moment and the gentlemen might have had the proper
training for that.
The air eld seems to have reasonable facilities once we can
runway 16 Left. You are cleared to Chicago Aiport via
see a helicopter and big hangars. In the background we
UPPER SUMMA I DEPARTURE. Squawk 4761. Contact
have a wooded hillside. It's a cloudy grayish day.
Seattle Departure on frequency 120.4. Read back.
B6
fl
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fl
fl
MCMaster Idlomas-cursos
UNIT 07- NEAR MISS
aviation.
1) In your opinion, what are the main causes of mid-air collisions?
2) What can be done to reduce the risk of a near miss?
3) What do you think about the technologies that we have nowadays to avoid mid-air collisions?
Why? / Why not? / How? / When? Where? I| Can you explain it better?
What?
Can you give an example / someexamples?
37
CM
MCMaster Icdiomas.Cursos
"Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the
volune is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear.
Track
Situation 1) You are on a cruise ight from Riad to Dubai. Listen to Emirates Center and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you performed a resolution advisory maneuver and climbed the aircraft. Contact Emirates
Center and inform this situation.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are on a cruise ight from Telaviv to Dubai. Listen to Bahrein Center and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, you've had electrical failure. Contact Bahrein Center, inform about this situation and request
diversion to Doha.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are performing a pattern circuit at Dubai Airport. Listen to Dubai Tower and read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, imagine that you are at the nal approach and a helicopter crosses your heading. Call Dubai
Tower, inform about this situation and say that you are going around.
Track 7
38
fi
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idlomas·cursos
Situation 4) You are being vectored to land at Dubai Airport. Listen to Dubai Approach and read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, you are instructed to hold at DESDI INTERSECTION at FLO70. During your holding you
see this in front of you (Show the picture to the test taker), but you could avoid collision. Call Dubai Approach
and explain this situation.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are preparing for takeoff from Dubai Airport. Listen to Dubai Clearance and read back.
Track10
Examiner: Now, after takeoff, this situation happens to you. (Show the picture to the test taker). Because of
this situation you performed a resolution advisory maneuver. Call Dubai Departure, explain the situation and
your intentions.
Track 11
39
MCMaster
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) How has TCAS reduced the risk of midair collisions?
Track 13
2) In your opinion, what's the most common reason for near misses?
Track 14
3) What is it possible to happen when a pilot has poor visibility and can't see the runway?
Follow-up questions, ifnecessary:see Part 01
40
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
talking.
2) Choose one:


4) From your point of view, what could have given rise to this situation?5) Can you foresee any improvement
in the recent technologies that can avoid a situation like this?
disagree with it.
"Statistics have shown that the usage of the TCAS reduced signi cantly midair collisions."
41
fi
GMCMaster
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a DEPARTURE LOTEN TRANSITION. Squawk 4112.
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume Contact Dubai Departure on frequency 126.2. Read back.
TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Con rm if you aredescending
due to a near miss. Say your intentions.
PART 2 -INTERACTING AS A PILOT

Situation 1
Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Emirates Center. Cleared to

TRACK 12: Pilot: Dubai Tower. Emirates 6578. We have
descend to FL250. Advise for a hailstorm in the next 30
to discontinue our approach due to TCAS resolution. It
minutes. Contact Dubai Approach on frequency 124.9.
seems there is an aircraft crossing our heading but we don't
have visual with the aircraft.
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. I understood you had a ncar
ATC: Emirates 6578. Roger. Perform a
miss. Con rm if an aircraft has passed by your starboard standard missed approach. Contact when leveled on the
side. nal approach.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Bahrein Center. Descend to
TRACK 13: Pilot: Dubai Approach. Qatari 4356. A single-
FL320 due to traf c. Reduce speed Mach.72. Maintain
engine aircraft has almost collided with us. It seems the
present heading for two zero minutes. Turn left. Heading
aircraft is lost.
180. Contact Emirates Center on frequency 120.90.
ATC: Qatari 4356. I understood you've had a
near miss. Can you give some information about the
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Con rm if you are
aircraft?
experiencing clectrical failure. Are you aware of
parachuting activity over northeast sector of Doha?
Situation 3
Situation 3
TRACK 14: Pilot: Dubai Tower. Turkish 2849. On the
nal approach, runway 30 Right. We don't have visual
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. You are number three for
contact with the runway.
landing. Runway 30 Left. Wind 290 degrees at 08 knots.
ATC: Turkish 2849. There is a Boeing 757 on
the threshold. Go around immediately. Perform a pattern
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. I understood you are going
circuit and call when established in the localizer.
around. Con rm if you had wind shear on the nal
approach.
DISCUSSION
Situation 4
TRACK 15: It's an interesting picture of two big twin-

TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Turn right. Heading 350.
engine aircraft. It's dif cult to nd out from what company
Descend to FLI50. Reduce speed to 240 knots.
they belong to because they are ying in a very high
altitude.
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Con rm if you ingested a hot
Both planes are releasing white smoke. It happens by the
air balloon. Cleared to RULAM INTERSECTION. Heading
condensation of the hot air that exhausts from the engine in
115.
contact with the cold air in high altitudes. For a person who
is on the ground, it is created an illusion the planes are
Situation5
releasing white smoke.
They are crossing each other in a convergent heading and
TRA CK 10: McMaster 123. Expect start up at 40. Runway
it's a typical near miss situation. It could have been caused
12 Right via UPPER MIKE 430. Flight Level 380. MIADA
either by failure in the navigation system or by pilot error.
The weather is sunny with some sparse clouds.
42
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
UNIT 08– ICING
PART 1 - AVIATION TOPICS
aviation.
1) Have you ever experienced icing during ight? What can ice cause to the ight?
2) What dif culties do pilots have when there is ice accretion?
3) Is icing a problem in any meteorological condition? Why? Why not? What's the most dangerous type
of ice?
Why? / Why not? How? / When? / Where? | Canyouexplain itbetter?

What?
LCanyougiveanexample/some
examples?
43
fl
fl
fi
MCMaster idiomas- cursos
Track 1
Part Two: "nteracting as a Pilot". In this part, you have to interact with the Air Traf c Control in ve different
Situation 1) You are approaching to Charlotte International Airport. Listen to Charlotte Approach and read
back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you have had an anti-icing failure. Contact Charlotte Approach, inform this situation and
your intentions.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are on a cruise ight to Charlotte Airport. Listen to Atlanta Center and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, you've had ice formation over the aircraft's surfaces. It's dif cult to keep the ight stable.
Contact Atlanta Center and state intentions to divert to the nearest suitable airport.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are going to start taxiing to runway in use at Charlotte Airport. Listen to Charlotte Ground
and read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, it has passed a long time and your de-icing procedure has expired. Contact Charlotte Ground,
explain the situation and say you need to perform the de-icing procedure again.
Track 7
44
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Situation 4) You are going to receive takeoff clearance at Charlotte Aiport. Listen to Charlotte Tower and
read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, before you start your takeoff roll, this situation happens to you. (Show the picture to the test
taker). Contact Charlotte Tower, inform this situation and your intentions.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are preparing for takeoff from Charlotte International Airport. Listen to Charlotte Clearance
and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, during taxi, this situation happens to you. (Show the picture to the test taker). Contact
Charlotte Ground, inform this situation and your intentions.
Track 11
45
MCMaster
ldlomas-cursos
Part Three: "Unexpected Situations". In this part of the test, you will listen to thrce different communications
between pilots and air traf c controllers. All information is important.
Ihe recordings will be played twice. There is a ve-second pause before the recording is repeated. After
Iistening to the recording, you should tell me everything that the pilot and the controller said. I will then ask
you a question.
Track 12
1) From your point of view, what factors can cause a compressor stall?
Track 13
2) In your opinion, what circumstances can lead to a runway excursion?
Track 14
3) Is there any technology which can avoid ice accretion on the aircraft's surfaces?
4) How would you compare them? You may want to compare them in terms of severity, possible solutions and
ways of prevention. Which one do you think is the most dif cult to deal with? Why2
Thank you! This is the end of part three. Let's now move on to the last part of the test, part fou.
46
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster

talking.
2) Choose one:


4) What could have happened if this procedure hadn't been performed?
5) Do you think the de-icing procedures cause disruptions in airports' operations?
disagree with it.
"A new technology over de-icing agents should be implemented in order to minimize the hazardous effects
they have on the environment.
|Follow-up questions, if necessary: see Part I
47
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Emergency services are on the
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume way. Con rm if you had a collision with other aircraft.
is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear.
PART 2- INTERACTING AS A PILOT Situation 1
Situation1 TRACK 12: Pilot: Atlanta Center. Lufthansa 5 135. We've

suffered a compressor stall. We request descent to 8,000
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Descend to 7,000 feet until
feet. Request vectors for immediate diversion to Lancaster.
MAJIC INTERSECTION. Turm left. Heading 145. Contact
ATC: Lufthansa 5135. Cleared to descend to 8,000 feet.
Charlotte Tower on frequency 118.10.
Descent at your discretion. After crossing FL180, reduce
speed to 250 knots and contact Lancaster Approach on
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Descend to 7,000 feet. Con rm
126.45.
if youhave anti-icing failure.
Situation 2
Situation 2

TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Climb to FL320. We advise of
Charlotte Tower. Iberia 4578. We skidded off the runway
bad weather formation over Charlotte Airport. Contact
due to slush on the runway. We request emergency
Charlotte Approach on frequency 120.5.
services.
ATC: Iberia 4578. Roger. Emergency services are on the
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. We suggest Atlanta for
way. Con rm if you have already started the emergency
immediate diversion. Con rm if you had compressor stall.
evacuation.
Say your intentions.
Situation 3
Situation3
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Cleared to taxi to the holding
Charlotte Approach. Alitalia 6123. We can't control the
point of runway 36 Right via taxiway Delta. Contact
aircraft due to ice formation on the wings. We are losing
Charlotte Tower on frequency 118.10.
altitude and airspeed.
ATC: Alitalia 6123. I understood you are having problems
due to ice accretion on the wing. Your message is broken.
return. Con rm if you are having engine problems.
You may have ice on your antenna.
Situation 4
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Cleared to take-off. Runway 18
DISCUSSION
Right. After takeoff, maintain runway heading until JOJJO
TRACK 15: This picture was taken in the winter, probably
INTERSECTION. Turn right. Heading 331. Contact
in Northern Europe or North America. It shows the front of
Charlotte Departure on frequency 120.5.
a Boeing Aircraft with a red stripe running across the
fuselage being prepared for departure.
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. I understood you rejected
It's snowing and the wings are being sprayed with de-icing
takeoff. Con rm if there are two snowplows over the
uid in order to remove snow of the surface. The wings are
runway.
being sprayed by an appliance with special roof-mounted
spraying equipment.
Situation5
The wings will be coated by a pellicle with anti-icing. It is
important because this pellicle avoids ice accretion over the
surfaces of the wings.
runway 36 Right via UPPER OSCAR 22. Flight level 350.
If this procedure hadn't been performed it would have
BARMY DEPARTURE NUTZE TRANSITION. Squawk
posed a big threat to the safety of the ight.
4621. Read back.
It's a procedure that a big number of airports should
provide. Unfortunately, some airports don't offer this
assistance and a lot of ights need to be called off.
48
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
UNIT 09 - PASSENGERPROBLEMS
aviation.
1) Describe an unlawful interference incident you know of.
2) What changes will there be in the security procedures in the future?
3) Would you take anyone to the cockpit if you were asked to? Why (not)? Do you agree with that?
Why? / Why not? / How? When? / Where? /| Can you explain it better?
What?
40
MCMaster
Please put the headset ou. Let's check the volume.
Track
PART 2-INTERACTINGASA PILOT

Situation 1) You are on a cruise ight from Frankfurt to London. Right now you are abeam Paris at FL320.
You start facing strong winds and request to descend to FL280. Listen to Paris Control and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you've realized there are two drunker passengers ghting on board and you request diversion
to Paris. Contact Paris Control, inform this situation and your intentions.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are on a cruise ight from London to Barcelona. Listen to Barcelona Center and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, a ght broke out between two passengers. Contact Barcelona Center, inform this situation
and say your intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You've just taken off from Heathrow Airport. You are going to talk to Heathrow Tower and read
back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, a passenger has suffered a heart attack. Contact Heathrow Tower, inform this situation,
request immediate return to Heathrow Aiport and medical assistance on the ground.
Track 7
50
fi
fl
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMAS!
Situation 4) You are going to take-off from Heathrow Airport. Listen to Heathrow Tower and read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, after takeoff, a ight attendant nds this mesage on an empty seat. (Show the picture to the
test taker). Call London Control, inform this situation and request immediate return to Heathrow Airport.
THERE IS A BOMB ON BOARD
Track 9
Situation 5) You are preparing for takeoff from Heathrow Airport in London. Listen to Heathrow Clearance
and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, after takeoff, this happens inside the plane. (Show the picture to the test taker). Because of
this situation, you decided to return immediately to Heathrow Airport. Call Heathrow Approach, explain the
Track 11
51
fi
fl
MCMaster
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) In your point of view, how can a disruptive passenger pose a threat to a ight?
Track 13
2) How canpassengers minimize the effects of altitude during ight?
Track 14
3) In your opinion, do you think that both pilots and ight attendants should annually perform a rst-aid
course?
Follow-up questions, ifnecessary:seePart01
52
fi
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
PART 4- PICTURE DESCRIPTION ANDDISCUSSION
talking.
2) Choose one:


4) In your opinion, do you think ight attendants should have a special training in order to restrain unruly
passengers?
5) Do you foresee any technological improvement that can eliminate the risk of disruptive passengers on
board?
disagree with it.
"The most common cause of disruptions caused by passengers is due to alcoholic beverages.
|Follow-up questions, if necessary: see Part 01
53
fl
}MCMaster idiomas-cursos
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Cleared for immediate returm
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume and landing. Runway 09 Left. Police enforcement will be
standing by. Contact Heathrow Tower on frequency 118.7.
PART 2- INTERACTING ASA PILOT
Situation1
Situation 1
TRACK 12: Pilot: London Control. Speedbird 4256. We

have a disruptive passenger on board who seems to be very
FL280. Reduce speed Mach.70 due to traf c saturation.
aggressive. We request diversion to the nearest suitable
airport.
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Disregard the previous
ATC: Speedbird 4256. London Control. Roger. I will divert
instructions. Descend to FL060. Heading 120. Runway 09
you to Dublin Airport. Turn left. Heading 205. Descend and
Left. Con rm if you have two disruptive passengers on
maintain FLI00. Police assistance will be standing by.
board.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 13: Pilot: London Control. Springbok 6429. One

TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Descend to FL250 at your
of the passengers has passed out. It seems he has had :
discretion. When crossing FL300, turn right. Heading 150.
heart attack. We request vectors for immediate return to
Contact Barcelona Approach on frequency 119.10.
Heathrow Airpor.
ATC: Springbok 6429.London Control. You are cleared
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Expect contact with Barcelona
for immediate returm. Heading 090. Contact Heathrow
Approach in 15 minutes. Con rm if the two passengers
Approach on frequency 119.70.
have already been overpowered.
Situation 3
Situation 3
TRACK 14: Pilot: London Control. United 4578. One of

TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Heathrow Tower. Maintain
our ight attendants has choked. She is very bad. We don't
runway heading. Climb to 7,000 feet. Turn right. Heading
have a doctor on board. We request immediate return to
120. Contact London Control on frequency 1 18.80.
Gatwick Airport and medical assistance on the ground.
ATC: United 4578. London Control. You are cleared for
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. I understood that there is an
immediate return. Contact Gatwick Approach on frequency
armed passenger on board. What kind of assistance are you
126.80.
requesting?

Situation 4
DISCUSSION
TRACK 8; McMaster 123. Cleared to take-off. Runway 09
TRACK 15: We've got a picture of a typical case of a
Right. Wind 080 degrees at 5 knots. Contact London
disruptive passenger. We can clearly see a passenger who
Control on frequency 120.50.
has been arrested by the federal police. Perhaps, the plane
has just landed or it's yet to take off, I don't know.
Several passengers are looking at the unruly passenger with
return. Police assistance will be standing by upon landing.
a shocked face and some of them are even lming the
situation.
Situation5
The passenger will probably be taken to the local precinct
for an ingquiry of the facts.
Perhaps the passenger may have consumed alcoholic
runway 09 Right. You are cleared to Berlim via UPPER
beverages, which increases three times the drinking efects
OSCAR 70. Flight Level 360. GASGU I JULIET
In this situation the passenger was easily overpowered by
DEPARTURE. Squawk 4461. Read back.
the crew. Normally, crew members have dif culties
restraining these kinds ofpassengers.
54
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
UNIT 10 - DITCHINGS
aviation.
1) In your opinion, what can be the consequences of a ditching?
2) Do you foresee improvements in aircraft in the future which can minimize the consequences of
ditchings?
3) Is there any special training to deal with ditching? Have you ever trained for a ditching? If so, how was
it?
Why? / Why not? / How?IWhen? Where? I| Can you explain it better?

What?
55
MCMaster
Track 1
PART 2-INTERACTING ASA PILOT
situations. You may ask the controller to say again once and you will not be penalized for that. After listening to the
controller, you should interact as the pilot. Al information is important. You may take notes if you wish.
Situation 1) You are on a cruise ight from Easter Island to Santiago. Listen to Santiago Center and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you've had a sudden engine failure. You suspect it is fuel contamination. Contact Santiago
Center, inform you are going to ditch on the Paci c Ocean, 80 nautical miles from Santiago and request rescue
service.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are on a cruise ight from Buenos Aires to Santiago. Listen to Santiago Center and read
back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, after ying 30 miles, you've own through thick volcanic ash and had engine power loss.
You decided to ditch on an everglade. One passenger is severely injured. Contact Santiago Center and inform
this situation.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are on a cruise ight from Santiago to Bogota. Listen to Bogota Center and read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, you've had an unidenti ed problem with the engines and both came to a complete stop. You
don't have alternative instead of ditching. Contact Bogota Center and inform this situation.
Track 7
56
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
Situation 4) You are approaching Santiago International Airport. You are going to listen to Santiago Approach
and read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, while you are approaching Santiago Airport, this situation happens to you. (Show this picture
to the test taker). You fear you won't reach the airport, so you decide to ditch. Contact Santiago Approach and
inform this situation.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are stopped at the holding point at Santiago International Airport waiting for takeoff
clearance. Listen to Santiago Tower and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, after takeoff, this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the test taker). Call
Santiago Departure, inform this situation and say you don't have enough power to return to the airport and for
this reason you decided to ditch.
Track 11
57
MCMaster ldlomas-cursos
Part Three: "Unexpected Situations". In this part of the test, you will listen to three diferent
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) Could you tell me some problems that could affect engines?
Track 13
2) In your opinion, which is more dangerous: ditching or emergency landing on the ground?
Track 14
3) From your point of view, is bird-ingestion the most common emergency situation in aviation?
|Follow-upquestions,ifnecessary:seePart01
58
fi
fi
fi
will ask some questions. Look at the picture carefully. You may take a few moments to think before you stat
talking.
ENVATERWAYE
2) Choose one:


4) In your opinion what could have caused this situation?
5) From your point of view, do you think that improvements in recent technologies can minimize the risks
associated with ditchings?
"The current trainings on ditching are not satisfactory to guarantee the safety of the operation.
59
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos

sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume PART 3- UNEXPECTEDSITUATIONS
is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clcar."
Situation
TRACK 12: Pilot: MAYDAY MAYDAYMAYDAY.
Santiago Center. Sky Airline 245. We've had engine
Situation 1
problems. We request diversion to the nearest suitable
air eld.
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Santiago Control. Descend to
ATC: Sky Airline 245. Santiago Center. suggest La
FL230. Contact Santiago Approach on frequency 129.70.
Serena airport. I am alerting the emergency services, they
will be standing by. Contact La Serena Approach on
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. I understood you are going to
frequency 129.1.
ditch. Con m the number of people on board. Rescue
services have already been scrambled. Do you suspect you
Situation 2
had fuel contamination?

Situation 2
Santiago Center. Western Global 547. We've lost the ight
controls. We are going to ditch in the coast, 10 miles from
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Santiago Center. We advise of
Viña del Mar.
volcanic ash 30 miles ahead of you. Climb to FL320.
ATC: Western Global 547. Santiago Center. I understand
you are going to ditch. A rescue service is on the way.
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. I understood you had a severe
Con rm the number of people on board.
turbulence and a passenger is injured. Con rm.
Situation 3 Situation3
TRACK 14: Pilot: MAYDAY MAYDAYMAYDAY.

TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Bogota Center. Descend to FL
Santiago Center. CC-XFL. We've had bird-ingestion in
230 due to traf c. Maintain current heading until
both engines. We've got a cracked windshield. We are
GIRARDOT INTERSECTION. Turn left. Heading 230.
Contact Bogota Approach on frequency 1 19.50.
going to ditch.
ATC: CC-XFL. Santiago Control. Con rm you've had a
bird-ingestion. Say your position. I am activating rescue
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Bogota Center. Con rm if you
services.
are going to perform a ditching. Did you say you had
jammed ailerons? Con rm.
Track 15: Here there is a picture of a ditching situation. It

TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Santiago Approach. Expect
shows a plane from United Airlines partially submerged.
visual approach. Runway 35 Left. Descend to 9,000 feet.
There are a lot of people standing on the wing of the plane,
possibly passengers and ight crew. On the left-hand side
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Con rm if you are ditching due
of the picture we can see a rescue boat.
to multiple bird-strikes. Con rm the number of people on
Amazingly, no one has died in this incident. According to
board. Emergency services are on the way.
the statistics nine out of ten pilots who attempt ditching in
the ocean or river succeed.
Situation 5
This situation was caused by bird-ingestion in both engines
and the engines came to a complete stop, but this situation
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Santiago Tower. Cleared to
could have been caused by any problem. The most common
align and take-off. Runway 3S Left. After takeoff, climb to
problems that lead to a ditching are: fuel exhaust, fouled
7,000 feet. Contact Santiago Departure on frequency 119.7.
fuel, mechanical problems, fuel icing and mismanagement
of the pilot.
TRACK 11: McMaster 123. I understood you ingested :
I believe all passengers and crew were rescued fast and this
hot air balloon during takeoff. Con rm if you decided to
incident successfully ended increasing the statistics of
ditch.
successful ditchings.
60
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
UNIT 11 - ANIMALS
aviation.
1) Why do animals pose a threat to ights?
2) What must be considered when carrying live animals?
3) Do you think animals should be transported only in cargo ights? Why? Why not?
Why? / Why not? / How? When? / Where? / Can you explain it better?
What?
61
fl
fl
MCMaster
"Santos Dumont English Assessmeni: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the
Track 1

Situation 1) You are waiting for takeoff clearance at Val-de-Cans International Airport in Belem. Listen to
Belem Tower and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you've realized there is a deer on the runway. Contact Belem Tower, inform this situation
and requestassistance.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are at the gate ready for taxi at Val-de-Cans Airport in Belem. Listen to Belem Ground and
read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, you've heard your passengersare yelling and the ight attendant chief informs you there are
rodents on board and one passenger passed out. Contact Belem Ground, inform this situation and say your
intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are on the nal approach at Val-de-Cans Airport in Belem. Listen to Belem Tower and read
back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, you realized there are horses on the runway. You decided to go around. Contact Belem
Tower and inform this situation.
Track 7
62
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster idiomas -cursos
Situaticn 4) You are going to receive taxi instructions to the runway in use at Val-de-Cans Airport in Belem.
Listen to Belem Tower and read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, when you align to take-off, this situation happens to you. (Show this picture to the test taker).
Contact Belem Tower, inform this situation and your intentions.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are going to land at Val-de-Cans International Airport in Belem. Listen to Belem Tower and
read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, when you are taxiing on taxiway Kilo, this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to
the test taker). Contact Belem Ground, inform this situation and request assistance.
FLYUSCG 7
Track 11
63
MCMaster
Idiomas- cursos
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) In your opinion, what could have given rise to this situation?
Track 13
2) What are the possible dangers if an aircraft has its center of gravity unbalanced?
Track 14
3) How can recent technologies help to avoid animals on the runway?
|Follow-up questions, if necessary:seePart 01
64
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster ldiomas-cursos
that, I will ask some questions. Look at the picture carefully. You may take a few moments to think be fore
you start talking.
2) Choose one:


4) From your point of view, what other wildlife could be present here?
5) What factors must be considered when ying to this region?
ordisagree with it.
"Operations in these places should be only performed by military pilots in order to guarantee wildlife
preservation."
|Follow-up questions, if necessary:see Part 01
65
fl
}MCMaster Idiomas -cursos
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a landing, vacate runway by taxiway Kilo. Contact Belem
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume Ground on frequency 121.9.
TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Belem Ground. Con rm if
you are holding position because there is a guide dog lost
on board.
Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Belem Tower. You are cleared
Situation 1
for takeoff. After takeoff, maintain runway heading until 15
nautical miles. Turm right. Heading 100. Contact Amazon
TRACK 12: Pilot: Belem Tower. Delta 514. We are
Center on frequency 134.70.
carrying dogs in the cargo compartment and it scems they
broke loose. We need to reject takeoff. We request
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Roger. Assistance will be
provided. Did you say there is a turtle crossing the runway? immediate return to theapron.
ATC: Delta 514. Belem Tower. Roger. Backtrack on
Situation 2 runway 06 and vacate via taxiway Charlie.
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Belem Ground. You are cleared Situation 2

to taxi to runway 06 via taxiway Charlie. Follow the Seneca
TRACK 13: Pilot: Amazon Center. Cargolux 478. We are
on taxiway Charlie. You are number ve for takeoff.
carrying a whale. On cruise it broke loose and the whale is
moving in the tank. It's changing our center of gravity.
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. I understood you are having
Request diversion to Macapa and priority landing.
problems with bees. Con rm if a passenger embarked with
ATC: Cargolux 478. Amazon Center. Roger. Turn left.
a beehive.
Heading 355. Contact Macapa Approach on frequency
119.00.
Situation 3
Situation 3
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Belem Tower. You are cleared
for landing. After landing, vacate runway via taxiway Echo.
TRACK 14: Pilot: Belem Tower. PT-RGK. We had to go
We advise the runway is wet. Expect braking action from
around because there is a dead cow on the runway.
medium to poor.
ATC: PT-RGK. Belem Tower. Roger. It seems the removal
will take long. I suggest you to divert to Maraba. Say
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Roger. Perform standard
intentions.
missed approach procedure. You are number I for landing.
Con rm if there are horses on the runway.
TRACK 15: We have a picture that was taken quite

TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Belem Tower. Cleared to align
possibly in Africa where two single-engine airplanes have
and take-off. Runway 06. After takeoff, turn left. Heading
landed in a tarmac airstrip. I believe there aren't facilities in
335. When intercepting COLOR INTERSECTION, contact
this place. On the right of the picture we can see a large
Belem Control on frequency 119.5.
mammal, a rhinoceros standing quietly.
I would say this situation poses a big threat to the planes
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Belem Tower. I understood you
and for the passengers. The airplanes probably belong to a
are holdingposition because of a runway incursion of
Safari Agency which takes tourists for sightseeing, very
horses.
common in Africa.
It has got undergrowth vegetation which makes me think
Situation S
this picture was taken in the Eastern of the African
Conti
ntinent.
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Belem Tower. Cleared to
In the background of the picture there are a lot of trees and
land. Runway 24. Wind 230 degrees at 10 knots. After
the weather is cloudy.
66
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
UNIT 12 - BELLY-LANDINGS
aviation.
1) What can be done to minimize the risk of belly-landings?
2) What are the major causes of belly-landings?
3) What kind of damage is expected when performing a belly-landing?
Follow-up questions, if necessary: Can you tell more aboutthat?
Why? / Why not? How? / When? / Where? / Can you explain it better?
What?
Can you give an example/ someexamples?
67
CM
MCMaste Idiomas-cursos
"Santos Dumont EnglishAssessment: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner ifthe
Track 1

Situations. You may ask the controller to say again once and you will not be penalized for that. After listening
Situation 1) You are going to start descent to approach Pearson International Airport in Toronto, Canada.
Listen to Toronto Approach and read back.
Track2
Examiner: Now, imagine that you are on the nal approach and you realized that you have an unsafe gear
indication. Contact Toronto Tower, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are at the holding point of runway 24 Right at Pearson International Airport in Toronto,
Canada. Listen to Toronto Tower and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, imagine that right after take off your landing gear didn't retract. Contact Toronto Tower,
inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are going to start the pattern circuit at Toronto Airport. Listen to Toronto Tower and read
back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, you have noticed your landing gear is still retracted. Inform Toronto Tower about this
situation and say you are going to try an emergency extension of your landing gear.
Track
68
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster idiomas-cursoS
Situation 4) You are going to land at Pearson International Airport in Toronto, Canada. Listen to Toronto
Tower and read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, during the nal approach this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the test taker).
Contact Toronto Tower, inform this situation and request a low pass for visual contact because you have a
problem with your nose landing gear.
VuelingcoT
Track 9
Situation 5) You are going to take-off from runway 33 Right at Pearson International Airport in Toronto,
Canada. Listen to Toronto Tower and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, during takeoff climbing, this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the test taker).
Because of this you received indication that your hydraulic system is not working properly. Contact Toronto
Departure, say this situation and ask vectors for a dumping area because you will perform a belly-landing when
you return to the airport.
Track 11
69
fi
MỊMCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) From your point of view, what could have caused this situation?
Track 13
2) What are the dangers if an aircraft performs a landing with a attened tire?
Track 14
3) In your opinion, what threats can a belly-landing cause to the operation?
4) How would you compare them? You may want to compare them in terms of severity, possiblesolutions
70
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos

talking.
2) Choose one:


4) What could have given rise to this situation?
5) From your point of view is it worse to lose the nose gear or the main gear? Why?
disagree with it.
"Recent improvements in technology can help to minimize the outcomes of a belly-landing."
71
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Toronto Tower. Cleared to
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume dump fuel at restricted area 3224. Contact Toronto
is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear." Approach on frequency 125.4 when ready for a straight-in-
approach. Runway 33 Left.
PART 2- INTERACTING ASA PILOT

Situation 1
Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Toronto Approach. You are

TRACK 12: Pilot: Toronto Tower. Air France 568. We
cleared to descend to 7,000 feet. Maintain present heading.
have an indication that our gear hasn't lowered. We
When reaching BLOOS INTERSECTION, turn right.
performed a steep turn but we haven't had the shift of the
Heading 150. Contact Toronto Tower on frequency l18.7.
gear. We are still having indication of left main gear up. We
are going to perform a gear-up landing.
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Toronto Tower. I understood
ATC: Air France 568.Emergency services are standing on
you are going around. Con rm if you had an unsafe fuel
the ground. Con rm the number of people on board.
indication.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 13: Pilot: Toronto Tower. Air Canada 423. On

TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Toronto Tower. You are
the nal approach a bird has hit our landing gear. We are
cleared for takeoff. Runway 15 Right. After takeoff,
going to perform a low pass to state the damage.
maintain runway heading until 15 nautical miles out of
ATC: Air Canada 423. All gears seem to be ne, exceptthe
Toronto VOR. When reaching MATES INTERSECTION.
nose tire which seems to be attened.
Contact Toronto Departure on frequency 128.8.

Situation3
return. Con rm if your landing gear didn't retract.
TRACK 14: Pilot: Toronto Tower. Cactus 452. Werequest
a re truck on the ground. Our landing gear is stuck in the
Situation 3
up position. We are going to perform a belly-landing.
ATC: Cactus 452. Toronto Tower. Roger. Cleared to land.
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Toronto Tower. You are
Runway 15 Right. Emergency services will be standing by.
cleared to land. Runway 06 Right. Wind 050 degrees at 04
Con rm the number of persons on board.
knots. Altimeter setting 1017.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. I understood you are unable to

extend your landing gear. Say intentions.
DISCUSSION
Situation 4
TRACK 15: This picture shows the starboard side of a
turbo-prop twin-engine aircraft which has performed a
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Toronto Tower. Cleared to
belly-landing. Luckily, it hasn't damaged the propeller
land. Runway 06 Right. Wind 070 degrees at 14 Knots
because it is a high wing airplane. This aircraft is white and
gusting 25 Knots. Contact Toronto Ground on frequency
it has yellow and blue stripes running across the fuselage.
121.9.
This is an African plane because I can see Ghana's ag
painted on the fuselage. There are a lot of people attending
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Toronto Tower. I understood
to the situation, they are probably curious to gure out what
you are requesting a low pass because you suspect your
could have caused this situation. This accident ought to
landing gear is jammed in an abnormal position. Con rm.
have been caused either by pilot error or by mechanical
problems.
Situation5
I believe the scene is taking place at a big airport which
provides some facilities.
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Toronto Tower. Expedite
In the background of the picture it is possible to see a
takeoff or leave the runway. There is intense traf c behind
construction and in the further distance there is a tree-ined
you.
horizon. The weather is CAVOK.
72
fi
fl
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
UNIT 13-DANGEROUS G00DS
aviation.
1) Should dangerous goods be only transported in cargo ights?
2) In your opinion what factors had better be considered when transporting dangerous goods.
3) Give some examnples of dangerous goods and say why they are dangerous.
Why? / Why not? / How? / When? / Where? Can you explain it better?
What?
Can you give anexample / someexamples?
73
fl
MCMaster
"Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a sound check. Please con m to the examiner if the
Track 1
PART 2 -INTERACTING ASA PILOT

Situation 1) You've just taken off from Wichita Airport. Listen to Wichita Departure and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you are informed by the ight attendant chief that there is a passenger carrying reworks in a
hand bag. Contact Wichita Departure, inform this situation, say that this product is forbidden on board and ask
to return to Wichita Airport.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are on a cruise ight ready for descent to Wichita Airport. Listen to Kansas City Center and
read back all information.
Track4
Examiner: Now, you are informed by the ight attendant chief that there is a strange smell coming from the
galley and it seems a bottle of bleach has broken. Two passengers who are seated near the galley are dizzy and
very nauseous. Contact Kansas City Center, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are going to start your taxi for takeoff at Wichita Airport. Listen to Wichita Tower and read
back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, you've realized that a cat was incorrectly loaded with dangerous goods. Contact Wichita
Tower, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 7
74
fl
fl
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
Situatiən 4) You've just taken off from Dallas Fort Worth International Airport. Listen to Fort Worth
Departure and read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, during your departure procedure, this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the test
taker). Contact Fort Worth Departure, inform this situation and request immediate return to Dallas Fort Worth
Airport.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are going to start taxiing at Los Angeles International Airport. Listen to Los Angeles Ground
and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, during taxi, a ight attendant sees a passenger in this situation. (Show this picture to the test
taker.) Contact Los Angeles Ground, say this situation and request police assistance.
Track 11
75
fl
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
ask you a question.
Situation l) Listen to situation number one:
Track 12
1) In your opinion, what are the possible outcomes of fumes in the cabin?
Track 13
2) From your point of view, what improvements could be implemented on the planes to minimize the risks
of dangerous goods?
Track 14
3) What can be done to control the loading of dangerous goods?
|Follow-up questions, ifnecessary:seePart 01
76
fi
fi
fi
CMCMaste
talking.
Coreve
nd D nd
Aadov
2) Choose one:


4) In your opinion, how can the threats of dangerous goods be minimized?
5) From your point of view, how might these items behave during ight?
disagree with it.
"Authorities should apply stricter regulations on the transportation of dangerous goods once the present
measures are not effective."
Follow-up questions, if necessary:see Part01
77
fl
MCMaster idiomas-cursos
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a Lufthansa Boeing 747 on taxiway Bravo. Hold short on the
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume is intersection of taxiway Uniform. Contact Los Angeles Tower
okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear." on frequency 120.95 to cross runway 07 Left.
TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Los Angeles Ground. Roger.

Hold short on your present position. I am sending police
Situation 1 assistance right away.
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Wichita Departure. Maintain PART 3-UNEXPECTED SITUATIONS

runway heading. After passing 5,000 feet. Turn left. Heading
Situation 1
300. When reaching FL180. Contact Kansas City Center on
frequency 133.8.
TRACK 12: Pilot: Wichita Tower. Aer Lingus 746. We've got
fumes in the cabin right after we took off. It's coming from the
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Wichita Departure. You are
cleared to return. Turn right. Heading 355. Contact Wichita cargo hold and the oor is getting really warm. We request
Approach on frequency 126.7. Con rm if a passenger has

immediate return.
suffered a heart attack.
ATC: Aer Lingus. Roger. You are cleared for immediate return
and landing. Runway 01 Left. You are number one for landing.
Situation2
Situation2
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Kansas City Center. Cleared to
TRACK 13: Pilot: Wichita Tower. Swiss Air 421. A
descend to FL150 at your discretion. After passing FL180.
Contact Wichita Approach on frequency 126.7. passenger spilled mercury in the cabin. This product is harnful
and is forbidden to be transported in the passenger cabin. We
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Kansas City Center. I understood request immediate return.
ATC: Swiss Air 421. You are cleared for immediate return and
that a passenger has suffered an epileptic seizure. Do you
landing. Runway 19 Right. Wind 180 degrees at 10 knots.
request medical assistance upon landing?
Situation 3
Situation 3
TRACK 14: Pilot: Wichita Tower. Scandinavian 278. A ight

TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Wichita Ground. You are cleared
to taxi to runway 01 Left via taxiway Golf. Follow the Tupolev attendant found a canister saying 'gas' in the galley. Itseemsi
was mistakenly loaded by the catering service. We request
on taxiway Bravo. Hold short on the intersection of taxiway
immediate return to Wichita Airport.
Delta 5. Contact Wichita Tower on frequency 118.2.
ATC: Scandinavian 278. You are cleared for immediate retum.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Wichita Ground. Con rm if you Heading 270. Initiate the pattern circuit by the downwindleg.
You are number ve for landing.
had a spillage of acid in the cargo compartment. Would you
like to return to the gate?
PART 4 - PICTURE DESCRIPTION ANDDISCUSSION
Situation 4
TRACK 15: Here we can see a sign showing some dangerous
goods that are prohibited on board. Passengers can't take these
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Fort Worth Departure. Maintain
items on board at any compartment or bag
rate of climb 1,500 feet per minute until LUBBOCK
In the rst column we can see oxidizing materials, ammable
INTERSECTION. Turn right. Heading 305. When reaching
solids or liquids, compressed gas and radioactive materials.
TEXICO INTERSECTION climb to FLI80. Contact Fort
In the second column we can see corrosives, infectious
Worth Center on frequency 128.32.
substances, a sign of poisonous substances which carries
draw of a skull with crossbones which can be understood in
any language as well as a sign of explosives with rearns and
return. Turn left. Heading 265. Contact Fort Worth Approach
miscellaneous of dangerous goods, such as: a magnet and a
on frequency 118.42. Con rm if you have a passenger
thermometer.
suffering a heart attack.
If these materials are tried to be boarded by the passengers,
Situation 5 they should be detected by x-rays used by the Federal Police.
These materials can pose a big threat to the safety of the
aircraft.
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Los Angeles Ground. Cleared to
taxi to runway 07 Right via taxiway Alfa Alfa. Give way te
78
fi
fl
fi
fi
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
UNIT 14- TAKE-OFF INCIDENTS
aviation.
1) From your point of view, what are the main causes of a tail-strike?
2) What sort of problems can be experienced during take-off?
3) Is it more common to have a tail-strike during landing or take-off? Why?
Why? / Why not? I How? / When? / Where? / Can you explain it better?
What?
79
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
Track
PART 2 - INTERACTING ASA PILOT

After listening to the controller, you should interact as the pilot. All information is important. You may
Situation 1) You are going to take-off from Salvador Airport. Listen to Salvador Tower and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you've suffered a tail-strike during takeoff. Contact Salvador Tower, inform this
Track 3
Situation 2) You are at the holding point at Salvador Airport ready for takeoff. Listen to Salvador Tower
and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, you've suffered a tail-strike during takeoff. Contact Salvador Tower, explain this
Track5
Situation 3) You are going to take off from runway 29 at Iheus Airport. Listen to lIheus Tower and read
back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, imagine that during takeoff rolling you crashed into some debris on the ground. You
decided to take off. Contact Ilheus Tower, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 7
80
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
Situation 4) You are going to take-off from Salvador International Airport. Listen to Salvador Tower and
read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, during takeoff, this situation happens to you. (Show this picture to the test taker).
Contact Salvador Tower, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are going to take-off from Guararapes International Airport in Recife. Listen to Recife
Tower and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, during takeoff, this situation happened to you (Show this picture to the test taker).
Contact Recife Tower and request vectors for immediate return to Guararapes Airport.
Track 11
81
MCMaster idiomas-cursoS
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) What are the possible threats when an aircraft has engine failure during takeoff?
Track 13
2) What happens to an aircraft when a tail-strike occurs during takeoff?
Track 14
3) From your point of view, is it worse to have engine power loss during takeoff or landing?
|Follow-up questions, ifnecessary:seePart 01
82
fi
fi
fi
you start talking.
1) Please describe this picture to me
2) Choose one:


4) What kind of damage can be expected after a tail-strike?
5) From your point of view, is it worse to have a tail-strike during takeoff or landing?
"A statistical research says that most tail-strikes are caused by dispatchers' mismanagement than pilots
error.
83
aMCMaster Idlomas-cursos
AUDIOSCRIPT – UNIT 14

sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume is TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Recife Tower. Cleared for
immediate return. I understood you have re in both engines.
okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear."
Con rm.
PART 3 - UNEXPECTED SITUATIONS
Situation1 Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Salvador Tower. Cleared for

takeoff. Runway l8. After takeoff, maintain runway heading
Salvador Tower. Copa 374. We've had an engine failure on our
until 5,000 feet. Turn right. Heading 315. Contact Salvador
engine number 2 during takeoff. We request immediate return.
Departure on frequency 120.8.
We are experiencing high vibrations on engine number 1.
ATC: Copa 374. Salvador Tower. You are cleared for
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Salvador Tower. You are cleared
immediate return. Expect vectors for visual approach, runway
for immediate retum. Turn right. Heading 180. Con rm if you
28. All traf c is being deviated.
had a bird-strike during takeoff.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 13: Pilot: Salvador Tower. Aero Mexico 621. We've
had tail-strike during takeoff. We are climbing to a safe altitude
for takeoff. Runway 10. Wind 120 degrees at 12 knots, gusts of
to set the systems.
25 knots. Contact Salvador Departure on frequency 120.8.
ATC: Aero Mexico 621. Salvador Tower. Roger. Turn right.
Heading 155. Report when ready for vectors for straight-in
approach. Runway 28.
for immediate return. I understood you suffered a tail-strike
during takeoff. Con rm.
Situation 3
Situation 3
Salvador Departure. Air Canada 785. We've had engine power
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Iheus Tower. You are cleared to
loss on engine number 2 during takeoff. We are unable to
take off. Runway 29. After takeoff, climb to 6,000 feet. Turn
return. We are going to ditch.
left. Heading 250. Contact Ilheus Departure on frequency
ATC: Air Canada 785. Salvador Departure. Say the number of
120.1.
persons on board. Con rm your position. I will activate the
rescue service.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. I am not sure I understood your
message. You are cleared to return. Did you say you ingested a
windsock? Con rm. PART 4 - PICTURE DESCRIPTION ANDDISCUSSION
TRACK 15: Here we' ve got a picture of a white low-wing

Situation 4
twin-engine turbofan aircraft.
I think this aircraft is being tested and it belongs to Air China
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Salvador Tower. Cleared to take-
off. Runway 10. After takeoff, turn left. Heading 340. Pass Cargo.
I believe this situation is taking place at a big airport because it
LOTAR INTERSECTION above 8,000 feet. When reaching
supports the operation of an aircraft of this size.
FLI80. Call Salvador Departure on frequency 120.8.
The airplane is airborne and it has suffered a tail-strike. I can
also see some sparks created by the friction of the tail with the
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Salvador Tower. I'll give you
vectors to divert to Ilheus Airport. Turn right. Heading 174. runway.
I don't know what could have caused this situation.
Expect Visual Approach, runway 1 1.
It might have been caused either by early rotation or by weight
and balance mistake. It could also have been caused by a
Situation 5
mistrimmed stabilizer.
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Recife Tower. Cleared for In the background of the picture I can see a lot of constructions
and a mountainous area.
immediate takeoff. Runway 36. After takeoff, proceed on OLD
1BRAVO DEPARTURE. Turn ight. Heading 343. When And the sky seems to be cloudy.
reaching TOBIM INTERSECTION, contact Recife Control on
frequency 129.6.
84
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
UNIT 15- NAVIGATION FAILURE
Ok, Shall we start? Part One: *Aviation Topics". In this part, you will answer some questions related to
aviation.
1) What can be done to reduce the risk of navigation failure?
2) What are the major problems that occur when using the navigation aids? Which navigation aids are
there at the airport that you normally y?
3) In your opinion what changes will there be in the navigation aids?
Why? / Why not? / How? / When? / Where? Can you explain it better?
What?
Canyougiveanexample/someexamples?
85
fl
MCMaster
"Santos Dwnont English Assessment: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the
Track 1
PART 2-INTERACTING AS A PILOT

Situation 1) You are going to land at Congonhas Airport. Listen to Sao Paulo Tower and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, imagine that you are on the nal approach, ILS runway 17 Right. You don't have visual
contact with the runway. It's almost eleven o'clock and operations will nish in ten minutes. Contact São
Paulo Tower, inform this situation and request vectors to Viracopos Airport.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are on nal approach to Congonhas Airport. Listen to Sao Paulo Approach and read
back.
Track4
Examiner: Now, you have a navigation equipment failure and you decided to land under visual ight
rules. Contact Sao Paulo Approach, inform your problem and say your intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You have taken off from Congonhas Airport. Listen to Sao Paulo Departure and read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, imagine you lost your weather radar. Contact Sao Paulo Departure, report the situation
and your intentions.
Track 7
86
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
Situation 4) You are on a cruise ight from Sao Paulo to Manaus. Listen to Amazonic Center and read
back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, during your ight you lose contact with Amazonic Center, so you decide to do this.
(Show this picture to the test taker). Try to contact Amazonic Center and ask vectors to divert to Porto
Velho due to bad weather.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are on a cruise ight from Santiago to Sao Paulo. Listen to Santiago Center and read
back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, when you reached FLA10 this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the test
taker). Call Santiago Center, inform this situation and request vectors to return to Santiago Airport.
123.450
12670o LOS OFGPS HAVIGATION
VEOC DEAD RECKONING
110.4
1897 USE OTHERNAV IF AVAILABLE
TERN/0 PRESSC -TOCOHTIHUE
DR
TRK
VLOC
Track 11
87
fl
fl
fl
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
ask you a question.
Track12
1) What could be other possible outcomes of an electrical failure?
Track 13
2) Can you foresee improvements in modern navigation systems that could prevent navigation failures?
Track:14
3) From your point of view, what are the threats of ying without weather radar?
Now, considering the three situation you have heard in part three:
88
fl
fi
fi
fi
GMCMaster
you start talking.
2) Choose one:


4) In your opinion, what could have caused this situation?
5) From your point of view, how can a situation like this be avoided?
"Terrorist attacks are very common around the world because aiports lack the proper security to prevent
situations as shown in the picture."
Follow-up questions, ifnecessary:seePart 01
89

sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Santiago Center. I will give
vectors to Buenos Aires Airport. Heading 120. I understood
is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear.
you lost your weather radar. Con rm.
Situation 1
Situationl
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. São Paulo Tower. You are
TRACK 12: Pilot: PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN PAN.
cleared to land. Runway 17. Right. Wind 190 degrees at 06
Brasilia Center. Peruvian 874. We've had an electrical
failure. Our navigation system capability is poor.
ATC: Peruvian 874. We will provide vectors for Brasilia
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. São Paulo Tower. I understood
Airport. Turm right. Heading 245. Descend to FLI70.
you requested vectors to Viracopos Aiport. Climb to 9.000
Squawk 7700. Contact Sao Paulo Approach on frequency
feet. Turn right. Heading 200. Contact São Paulo Control
134.90.
on frequency 119.05. Con rm if you had hydraulic
problems.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 13: Pilot: Brasilia Center. United 457. We have a
problem with our navigation panel. We have unreliable
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Sao Paulo Approach. You are
instruments. Request vectors to our destination.
cleared for ILS, runway 35 Right. Descend to 3,600 fcet.
ATC: United 457. Maintain present heading. Con rn if
Altimeter setting 1018.
you are under visual meteorological conditions.
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Sao Paulo Approach. I don't
Situation 3
have you in sight. Say distance from the threshold. Are you
below the meteorological formations? Con m.
TRACK 14: Pilot: Sao Paulo Tower. Austral 256. Our
weather radar became inoperative right after takeoff. We
Situation 3
are unable to proceed to our destination. We request
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Sao Paulo Departure. Maintain

immediate return.
ATC: Austral 256. Roger. You are cleared for immediate
runway heading until 4,000 feet. Turn left. Heading 280.
return. Perform the pattern circuit. You are number 1 for
Contact Curitiba Center on frequency 127.40.
landing.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Sao Paulo Departure. Con rm
if you had electrical problems. Are you able to comply with
DISCUSSION
the instructions?
Situation 4
TRACK 15: Here there is a picture of an airport tower
shrouded in a thick smoke. It's possible to see three
appliances with roof-mounted re hoses. They are spraying
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Amazonic Center. If you hear
water towards the origin of the re. Apparently, they have
me, change squawk code to 4114. Will continue to pass
just put out the re. It's dif cult to identify what could have
instructions.
caused this accident. It could have been caused either by
terrorism action or by electrical faults.
TRACK9: McMaster 123. Amazonic Center. I am not sure
For sure, operations must have been canceled at this airport
if you requested diversion to Porto Velho. Con rm. Change
and many ights must have been diverted to other airports.
frequency to 134.70, if contact no established, try on
The navigation aids must be out of order.
frequency 135.80.
I believe there will be a deep investigation to search for the
causes of this situation and the airport will be inoperative
Situation:
for a long time.
I don't know if it took place at a big airport because the
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Santiago Center. Under radar
background of the picture is thoroughly covered by white
vectoring. Right turn. Heading 078. Right overtake Boeing
smoke.
737, passing FL350 climbing to FLA10.
90
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
UNIT 16 – PILOT INCAPACITATION
aviation.
1) In your opinion what are the main causes of pilot incapacitation? Have you ever had any rst aid
training? If so, what was it like?
2) What can be done to minimize the risk of pilot incapacitation?
3) Do you agree that cockpits in the future should carry only one pilot? Why? Why not?
Why? / Why not? I How? / When? / Where? Can you explain it better?
What?
Canyougive anexample/someexamples?
91
fi
CMCMaster
Track
Situation 1) You are going to land at Atlanta International Airport. Listen to Atlanta Center and read
back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, when reaching FL100, you notice that your rst of cer is unconscious. Contact Atlanta
Approach to report the situation and inform them about your intentions.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are on a cruise ight from Palermo to Milan. Listen to Rome Center and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, during ight you faced a toxic smoke in the cockpit and your rst-of cer passed out.
Contact Rome Center, inform this situation and requested diversion to Rome Airport.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are on a cruise ight from Orlando to Los Angeles. Listen to Los Angeles Center and
read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, during ight your rst of cer gets food poisoning. He loses his conscious and is getting
very pale. Contact Los Angles Center, inform this situation and request priority to land and medical
assistance upon landing at Los Angeles Airport.
Track7
92
fi
fl
fl
fi
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Situation 4) You are on a cruise ight from San Francisco to Miami. Listen to Forth Worth Center and
read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, you realized that this situation happened to your rst of cer. (Show this picture to the
test taker). Contact Fort Worth Center, inform this situation and request diversion to Dallas Fort Worth
International Airport.
Track9
Situation 5) You are on a cruise ight from San Francisco to Miami. Listen to Fort Worth Center and
read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, you realized that this situation happened to your rst of cer. (Show this picture to the
test taker). Contact Fort Worth Center, inform this situation and request diversion to Dallas Fort Worth
International Airport.
Track 11
93
fi
fl
fi
fl
fi
fi
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) What are the main causes of pilot incapacitation?
Track 13
2) From your point of view, what are the threats of a depressurization?
Track 14
3) In your opinion, to what extent can high altitudes in uence pre- existing mental diseases?
|FollowW-upquestions, if necessary:seePart 01
94
fi
fl
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos

talking.
2) Choose one:


4) What could have caused this situation?
5) Can you foresee developments in technology that can reduce the risks of a pilot incapacitation?
"According to the increasing incidents with pilot incapacitations, we can state that most of themn are
caused by the pilots' bad-eating habits."
95
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a TRACK 1l: McMaster 123. Belo Horizonte Control. You are
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume is cleared for immediate return. Turn right. Heading 125. Contact
okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear." Con ns Tower on frequency 1 18.2. Con rm if you have an
unruly passenger on board.
Situation 1
Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Atlanta Center. Descend to FL100.

TRACK 12: Pilot: MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. Dubai
Pass JENDO INTERSECTION above FL180. When reaching
Departure. Skydubai 467. Our captain is incapacitated. We
FLI00, call Atlanta Approach on frequency 127.9.
request immediate return to Dubai Airport.
ATC: Skydubai 467. Dubai Approach. Cleared for immediate
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Atlanta Approach. Con rm if your
return. Descend to 6,000 feet. Turn right. Heading 290. Contact
captain is incapacitated. Proceed direct to ATHENS VOR and
Dubai Approach on frequency 122.5.
descend to 3,000 feet.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Climb to FL350. Due to intense
Frankfurt Center. Air France 572. On an emergency descent.
traf c, slow down to Mach .77. Inform your estimated time to
Leaving FL310 to FLI00. We' ve had a depressurization. Our
ELBA VOR.
rst-of cer is unconscious. We request immediate return to
Frankfurt Center.
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Rome Center. Roger. Turn left.
ATC: Air France 572. Frankfurt Center. Cleared for immediate
Heading 165. Contact Rome Approach on frequency 125.5.
return. When reaching FL100, contact Frankfurt Approach on
Con rn if your rst-of cer isincapacitated.
frequency120.80.
Situation 3
Situation 3
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Los Angeles Center. Descend to

TRACK 14: Pilot: MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. Rome
FL240 at your discretion. When reaching FL240, reduce speed
Departure. Alitalia 871. Our captain is suffering an epileptic
290 knots due to traf c. Contact Socal Approach on frequency
seizure. We request immediate return to Rome Airport.
124.50.
ATC: Alitalia 871. Rome Departure. Turn left. Heading 100.
Descend to 7,000 feet. Contact Rome Approach on frequency
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Los Angeles Center. You are still
131.25.
150 nautical miles from Los Angeles Airport. Would you like
to divert to Corona Airport?
Situation 4
TRACK 15: This is a beautiful picture of a white low-wing
twin-engine aircraft. It has some stripes along the fuselage. It is
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Fort Worth Center. FL330 not
stopped at an apron of a very tidy aiport. Its door is open and
available due to other traf c. Suggest FL310. Con m.
there are chocks on the wheels.
There is a stretcher near the door, I believe they will disembark
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Fort Worth Center. Descend to
an in rm. It could have been a problem of pilot incapacitation.
FLI60 at your discretion. When reaching FL210. Heading 020.
We can also see an ambulance on the right side of the picture.
Contact Fort Worth Approach on frequency 118.40. Con rm if
It is with its back door open and there is a person inside it but it
your rst of cer is incapacitated.
seems to be a paramedic. There are three other people attending
to the situation, they seem to be looking to the aircraft very
Situation 5
carefully.
In the background of the picture there is a big construction. It is
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Con ns Tower. Cleared to align
probably a big hangar or a lounge of a big airport.
and take-off. Runway l6. After takeoff, proceed on MUGRA I
The sky is CAVOK.
BRAVO DEPARTURE. Contact Belo Horizonte Control on
frequency I 19.1.
96
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MMCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
UNIT 17 -GROUND SERVICES AND COLLISIONS ON THE GROUND
aviation.
1) From your point of view, what are the major causes of collisions on the ground?
2) What can be done to reduce the incidence of collisions on the ground?
3) In your opinion, do you think ground services incidents will increase or decrease in the future? Why?
Why not?
Why? / Why not? / How? / When? / Where? /Can youexplain itbetter?

What?
Can you say that again, please? Have you ever been in/through this situation?
Can you give an example / some examples? Has it ever happened to you?
97
MCMaste
Idlomas -cursos
"Santos Dunont English Assessment: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the
volume is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear. "
Track 1
Situation 1) You are at the apron at Galeão Airport. Listen to Galeão Ground and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, you've crashed into a at-bed truck during taxi. Your nose landing gear seems to be
very damaged. Contact Galeão Ground, inform this situation and request assistance.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are going to start taxiing at Frankfurt Airport. Listen to Frankfurt Ground and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, while you were taxiing on the runway, visibility was poor and you collided with the aft
portion of a Boeing 737. Contact Frankfurt Tower, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track5
Situation 3) You are going to start your taxi at Galeão Airport. Listen to Galeão Ground and read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, a foreign object was sucked into your right engine. You are unable to continue your taxi.
Contact Galeão Tower, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 7
98
fl
fi
fi
fi
}MCMaster Idiomas-cursos
Situation 4) You are going to start taxiing at JFK Airport. Listen to Kennedy Ground and read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, during taxi on taxiway Alfa, this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the
test taker). Contact Kennedy Ground, say this situation and request assistance.
2Gapota
Track 9
Situation 5) You are going to start taxiing at LaGuardia Airport. Listen to LaGuardia Ground and read
back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, during taxi, this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the test taker). Contact
LaGuardia Ground, say this situation and say request assistance.
Contlnental
Track 11
99
Part Three: "Unexpected Situations". Jn this part of the test, you will listen to three different
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) What are the dangers of hitting some debris on the runway during takeoff or landing?
Track 13
2) From your point of view, how can runway incursions be avoided?
Track 14
3) From your point of view, do ground staff lackadequate training to avoid these kinds ofaccidents?
4) How would you compare them? You may want to compare them in terms of severity. possiblesolutions
Thank you!This is the end of part thre. Let's now move on to the last part of the test, part four.
100
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idiomas -cursos
you start talking.
2) Choose one:

What do you think happened these people were doing before this picture was taken?; or

4) What could have given risen to this collision?
5) In your opinion, how can this situation be avoided?
"Lack of communication is the major factor that can lead to ground collisions.
101
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursOs
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a the Bombardier ahead of you on taxiway Bravo. Contact
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume is Laguardia Tower on frequency 118.7.
okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear.
TRACK 11: McMaster 123. Laguardia Ground. Emergency
services are on the way. Con rm ifa caterer vehicle hit your
engine number 1.
Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Galeão Ground. You are cleared to
Situation 1
taxi to runway 15 via taxiway Alfa. Follow the Airbus on
taxiway Alfa. Contact Galeão Tower on frequency 118.0.
TRACK 12: Pilot:
Frankfurt Tower. Easy Jet 351. We hit
some debris on the runway. We've lost braking action and we
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Galeão Ground. I am not sure I
overshot the runway. We request assistance.
understood your message. Did you say your landing gear is
ATC: Easy Jet 351. Frankfurt Tower. Emergency services are
damaged? What kind of assistance are you requesting?
on the way. Con rm the number of people on board.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Frankfurt Ground. You are cleared
TRACK 13: Pilot: De Gaulle Tower. Vueling 469. We are at
to taxi to the holding point. Runway 07 Left via taxiway Papa.
the holding point of runway 26 Right. A Tupolev has crashed
Follow the Boeing 737 ahead of you. Contact Frankfurt Tower
into an Embraer 190 during a runway incursion. There is re.
on frequency 136.5
We request a re truck immediately.
ATC: Vueling 469. De Gaulle Tower. Roger. Fire- ghting
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Frankfurt Ground. I understood
services are on the way. Could you evaluate the extent of the
you took the wrong taxiway. Con rn if you requested a
damage?
follow-me vehicle to take you to the correct runway
Situation 3
Situation 3
TRACK 14: Pilot: Galeão Ground. Austral 485.We crashed a
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Galeāo Ground. You are cleared to
catering truck and it has turned over. There is debris on the
taxi to runway 33. You are number eleven for takeoff. Cleared
apron. Request medical emergency and maintenance
for a single-engine taxi as pilot discretion. Contact Galeão
assistance
Tower on frequency 118.2.
ATC: Austral 485. Galeão Ground. Medical emergency and
maintenance assistance have been scrambled. Con rm your
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Galeão Ground. Emergency
services are on the way. Did you say you have ames coming
position.
out of your right engine?
PART 4 - PICTURE DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION
Situation 4
TRACK 15: Here we've got a picture of an unpleasant
situation. It shows a collision of two aircraft. It seems that a
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Kennedy Ground. Cleared to taxi
twin-engine turbo-prop aircraft was blown over the turbo-jet
to the holding point, runway 31 Left via taxiway Alfa. Hold
aircraft. Both are white and have stripes along the fuselage. It
short on the intersection of taxiway Juliet. Contact Kennedy
may have been caused either by a strong wind or by pilot eror.
Tower to cross the runway on frequency 123.9.
I believe this situation has taken place at a big airport in the
United States, I say that for two reasons, the aiport has
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Kennedy Ground. Expedite your
facilities because there is an appliance attending to the situation
taxi or leave the taxiway. There are 11 aircraft behind you.
and the registration number of the biggest airplane belongs to
Con rm if you understood mymessage. the United States.
The propeller of the small airplane has hit the ground because
Situation 5
one of the blades is bent. There are also two men watching the
situation very carefully, they are probably engineers evaluating
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Laguardia Ground. Cleared to
the situation.
taxi to the holding point of runway 04 via taxiway Alfa. Follow
Anyway, this incident will be reported and investigated by the
authorities.
102
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
UNIT 18- WEATHER CONDITIONSANDVOLCANOES
Ok, Shall we start? Part One: Aviation Topics". In this part. you will answer some questions related to
aviation.
1) In your opinion, how does the weather directly affect the general aviation?
2) What are the effects of crosswinds? How would you de ne wake turbulence?
3) What are the effects of ying through volcanic ash?
Can you tell more about that?

Follow-upquestions, ifnecessary:
Why not? / How? / When? / Where? /| Canyouexplainitbetter?
Why?
What? Have you ever been in/through this situation?
Can you say that again, please? Has it ever happened to you?
Canyou give an example /someexamples?
103
fl
fi
MMCMaster
ldlomascursos
"Santos Dumont EnglishAssessment: this is a soundcheck. Please con rm to the examiner if the
volune is okay and you can hear the recording loud and clear."
Track
PART 2-INTERACTING ASA PILOT

You are the pilot ofa twin-engined aircraft. Your call sign is McMaster 123.
Situation 1) You are at the holding point, waiting for takeoff clearance at Galeão Airport. Listen to
Galeão Tower and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, imagine that during takeoff roll you face up to a very strong crosswind before reaching
VI speed. So, you decided to abort takeoff. Contact Galeão Tower, inform this situation and say your
intentions.
Track3
Situation 2) You are on a cruise ight from Athens to London. Listen to London Center and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, you've suffered a sudden severe turbulence at FL290. Some passengers were with the
seat belts unfastened and got hurt. Contact London Control, inform this situation and say your intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are on a cruise ight from Punta Arenas to Santiago. Listen to Santiago Center and read
back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, you intend to circumnavigate the volcanic ash. Contact Santiago Center and inform this
intention.
Track 7
104
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
Situation 4) You are landing at O. R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg, South Africa. Listen
to O.R. Tambo Tower and read back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, during landing, this situation happens to you. (Show this picture to the test taker).
Contact O.R. Tambo Tower, inform this situation and say that you are going around.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are landing at Winnipeg Airport in Canada. Listen to Winnipeg Tower and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, during the short nal, this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the test
taker). Contact Winnipeg Tower, inform this situation and say that you can't taxi the aircraft because your
hydraulic system is compromised.
Track 11
105
fi
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
Part Three: "Unexpected Situations", In this part of the test, you will listen to three diferent
ask you a question.
Track12
1) From your point of view, what are the dangers associated with wind shear?
Track13
2) How would you coordinate fuel endurance with the weather forecast?
Track 14
3) In your opinion, what are the dangers of ying inside a CB?
106
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idlomas-cursos

you start talking.
2) Choose one:


4) Can you foresee improvements in technology in the future that can minimize the threats of volcanic
ash?
5) What threats can this volcano cause to aircraft?
"Volcanic ash is only harmful at lower altitudes once the thick participles of the ash don't reach higher
altitudes."
Follow-up questions, ifnecessary:see Part01
107
CMCMaster
idlomas-cursos

sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume TRACK 11: McMaster 123. I understood you can't taxi
due to some debris on the runway. Con m if you can
vacate the runway.

Situation Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Galeao Tower. You are cleared

TRACK 12: ATC: Aero Mexico 478. Galeao Tower. You
to align and take off. Runway 10. After takeoff, maintain
are cleared to land. Runway 33. After landing, contact
runway heading until 5,000 feet. Turn right. Heading 020.
Galeão Ground on frequency 121.35. Be advised of wind
Contact Rio Control on frequency 128.9.
shear on the nal approach.
Pilot: Galeao Tower. Aero Mexico 478. We are performing
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Vacate runway by the rst
a missed approach procedure due to wind shear.
taxiway available. Con rm if you had engine power loss.
Situation 2 Situation 2
TRACK 13: Pilot: Gatwick Tower. Air Europa 421. We

TRACK 4: McMaster 123. London Center. Proceed 30
have to discontinue our approach due to a severe
miles offset of the route due to bad weather. Expect further
precipitation. We request diversion to Heathrow.
contact in 20 minutes.
ATC: Air Europa 421. Heathrow Airport is closed due to
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. London Center. I understood
heavy shower. Con rm your remaining fuel for delaying
you've had vectors.
sudden depressurization and you are
descending to a safe ight level. Con rm if some
Situation 3
passengers passedout.
TRACK 14: ATC: EC-WRW. Paris Center. Turn right.

Situation3
Heading 285 due to CB's 35 miles ahead of you. Be
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Santiago Center. We've just advised of severeturbulence.

Pilot: Paris Center. EC-WRW. We request vectors for
received a pilot report that there is volcanic ash on your
immediate return to De Gaulle Airport. We are
route. Expect contact with ash clouds in 20 minutes. We
experiencing strong head winds.
suggest immediate return to Punta Arenas.

TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Con rm if you intend to
circumnavigate the volcanic ash. We don't have the
DISCUSSION
extension of this situation yet. We advise you to returm to
Punta Arenas.
TRACK 15: This is an amazing picture of an active volcano
taken from an aircraft. The volcano is releasing thick
volcanic ash into the atmosphere. Apparently, we can't see
Situation 4
any lava around it. The conical hill of the volcano is
covered with snow which makes me think it is located at a
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. O. R. Tambo Tower. Cleared to
high altitude. I would say it is yet to erupt because there
land. Runway 03 Right. Wind 055 degrees at 08 knots.
could be magma chamber beneath it
Altimeter setting1015.
Volcanoes are usually less dangerous than other natural
hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis and hurricanes. They
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. Roger. Con rm if you are
have a series of hazards, for instarnce lava ows, ash fall,
going around due to a runway incursion of a vehicle.
pyroclastic ows, climate changes on a global scale that
relate into different dangers or risks. The risks when
Situation 5
visiting an active volcano depend on which risk zones of
the volcano are visited and for how long.
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Winnipeg Tower. Cleared to
II poses a big threat to ights because volcanic ash in
land. Runway 31. Wind 280 degrees at 12 Knots gusting 28
contact with the engine of an aircraft is pretty harmful.
knots. After landing. vacate runway by the rst taxiway
The weather is very cloudy and dark which makes me
available. Contact ground on frequency i21.9.
believe this picture was taken at sunset.
108
fi
fl
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
ÌMCMaster idiomas-cursos
UNIT 19 - MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS
aviation.
1) What's the worst mechanical problem that you can have during ight?
2) What can be done to reduce the risk of electrical problems? What are the most common electrical
problems?
3) What changes will there be in the electrical systems in the future?
Why? / Why not? / How? / When? / Where? / Can you explain it better?
What?
|Can you give an example some examples? Has it ever happened to you?
109
fl
MCMaster
"Santos Dumont English Assesstnent: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the
Track 1

Situation 1) You are at the holding point at Gatwick Airport. Listen to Gatwick Tower and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, during the brie ng for takeoff you nd out you have electrical problems. Contact
Gatwick Tower, inform this situation and say you are aborting takeof.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are going to land at Santiago Airport. Listen to Santiago Tower and read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, during the nal approach, you nd out that your landing gear is extended but it isn't
locked. Contact Santiago Tower, inform this situation and say your intentions,
Track 5
Situation 3) You are going to take off from Ezeiza Airport in Buenos Aires. Listen to Ezeiza Tower and
read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, during takeoff you realize there is an indication of a braking system failure. You
decided to reject takeoff. Contact Ezeiza Tower, inform this situation and your intentions.
Track 7
110
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
CMCMaster
Situation 4) You are going to start taxiing at Guarulhos Airport. Listen to Guarulhos Ground and read
back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, during taxi, this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the test taker). Contact
Guarulhos Ground, inform this situation and requestassistance.
aSERSSss
Track 9
Situation 5) You are going to receive clearance to start taxiing at Miami Airport. Listen to Miami Ground
and read back.
Track10
Examiner: Now, while you are taxiing, this situation happened to you. (Show this picture to the test
taker). Contact Miami Ground, say this situation and your intentions.
Track 11
111
MMCMaster idlomas-cursos
communications between pilots and air traf c controllers. Al! information is important.
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) In your opinion, what might happen to the ight if you lose the air conditioning system?
Track 13
2) When does a pilot know he needs to disconnect the auto pilot?
Track 14
3) From your point of view, what dangers can unreliable airspeed indication pose to the ight?
and ways of prevention. Which one do you think is the most dif cult to deal with? Whv?
|Follow-up questions,if necessary:seePart01
112
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
that, I wili ask some questions. Look at the picture carefully. You may take a few moments to think before
you start talking.
2) Choose one:


4) What part of the aircraft is the engineer repairing?
5) What equipment should be constantly inspected?
6) Now, I am going to reada statement to you and then you will have to tell me to what extent you agree
"Lack of electrical maintenance is the major factor that can lead to an electrical failure."
113
MMcMaster !diomas-curs0S
TRACK 1: "Santos Dumont English Assessment: this is a on taxiway Juliet Juliet. Contact Miami Tower on
sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume frequency 123.9.
TRA CK 11: MeMaster 123. Roger. Fire- ghting assistance
is on way. Con rm if you ingested a ground power unit.
PART 2- INTERACTINGASA PILOT
Situation
Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Gatwick Tower. You are
cleared to take off. Runway 08 Right. After takeoff, climb
to 8,000 feet. Turm left. Heading 010. Contact London
Miami Center. American 354. We are having problems with
Control on frequency 132.60.
the air conditioning system. We request descent to 10,000
feet. We request radar vectors for immediate return to
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. I understood you are aborting
takeoff. Con rm if you had engine ameout.
Miami Airport.
ATC: American 354. Miami Center. Roger. Turn right.
Heading 180. Contact Miami Approach on 124.85.
Situation 2
Situation 2
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Santiago Tower. You are
cleared to land. Runway 17 Right. Wind 190 degrees at 10
TRACK 13: Pilot: Budapest Center. Iberia 278. We are at
FLA10. We have a malfunction in our auto pilot. We can't
connect it. We request to descend to FL290.
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Con rm if you are aborting
ATC: Tberia 278. Budapest Center. Roger. Cleared to
landing due to a problem on your landing gear.
descend to FL290.
Situation 3
Situation 3
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Ezeiza Tower. You are cleared
to takeoff. Runway 11. Climb to 5,000 feet. Turn right.
Frankfurt Center. ET-A00. We have unreliable airspeed
Heading 250. When reaching 9,000 feet, contact Buenos
indication. We request vectors to divert to Frankfurt
Aires Departure on frequency 125.60.
Aiport.
ATC: ET-A00. Frankfurt Center. Roger. Descend to
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Con rm if you aborted takeoff
10,000 feet. Heading 180. When reaching 10,000 feet,
due to a failure in the air conditioning system. What kind of
contact Frankfurt Approach on frequency 120.80.
assistance are you requesting?
Situation 4
DISCUSSION
TRACK 8: McMaster 123. Guarulhos Ground. Cleared to
TRACK 15: This is a picture of an electrical maintenance
taxi to the holding point. Runway 09 Right. Follow the
of a mid-size aircraft. It shows the main landing gear and in
Caravan ahead of you. Contact Guarulhos Tower on
the further distance the tail wheel. The carriage doors are
frequency 135.2.
open and we can see the powerplant of the aircraft.
We can also see an engineer seated on a chair wearing a
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. I understood your wing was hit
gray suit. He could possibly be checking the electrical
by other aircraft during taxi. Emergency services are on the
cables and the circuit breakers of the aircraft.
way. There are two units of automatic power on the right side of
the picture and there is a toolbox on the oor.
Situation 5
A preventive maintenance is necessary to undertake fault
diagnosis of electrical, electronic, instrument and radio
systems, components and accessories. These include
generator and power distribution systems; navigation, radar
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Miami Ground. Cleared to
and integrated ight; lighting and communication systems.
taxi to runway 12 via taxiway Papa. Follow the Airbus 320
114
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
UNIT 20 - HOT AIR BALLOONS AND DRONES
aviation.
1) From your point of view, to what extent are hot air balloons dangerous to aircraft?
2) In your opinion, how can drones be avoided in the vicinity of the airports?
3) What is the difference between hot air balloons and manned balloons?
Why? / Why not? I How? / When? / Where? Can you explain it better?
What?
Can you give an example some examples? Has it ever happened to you?
115
NMCMaster idlomas-cursos
)
Please put the headset on. Let's check thevolume.
"Santos Dumont EnglishAssessment: this is a sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the
Track 1
Situation 1) You are approaching Presidente Castro Pinto International Airport in Joao Pessoa. Listen to
Recife Approach and read back.
Track 2
Examiner: Now, during your approach you see a manned balloon at your 11 o'clock position. Contact
Recife Approach, inform this situation and say you are deviating to your right to avoid a collision.
Track 3
Situation 2) You are going to start taxiing at Galeao International Airport. Listen to Galeao Ground and
read back.
Track 4
Examiner: Now, during taxi, your engine number 2 ingested a drone. Contact Galeao Ground, say this
situation and your intentions.
Track 5
Situation 3) You are taking off from Santa Genoveva Airport in Goiania. Listen to Goiania Tower and
read back.
Track 6
Examiner: Now, during climbing a drone hit your windshield and it got cracked. Listen to Goiania
Tower, say this situation and your intentions.
Track 7
116
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Situation 4) You are landing at O'Hare Chicago International Airport. Listen to O'Hare Tower and read
back.
Track 8
Examiner: Now, during landing you see this in front of you (Show this picture to the test taker). Call
Chicago Tower, say this situation and say you are going around.
Track 9
Situation 5) You are on a cruise ight from Jakarta to Bangkok in Thailand. Listen to Singapore Center
and read back.
Track 10
Examiner: Now, during your cruise ight you realize this situation is happening to you (Show this picture
to the test taker). Contact Singapore Center and inform this situation.
Track 11
117
fl
fl
MCMaster ldiomas-cursos
ask you a question.
Track 12
1) In your opinion, to what extent are hot air balloons dangerous to aviation?
Track 13
2) How can drones threaten the operation of an airport?
Track 14
3) From your point you view, what procedures should a pilot take when he or she is ying a twin-engine
aircraft and he or she loses both engines?
A) How would you compare them? You may want to compare them in terms of severity, possible solutions
and wavs of prevention. Which one do you think is the most dif cult to deal with? Why2
118
fl
fi
fi
fi
MCMaste Idlomas-cursos
In this pat, you will tell me what you can see in this picture and what you think is happening in it. After
you start talking.
2) Choose one:


4) In your opinion, how can authorities restrain the incidence of drones at busy airports?
5) From your point of view, what kind of problems can drones cause to airports?
The operation of a drone in the vicinity of an airport is very dangerous to an aircraft and it should be
faced as a terrorist threat by the authorities."
119
C}MCMaster Idlomas-cursos

sound check. Please con rm to the examiner if the volume TRACK 1l: McMaster 123. Singapore Center. I am not
sure I understood your message. Did you say you saw a
UFO? Could you describe the object?

Situation 1
Situation 1
TRACK 2: McMaster 123. Recife Approach. Descend to

TRACK 12: Pilot: Palmas Control. Boliviana 435. There is
3,500 feet. Reduce speed to 180 Knots. Expect visual
incidence of hot air balloons in the vicinity of the airport.
approach, runway 34. Contact Pessoa Tower on frequency
We request to climb to 9,000 feet and diversion to Brasilia.
118.3.
ATC: Boliviana 435. Palmas Control. Roger. Turn right.
Heading 180. Contact Brasilia Approach on 119.2.
TRACK 3: McMaster 123. Recife Approach. I understood
you are deviating to the right because there is a manned
Situation 2
balloon at your 9 o'clock position.
TRACK 13: ATC: Argentina 746. Ezeiza Tower. Cleared

Situation2
for immediate takeoff. Runway 11. Proceed on
BELGRANO 6 Alpha Departure. Contact Ezeiza Departure
TRACK 4: McMaster 123. Galeao Ground. Cleared to taxi
on frequency 119.9.
to the holding point of runway 28. Follow the Boeing 737
Pilot: Ezeiza Tower. Argentina 746. We hit a drone during
ahead of you via taxiway November. Contact Galeao Tower
takeoff. We request immediate return.
on frequency 118.0.
ATC: Argentina 746. Cleared for immediate return.
TRACK 5: McMaster 123. Galeao Ground. I understood
Situation 3
you had a drone ingestion on your engine number 1.
Con rm if you need re- ghting assistance.
TRACK 14: Pilot: MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. São
Paulo Control. Lufthansa 841. We lost thrust in both
Situation 3
engines. Our two engines ingested hot air balloons. We
request a straight-in approach.
TRACK 6: McMaster 123. Goiania Tower. Cleared to
ATC: Lufthansa 841. São Paulo Control. Cleared for
take-off. Runway 32. After takeoff, turn right. Heading O96.
immediate landing at Viracopos Airport. Runway 15.
Contact Anapolis Departure on frequency 129.45.
Contact Campinas Tower on frequency 118.25.
TRACK 7: McMaster 123. Goiania Tower. I understood

you suffered a bird-strike. Turn right. Heading 180. You are
DISCUSSION
number l for landing.
TRACK 15: It's a picture of a situation that has been

Situation 4
happening a lot recently.
It is possible to see a drone hovering near four narrow-body
TRACK 8: McMaster 123.0'Hare Tower. Cleared to land.
aircraft during their taxi. It poses a big risk to the operation
Runway 22 Right. Wind 200 degrees at 12 Knots gusting
of an airport because an aircraft can ingest this drone during
25 Knots. After landing, vacate runway by the rst taxiway
taxi.
available.
The situation can get worse if an aircraft is landing or
TRACK 9: McMaster 123. OHare Tower. Turn 40
takingoff
Many conversations have been promoted to restrict the
degrees to the right. Con rn if there is a hot air balloon in
operation of drones near airports but it is still far to draw
frontof you the conclusion of this recent risk.
What it is known is that drones still continue to threaten the
Situation5
world's major airports.
TRACK 10: McMaster 123. Singapore Center. For traf c

separation. Climb to FL390 and maintain until further
advice. Change squawk code to 4134.
120
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
GRAMMAR
121
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
UNIT 01- REVIEW OF SIMPLE VERBTENSES
SIMPLE PRESENT
It's used to express every day actions and universal truths.
Examples:
I work at McMaster Idiomas.

She lives in Brazil.
The Earth is round.
AFF: You play sports every day.

INT: Do you play sports every day?
NEG: You don't play sports every day.
AFF: He works at Jet Airlines.

INT: Does he work at Jet Airlines?
NEG: He doesn't work at Jet Airlines.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
It's used to express an action that is in progress at the moment.
AFF: She is studying Navigation now.

INT: Is she studying Navigation now?
NEG: She isn't studying Navigation now.
It's also used to express two actions happening simultaneously in the present.
AFF: I am working while you are watching TV.

INT: Amn I working while you are watching TV?
NEG: I am not working while you are watching TV.
SIMPLE PAST
It's used to express an action that happened at a de nite time in the past.
AFF: You ew two days ago.

INT: Did you y two days ago?
NEG: You didn't y two days ago.
PAST CONTINUOUS
It's used to express an action that was in progress at a certain time in the past.
122
fl
fl
fl
fi
AFF: He was studying Meteorology at this time yesterday.

INT: Was he studying Meteorology at this time yesterday?
NEG: He wasn't studying Meteorology at this time yesterday.
It's also used to express two actions happening simultaneously in the past.
AFF: I was ying while you were driving.

INT: Was I ying while you were driving?
NEG: I wasn't ying while you were driving.
It's also used to express a long action happening with a short action in the past.
Remark: The long action receives the past continuous and the short action the simple past.
AFF: She was ying when her father called her.

INT: Was she ying when her father called her?
NEG: She wasn't ying when her father called her.
SIMPLE FUTURE
It's used to express an action that will happen at a certain time in the future.
AFF: You will ytomorrOW.

INT: Will you y tomorrow?
NEG: You won't y tomorrow.
But, WILL/TO BE GOING TO / PRESENT CONTINUOUS express the simple future.
Examples:
1-I will travel nextweek. --- (NOT SURE) (Eu viajarei semanaque vem.)
2-I am going to travel next week. ----- (SURE) (Eu vou viajar semanaque vem.)
3-I am traveling next week. -------- (SURE) (Eu vou viajarsemanaque vem.)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
It's used to express an action that will be in progres at a certain time in the future.
AFF: We will be ying tomorrow.

INT: Will we be ying tomorrow?
NEG: We won't be ying tomorrow.
It's also used to express two actions that will happen simultaneously in the future.
123
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
}MCMaster Idiomas-cursoS
AFF: I will be ying while you are traveling tomorrow.

INT: Will I be ying while you are traveling tomorrow?
NEG: I won't be ying while you are traveling tomorrow.
CONDITIONAL
It's used to express a possible action in the future.
AFF: He would y if his boss called him.

INT: Would he y if his boss called him?
NEG: He wouldn't y if his boss called him.
EXERCISES
1) Complete the blanks using the correct form of the verb to be.
a. I...M. at thechurch.
b. We.....7....... at the bus station.
c. They ..WES.... at school yesterday.
d.He.... ..... veryhappytoday.
e. She.WI44.%.. at the universitytomnorrow.
f. You ...All... at Main Street.
g. I....!M:k....... studying Mathyesterday.
h. ....M.. .... youcookingnow?
i. We...... notplayingvideogamenow.
j.I.. .2.....traveling
tomorrow.
2) Complete the blanks with the most correct verb tense:
a. I.!!.NU..!. inCanada if I haveenoughmoney. (tostudy)

b. I..!LkR..1UDL...in Canadaif I hadenoughmoney. (tostudy)
c. Mary (tospeak) .1LAK!..S. whileProfessorSmith(toteach) ..!K MA. lastclass.
d. They usually ........2U2........... everything they see. (to buy)
e.Sara(totravel) 'sIRAE ........ whilewe(to work)..kk..MOR.. ... tomortow.
f. Jeff ..MA..14MA!L..his project next month. (to nish)
g. He ....AALKS.. at AdTech. (to work)
h. She .....2M!.................i.n her friend's house last night. (to sleep)
i. If you gave me a phone call I ..!!QLD.2R.M.... those papers for you in time. (to bring)
j. ...1.. sheusually kC!AS.... at11:00o'clock? (tosleep)
3) Complete the sentences by using the words in parentheses. Use the SIMPLE PRESENT or THE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
a. Right now I'm in class. I (sit) at my desk. I usually (sit) at the same
desk in class every day.
b. Ali (speak) Arabic. Arabic is his native language, but right now he (speak)
English.
124
fi
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
MCMaster
c. Our teacher (stand, not) up right now. She (sit) on the

corner of her desk.
d. It's 6:00 P.M. Mary is at home. She (eat) dinner. She always (eat)
dinner with her family around six o'clock.
e. It (rain, not) right now. The sun (shine) and the sky (be)
blue.
f. (Rain, it) a lot in southern California?
g. Look out the window. (Rain, it) ? Should I take my umbrella?
4) Complete the sentences by using the SAMPLE PAST or the PAST CONTINUOUS.
a. At 6:00 P.M., Bob sat down at the table and began to eat. At 6:05, Bob (eat) dinner.
b. While Bob (eat) dinner, Ann (come) through the door.
c. In other words, when Ann (come) through the door, Bob (eat) dinner.
d. Bob went to bed at 10:30. At 11:00 Bob (sleep)
e. While Bob (sleep) the phone (ring).
f. In other words, when the phone (ring). ,Bob (sleep)
g. Bob left his house at 8:00 A.M. and (begin) to walk to class. While he (walk)
to class, he (see) Mrs. Smith.
5) Complete the sentences by using the SIMPLE FUTURE or the SIMPLE PAST.
a. I (travel) tomorrow morning.

b. She (go) to thesupermarketlastweek.
c. I (give) Mary your message when I see her tomorrow.
d. They (do, not) their homework yesterday.
e. We (play) next Saturday.
f. We (play) _ yesterday.
g. Maybe it (rain) tomorrow.
h. Suzy (swim) in the ocean on her last vacation.
i. It's 3 P.M. right now. I (get) _ home tonight at9:00 P.M.
j. They (cry) when they lost the game.
UNIT 02 - COMPARATIVE OFSUPERIORITY,INFERIORITY,

EQUALITY AND INNEQUALITY / SUPERLATIVE OFSUPERIORITY
AND INFERIORITY
COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY
Formula: ADJECTIVE +ER+ THAN >One-syllable adjectives
OLD → OLDER THAN
Sara is older than Alice.
BIG → BIGGER THAN *

125
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
Brazil is bigger than Japan.
HEAVY → HEAVIER THAN
Box A is heavier than box B. **
* When an adjective is formed by a sequence of consonant, vowel and consonant you double up the last
consonant.
** When an adjective ends with the letter Y and this letter is preceded by a consonant, you take the leter
Y out and add IER.
Formula: MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN → two-syllable adjectives
BEAUTIFUL → MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN
Sara is more beautiful than Alice.
EXPENSIVE → MORE EXPENSIVE THAN
A Hilux is more expensive than a Celta.
COMPARATIVE OF INFERIORITY
Formula: LESS + ADJECTIVE + THAN
IMPORTANT → LESS IMPORTANT THAN
History is less important than Mathematics.
SUPERSTITIOUS → LESS SUPERSTITIOUS THAN
Sandra is less superstitious than Camila.
COMPARATIVE OF EQUALITY
Formula: AS + ADJECTIVE+ AS
GOOD > AS GOOD AS
Bob's is as good as McDonald's.
DIFFICULT → AS DIFFICULT AS
Physics is as dif cult as Mathematics.
COMPARATIVE OF INEQUALITY
126
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
Formula: NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
GOOD > NOT AS GOOD AS
Bob's isn't as good as McDonald's.
DIFFICULT → NOT AS DIFFICULT AS
Physics isn't as dif cult as Mathematics.
SUPERLATIVE OF SUPERIORITY
Formula: THE + ADJECTIVE+ EST → one-syllable adjectives
CHEAP → THE CHEAPEST
The Paulistinha is the cheapest plane for sale.
LARGE→ THE LARGEST
Russia is the largest country of the world.
Formula: THE + MOST + ADJECTIVE → two-syllable adjectives
INTERESTING → THE MOST INTERESTING
Navigation is the most interesting subject in a pilot's course.
COMMON → THE MOST COMMON
Pronunciation is the most common mistake in English.
SUPERLATIVE OF INFERIORITY
Formula: THE LEAST + ADJECTIVE
IMPORTANT →THE LEAST IMPORTANT
Biology is the least important subject in my course.
FAT → THE LEAST FAT
John is the least fat boy of the school.
127
fi
ster
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Good --- better than --- the best

Bad ----- worse than --- the worst
Far ---- farther than --- the farthest
further than --- the furthest
EXERCISES
1) Complete the chart using the correct Comparative of Superiority and Superlative of Superiority.
Adjective Comparativeof Superiority Superlative of Superiority
a. powerful
b. right
c. good
d. ugly
e. expensive
f. contagious
g..fat
h. dirty
1, pure
j. bad
k.cheap
1. safe
m. superstitious
n. lucky
0. wrong
p. ordinary
4.new
far
s. heavy
2) Complete with the comparative or superlative of superiority.
a. The accident was *****.. *******.*****.. Scene of the lm. (real)

b. Pat is my ..........**. .....
i***** sister, but Tom is ......... **** ******...... of us. (old) (old)
c. I live 3 miles from here and my friends live***....*****.*...*.**.....*****************s****..Int. (far)
d. The river was ......... .... what we had thought. (narrow)
e. I believe you have +... ********** car in town. (slow)
f. Do you knowanyone .. Paul. (silly)
128
fi
MCMaster
g. Which was .... *.****e******.s........day of your life? (bad)
h. Tina is .... Sally but she is.......******************* ......,too. (thin,young)
i.I don't think she is .*..................... .... her sister. (beautiful)
j. Is this coffee
***. ...
.....s.sssss..ss .... the milk? (hot)
3) Complete with as ... as.
a. Mountaineering is..**.* skiing. (dangerous)

b. This modern chair is not ... thatoldone. (pretty)
c. Your brother is not ... ......you are. (creative)
d. Tom is ....... Karen. They must go to the doctor. (weak)
e. This ring is .... that one. They are made of gold. (expensive)
4) Complete with less... than or the least.
a. You'd better eat the cake. It's ...

..... *********** .*....... the candy. (sweet)
b. This is ....... .... book I've read. (interesting)
c. The soil near the house is ..... ...the soilnearthe river. (fertile)
.*.***...
d. Alice is ********** *******e*******.. in my class. (charming)
e. Our homework is ...** ..... Mary's. (dif cult)
f. This is ....**** ..... lm I haveseen. (interesting)
g. My mother is .... my father. (old)
h. Yesterday was ... ... day of theweek. (cold)
i.What's. an apartment on the beach? (expensive)
j. John is ... boy of our group. (curious)
UNIT 03 - TELL/ SAY

SAY - SAID
He said that he was a pilot.
(not He said me)
He said to us that he was a pilot.

(not He said us)
We say he said to us, I said to Paul, etc.
But not "he said me", "I said Paul."
TELL - TOLD
He told me that he was a pilot.
(not He told that)
He told us he was a pilot.
(not He told to us)
129
fi
fi
MCMaster
idlomas-cursos
1) Put in say/said or tell/told.
a. She she was tired.

b. He me he was tired.
C. I to her that it was important.
d. Jack me youweresick.
e. She she didn't like Peter.
f. Did Pat that she would be late?
g. I didn't the police anything.
h. The man us he was a reporter.
i. He he was a reporter.
į. Did they you theirnames?
k. She to me that she liked you.
1. He me that he was married.
Sh that she could play tennis.
n..They to me that they were fromEgypt.
o. She me that she had a new job.
They that they would help us.
UNIT 04- PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT PERFECT
Look at this.
I ew yesterday. > De nite time - It's important to know when the action was performed.
I have own. > Inde nite time – It's not important to know when the action was performed.
FIRST USAGE -It's used to express an action that happened at an inde nite time in the past.
FORMATION: HAS/ HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
Important words: already, ever, never, yet, before, now, so far
Examples:
I have seen the show.

She has worked at AďTech.
We have done the exercise.
AFF: You have own.

INT: Have you own?
NEG: You haven't own.
I have already own.

I have ever own.
130
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fi
fi
fi
aMCMaster idiomas-cursos
Have you already own?

Have you ever own?
Have you own yet?
I have never own.
I have own before.
I haven't own before.
I have own ve different aircraft now.
I have own ve different aircraft so far.
SECOND USAGE - It's used to expressan action that started in the past andcontinues in thepresent.
(The action has a connection with the present and will probably continue in the futurc.)
FORMATION: HAS/HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
Important words: since; for; recently; lately.

Examples:
I have worked at McMaster Idiomas since 2006.
I have worked at McMaster Idiomas for ten years.

I have worked hard recently
I have worked hard lately.
THIRD USAGE – I's used to express an action that happened a moment ago.
FORMATION: HAS / HAVE+ JUST + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
Important word: Just
Examples:
I have just left.

She has just had lunch.
They have just arrived.
FOURTH USAGE- It's used to express repeated actions in the past.
FORMATION: HAS / HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
Important words: many times; a lot of times; several times; etc.
Examples:
I have been to England many times.

She has visited her aunt several times.
We have watched this movie a lot of times.
131
fi
fl
fi
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
It's used to express an action that started in the past and continues in the present with emphasis.
(The action has a connection with the present and will probably continue in the future.)
FORMATION: HAS / HAVE + BEEN + ING OF THE VERB
Important words: since; for; recently; lately.
Examples:
I have been working at McMaster Idiomas since 2006.

I have been working at McMaster Idiomas for ten years.
I have been working hard recently.
I have been working hard lately.
AFF: She has been studying a lot recently.
INT: Has she been studying a lot recently?
NEG: She hasn't been studying a lot recently.
1) Put the verbs into the correct tense - Simple Past or Present Perfect.
a You ... (not / to come) to see us last week.

b. You ....... ..... n0t/ to come) to see us since you left the of ce.
C. I...... ..to sell)a lot of my oldpictureslately.
d. I ...to sell) a lot of my old pictures a few months ago.
. She .... (to keep) us waiting a long time last night.
f..She .....t.0keep) us waiting a long time this evening.
g. It .**. (not / to rain) yesterday and it .......................... (not/ to rain) today.
h. I ......... (not to see) the exhibition yet but Michael ..........................********
... .....(to see) it
last Saturday.
i.***....**..***..****..*.********.***.
I ...ust / to do) myhomeworkbutPeter ... ..*****. (to do) his a
long time ago.
j. I don't want to go to the cinema. I ... ****** t0 see) this lm some weeks ago.
k. You'll havetowait. I ..... ***.......**......... (not / to nish) yet.
1.I......***** ... (to see) you in town two or three days ago but you................ n0t / to see) me.
m. 1 ******** ******* ...(to
go) to thecircusat theweekend.
n. I'm not going to do it again. I ....... .....a ready/ to do) itonce.
o. He ...... ... (not / to pay) his taxes yet. He must pay them soon.
p. He .......**** **** .... towrite) some articles for the school magazine last year
but this year he.************************.****. ... not/ towrite)any.
q. Have you seen my glasses? They ...... ......... ...todisappear).
r. (to post) letters
the this morning but mother
.(to post) hers yesterday evening.
s. ........to see)Jane twice this week but last weekI... ******** *******************. (not to
set) eyes on her.
....n0t
.l...**************************** / to buy) a new carpet yet but I ..... ....(to look) at some the
day before yesterday.
132
fi
fi
fi
His father **.. (to give) him a watch for Christmas but he
...***************. (already / to lose) it.
v. Last year Joan .... ***** ***.**********......(to spend) two months in Madrid
w.Timn ......... **** ....... to borrow) my car last evening and ******************************.*********.******
he ....
(not / to come back) yet.
x. Greg ....*.s*******........ .... (to talk) about his excellent performance in the sozcr gam:s
many tỉmes.
y. Tina .....just / to nish) her term paper.
z. I........ (to teach) English here since 2002.
al. They ..... *******.*****.... (never / to be) to Papua New Guinea.

bl. I ... (to go) to Kiribati last year.
cl. Carla ....toleave) at one o'clock to comeheretoday.
d1. Unfortunately Luigi *********.*******************.already / to leave).
2) Complete the blanks using the PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
a. . a new book recently. (to read)

b. She with John lately. (not / to speak)
c. Linda and Max .... cach other for a little while. (not / to see)
d. Paul... to become a pilot since last year. (to study)
e. ....... .you. .... dollars recently? (to buy)
UNIT 05– SEQUENCE OF ADJECTIVES

Order of Adjectives
When a set of adjectives is assigned to a unique noun, it is followed this order:
1-Determiner
2- Number
3-Opinion
4- Size
5-Age
6-Shape
7-Color
8-Nationality
9- Religion
10– Material
11- Noun
That ugly Greek marble sculpture
That = determiner
Ugly = opinion
Greek = nationality
Marble = material
Sculpture = noun
133
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
A cheap new square plastic table.
My soft round brown Persian rug.
An intelligent Catholic priest.
Several little porcelain dolls.
A mid-size old white twin-engine French turboprop.
1. Exercises: Put the adjectives in the correct position.
a. a beautiful table (wooden / round):

b. an unusual ring (gold):
c. a new sweater (nice):
d. a new sweater (green)
e. an old house (beautiful):
f. black gloves (leather):
g. an American movie (old):
h. a long face (thin):
i. big clouds (black):
j. a sunny day (lovely):
k. an ugly dress (yellow)
1. a wide avenue (long):
m. a red car (old / little):
n. a metal box (black / small):
o. a big cat (fat / black):
p. a little country inn (old charming):
q. long hair (black / beautiful):
r. an old painting (interesting / Japanese):
S. an enormous umbrella (red /yellow):
UNIT 06- PAST PERFECT, PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS AND

CONDITIONAL PERFECT
PAST PERFECT
It's used to express an action that happened before another action in the past.
Important word: before
FORMATION: HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
Examples:
I had left before you arrived.
She had had lunch before I arrived.
134
McMaster
idiomas-cursos
AFF: They had called me before I nished the ight.

INT: Had they called me before I nished the ight?
NEG: They hadn't called me before I nished the ight.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
It's used to express the duration of an action unti! another action in the past.
FORMATION: HAD+ BEEN + ING OF THE VERB
I had been playing tennis for two hours when it started raining.
She had been watching TV for half an hour when she ran out of energy.
AFF: You had been ying for twenty minutes when the aircraft suffered an engine ameout.
INT: Had you been ying for twenty minutes when the aircraft suffered an engine ameout?
NEG: You hadn't been ying for twenty minutes when the aircraft suffered an engine ameout.
CONDITIONAL PERFECT
It's used to express a contrary idea to fact in the past.
FORMATION 1: WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB + IF + PAST PERFECT
FORMATION 2: IF + PAST PERFECT+ WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
1-I would have own if myboss hadcalledme.
2-If my boss had called me I would have own.
1) Complete the blanks with the most correct verb tense:
a. When Paul arrived at school, Joan. home. (already / to go)

b. I.........
............................... soccer for twenty minutes when he got injured. (to play)
c. I would have invited him for my party if I . ... he was in the city. (to
know)
d. Linda ....... .... ...... for two hours when she fell asleep. (to study)
e. They ... to do something else before I invited them. (to decide)
f. If the staff hadn't performned the de-icing procedure the plane
**. •****** problems with the lift coef cient. (to have)
g. Last week I saw my cousin. I . him for ve years. (not /to
see)
h. She for half an hour when her boyfriend arrived. (to wait)
....
i. If I had seen the incident I .... theauthorities. (to
call)
j. He.......*...*****. . the book before he watched the movie. (to read)
135
fi
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fi
fl
fi
fl
fi
fi
aMCMaster
idlomas-cursos
UNIT 07- MODALS I

Modals are anomalous verbs. They are different from auxiliary verbs like DO, DOES, DID, etc.
CAN - Itexpressespossibility, permissionand ability.

1
2 3
1. It can rain today.

2. You can go to the bathroom now.
3. She can speak four languages.
MAY – It expresses possibility and permission.

1 2
1. It may rain today.

2. You may go to the bathroom now.
MIGHT- Itexpressespossibility.
1
1. It might rain today.
Look at this:
CAN
AFF: She can speak four languages.
INT: Can she speak four languages?
NEG: She (can't / can not / cannot) speak four languages.
MAY
AFF: You may go to the bathroom now.
INT: May you go to the bathroom now?
NEG: You may not go to the bathroom now.
MIGHT
AFF: It might rain today.
INT: Might it rain today?
NEG: It might not rain today.
COULD- Itexpressesthesimple past of can or a possibility in the future.
1.I couldcomehereyesterday. 1 2
2. I bet in the lottery yesterday. I could win in the lottery next Saturday.
AFF: You could come here yesterday.

INT: Could you come here yesterday?
NEG: You couldn't come here yesterday.
136
SHOULD / HAD BETTER/OUGHT TO -They expressadvice.
AFF: You should study for my test.

AFF: You had better study for my test.
AFF: You ought to study for my test.
INT: Should you study for my test?
NEG: You shouldn't study for my test.

NEG: You had better not study for my test.
NEG: You ought not to study for my test.
MUST - It expressesnecessity and obligation.
1. He must study for the test.

1
2
2. I must pay my taxes.
AFF: He must study hard.

INT: Must he study hard?
NEG: He mustn't study hard.
MUST NOT or MUSTN'T - Itexpressesprohibition.
You mustn't smoke here
MUST BE - Itexpresseslogical conclusion.

Have you just run a marathon? You must be exhausted.
WOULD RATHER- It expresses WOULD PREFER.
WOULD RATHER... THAN
I would rather stay home than go to the movies.
USED TO – It expresses a past routine that no longer exists.
I used to studying English on Saturdays mornings.
Exercises:
1) Complete the sentences with can and can't, cannot, can not.
a) A cat climb trees, but it_ y.

b) A sh walk, but it can swim.
c) A dog bark,butit sing.
d)You buy stamps at the post of ce, but you buy shoesthere.
137
fi
fl
fi
CMCM
CMaster idiomas-cursos
e)Trees produce oxygen, but rocks

f) Fish live in the air, but they live in water.
2) Complete the sentences with could and couldn't, could not.
a) He buy that house last month. (af rmative)

b) She come to our party yesterday because she was sick. (negative)
c) They talk toProfessorSmartyesterday. (af rmative)
d) I study for my nal test last week. (negative)
e) We play the guitar when we were 16 years old. (negative)
) He watch the Brazilian soccer game yesterday. (af rmative)
3) Complete the sentences with may, may not, might or might not.
a) I_ go to Italy. (af rmative)

b) Ann come to the party tonight. She isn't feeling well. (negative)
c) He be in his of ce. (af rmative)
d) She be having lunch. (af rmative)
e) They buy a new house next year. (negative)
We travel to Europe next year. (af rmative)
g) She .get that job. (negative)
h) It be so hard. (negative)
i) I_ get a good grade in my exam. (af rmative)
3) Rewrite these sentences with used to only if the meaning remains the same:
a. Now Larry often writes short stories.
b. My brother played Bridge a lot when he was at university.
c. Last summer my uncle and aunt went to Greece.
d. Years ago I swam almost every day.
e. Ron smoked cigarettes when he was a young man.
f. Now Ron almost always smokes a pipe.
138
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
g. My mother once met the King when she was a little girl.
h. My cousins spent every summr in the country until they were about 18.
i. I liked jazz a lot when I was a teenager.
j. Ray very often works late.
4) Change the following statements into the negative form:
a. She would rather travel on her vacation.
b. They may come back next year.
c. You must reorganize all the projects.
d. He had better bring a solution for this problem next week.
e. We ought to study hard for the test.
f. I should go over my notes again and try to sort this problem out.
g. She might come tonight to invite us for her wedding.
h. We could analyze the project last Friday.
i. She can speak a lot of languages.
j. I used to playing soccer every night when I was a teenager.
139
MCMaster
UNIT 08 - MODALS II
COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB/ MAY HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF
THE VERB / MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
They express past posibility.
AFF: It could have rained a lot in that city.

INT: Could it have rained a lot in that city?
NEG: It couldn't have rained a lot in that city.
AFF: He may have met her at a nightclub.

INT: May he have met her at a nightclub?
NEG: He may not have met her at a nightclub.
AFF: They might have studied hard for the test.

INT: Might they have studied hard for the test?
NEG: They might not have studied hard for the test.
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB OUGHT TO HAVE + PAST

PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
They express past advisability.

Negative form:
SHOUDNT HAVEIOUGHT NOT TO HAVE
Examples:
I got a bad grade on the ICAO test. I should have studied more for the test. I shouldn't have postponed my
studies.
She ought to have phoned her parents when she arrived. They got very worried. She ought not to have let
aside.
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
It expresses logical conclusion.
Look at this:
It's 9:00 AM.
Sam: I have been working for 10 hours. I have just nished the project.
Greg: Oh man! You must have worked hard during the night.
140
fi
1) Complete with COULD HAVE, MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, SHOULDN'T
HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE or MUST HAVE.
a. I failed in my examination, I ......... .......(to study) more for the test.

I..............*..*... ..... (to miss) any class. Now, it's too late.
b. Something caused that damage. It ....
either by hail storm or by multiple bird-strikes.
......... ****.....***.. (io cause)
c. Paul nished the marathon. He (to make) a great c ort.

d. I've lost one of my socks, I ... (to drop) it somewhere.
e. I'm not sure, but we (to goaway) if we'd hadenoughmoney.
UNIT 09- REPORTEDSPEECH

Compare the following examples:
Direct Speech: Leroy said: "I am an English teacher.
Indirect Speech: Leroy said (that) he was a teacher. or Leroy said he was a teacher.
Remark: That is optional.
Look at this:
Sandra asked: "Do you work at McMMaster Idiomas?"
Sandra asked if I worked at McMaster Idiomas.
Sandra asked: *Where is McMaster Idiomas?"
Sandra asked where McMaster Idiomas was.
When we use the reported speech the main verb of the sentence is usually past (Sandra said that ... / I told
her that ....). The rest of the sentence is usually past too.
Examples:
Sandra said that she was working hard.
He told her that he was studying at Yale University.
Look at this table:
EXACT VERB REPORTED VERB
Simple Present Simple Past

Present Continuous Past Continuous
Simple Past Simple Past / Past Perfect
Past Continuous PastContinuous/PastPerfectContinuous
Simple Future Conditional
Conditional Conditional
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Can Could
|Could Could
|May/might Might
| Must Had to
141
fi
fi
ICMaster
idlomas-cursos
1. Put the following sentences into the indirect speech:
a. Lui said: "I want to win in the lottery."
b. Sandra said: "I ran 15 Km yesterday."
c. Rodney asked: "Can I come back tomorrow?"
d.PresidentCartersaid: I will bereelectednext year."
e. Tina asked: "Did Anne sleep here last night?"
f. Joan said: "I am tired of doing the same thing every day."
g. Carl said: "I was sleeping when Linda called me last morning."
h. The Terminator said: "I will be back."
i. Sam said: "I must study Math every day."
j. Leroy asked: "Will I be able to get a special meal?"
k. Mark said: "I am the strongest man of the world."
1. Gulliver asked: "Where is the bathroom?"
m. Catherine said: "I didn't meet those people at the restaurant yesterday."
n. Mike said: "I will buy two cars next month."
o. Mirto asked: Do you want to marry me?""
p. Ted said: "I can't speak Chinese."
q. Professor Smart said: "You solved this exercise last class."
r. Martha asked: "Did you check the dipstick?"
s. The monster said: "I cannot be beaten."
t. The students said: *"You are giving a lot of homework."
142
uMCMaster
idlomas -cursos
UNIT 10 - FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTUREPERFECT CONINUCUS

FUTURE PERFECT - It's used to express an action that will be completed before another action or
before a certain time in the future. inıportant words: by this time/ tomurrow
FORMATION: WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE VERB
Examples:
I will have worked at McMaster Idiomas for ten years next year.
She will have been married for ve years next week.
At this time tomorrow I will have already left.
AFF: She will have been married for ve years next weck.
INT: Will she have been married for ve years next week?
NEG: She won't have been married for ve years next week.
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS - It's used to express an action that will be completed before
another action or before a certain time in the future with emphasis.
Examples:
I will have been working at McMaster Idiomas for ten years next year.
They will have been studying English for two years next week.
AFF: They will have been studying English for two years next week.
INT: Will they have been studying English for two years next week?
NEG: They won't have been studying English for two years next week.
1) Complete the blanks using the FUTURE PERFECT.
a. The show ...... ............. by the time we get to the theater. (already / to start)
b. I will call you at 10:00 tomorrow. I think the meeting ..... by that time. (to nish)
c. By this time next week we............ ..... the project. (already / to conclude)
d. We.......... .........***** **************** in Paris for ve years next week. (to live)
e. I always leave home at 8:00 o'clock in the morning, so I won't be home at 8:30. I
... ................................. to work. (to go)
2) Complete the blanks using the FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS.
a. He........ ..... Spanish for one year next year. (to study)
b. Sara, we are on vacation. You are spending your money very quickly. If you continue like this,
you..... ..... all your money before the end of our vacation. (to spend)
c. I am travelling around Africa at the moment. So far I have traveled about 1,000 KM. By the end of the
trip, I more than 3,000 miles. (to drive)
d. Morris at AdTechfor six monthstomorrow. (to work)
e. I... . in London for three years next year. (to live)
143
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
GMCM
CMaster
Idiomas-cursos
UNIT 11-THERE TO BE
Many students make this mistake:
Have a lot of cars in front of the school. - Thissentenceis incorrect.
You shouldsay:Therearea lot ofcars in front of theschool.
There is – singular / Thereare - plural
Examples:
There is one teacher in the classroom.

There are some cars in front of the school.
There was a student in the classroom yesterday.
There were many people in the meeting last Friday.
There will be many people in my party tomorrow.
There would be a great party if I won in the lottery.
There has been some news for you.
There have been many phone calls for you.
There had been a lot of invitations for that show.
There must be a cup on the shelf.
There is light at home. There must have been somebody at home.
There used to be a coffee shop here.
The school is open. There should have been someone studying.
1) Complete the sentences. Use there will be, there would be etc. Choose from:
will might would wouldnt should used to (be) going to]
a. If people paid less taxes, .. lessbankruptcies.

b. "Have we got any milk?" "Im not sure. some in the refrigerator.
c. I think everything will be ne. I don't think anyproblems.
d.Lookatthesky. .... •*******************. a storm.
e. "Is there a coffee shop in the city?" "Not now. ....*.

.. ...... one but it closed.
f. The traf c is very confusing in this area. I think some traf c lights.
g. If politicians weren't corrupt, ..... any misery.
UNIT 12- PERSONAL PRONOUNS/ OBJECT PRONOUNS /POSSESSIVE

ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS / POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS /REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS
144
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
Personal Object Possessive Possessive Re e ve

Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronoun
Pronons
Me My Mine Myscif
You
You Your Yours Yourself
He
Him His His Himself
She
Her Her Hers Herself
It
I Its Its Itself
W
Us Our Ours Ourselves
You
You Your Yours yourselves
They
Them Their Theirs themselves
They start a They come after a| They precede a noun. Usages:
They don't precede a
statement or an idea. verb. 1-) When the subject
My car. noun. They come at receives the action.
the end of a sentence
She is looking at His house. or at the end of an
her. Their neighbors. cut myself with a
idea.
PP VOurfriends. knife.
OP Her son.
It is my book, I don't
2-) To express the
Ask her.
knowwhere youss word "Alone
PP PAP
V OF
P.Pron
She did the
Tell him. homework by
This is my car, that
Help me herself.
is hers.
3-) To be emphatic
A friend of mine is
coming from Rio
myself don't like
Branco-AC.
that restaurant.
1) Complete with the most appropriate pronoun:
a.MaryAnn isdestroying .... *.*. She drinks too much.

b. Lucy, that boy is looking at .... .... Maybe,heliked you.
C. ...... .. don't like thatrestaurant.
d. Nobody will bring ...... dog to the picnic.
e. Children love to look at ........ .. ... inthemirror.
f. Sally thanked ... because we gave ..... apresent.
g. The little girl hurt ..... last night.
145
fl
fi
McMaster
Idiomas-cursoS
h. Jim was singing to ................ .in the shower.

i. We don't like Paul. ....always ghts with
j. Johnmailedthe letter....
k. They are talking to a friend of
1. You must protect .... from the sun. You can get a sun burn.
m. July is studying with ......friend.
n. He built his house by
o. I'm going to send ...... records to Sally and she is going to send me
....................
p. We asked Sally to show herpictures.
q. Why are you looking at ..... ?Iwill not do this dirty job for you.
r. We always wash ........ in the morning.
UNIT 13– RELATIVE CLAUSES I

Clauses with WHO / THAT / WHICH
Look at this:
The manager who works at that bank is a broker.

relative clause
A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing the speaker means.
The manager who works at that bank .. (who works at that bank tells us which manager.
Pilots who work at Jet Air ... ("who work at Jet Air tells us what kind of people'")
Examples:
I know a lot of pilots who y in the executive aviation.

I could get on the airplanes (that / which) participated in the air show.
1) Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative
clause.
He invented the soccer game

They traveled to fty countries in two years
They are talkative
They stole my wallet
They were on the shelf
It makes cell phones
It gives you tips of good places to visit
It performed a great exhibition in the swimming pool
It is safe to go sightseeing
It should be respected
a. Luke works for a company .....

b. The book is about some friends ...
146
fi
fl
fi
MCMaster idiomas·cursos
c. What was the name of the whale ......

d. The police have caught the boys
e. Charles Miller was the person ...
f. What's happened to the medals .?
g. A superstition is something
h. We don't like people .......
i. It seemns that Europe is the uniquc continent
UNIT 14– RELATIVE CLAUSES II

WHOSE/WHOM/ WHERE
WHOSE
We use whose mostly for people:

A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)
What's the name of the man whose school you bought? (you bought his school)
A few days ago I met someone whose sister I backpacked with. (I backpacked with his/her brother)
Compare who and whose:

I met a woman who knows you. (she knows you)
I met a woman whose sister knows you. (her sister knows you)
WHOM
Whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
The manager whom I wanted to talk to was on vacation. (I wanted to see him.)
You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom / from whom / with whom etc.):
The woman with whom I traveled lost her passport. (I traveled with her.)
WHERE
You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place:
The restaurant – we had lunch - was very fancy
The restaurant where we had lunch was very fancy.
I returned to the city where I was born.
I would like to live in a country where the winter is not severe.
147
MCMaster idiomas-cursOs
1) Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.
a. What's the name of the girl ..... .....

•**** bicycle you borrowed?
b. A church is a place ........ people pray.
C. A protester is a person .... ghts for his rights.
d. A widow is a woman .... ....... husband is dead.
e. The hotel.... ***..*.*..******* we stayed was very comfortable.
f. This school is only for children .... rst language is Spanish.
g. I don't remember the name of the manager to ............ I spoke last week.
UNIT 15 – RELATIVE CLAUSES III

FULL ADVERB CLAUSES
An adverb clause of a connecting word, called an adverb clause marker, and at least a subject and a verb.
The demand for economical cars increases when gasoline becomes more expensive.
In this example, the adverb clause marker when joins the adverb clause to the main clause. The adverb
clause contains a subject (gasoline) and a verb (becomes).
An adverb clause can precede the main clause or follow it. When the adverb clause comes rst, it is
separated from the main clause by a comma.
When gasoline becomes more expensive, the demand for economical cars increases.
Adverb
Clause
Marker Use Example
Because Cause Because the speaker was sick, the program was canceled.
Since Cause Since creditcardsare soconvenient,many peopleuse them.
Although opposition (contraryclause) Althoughhe earns a good salary, he neversaves any money.
Even though opposition (contrary clause) Eventhough she was tired, she stayed up late.
While Contrast Some people arrived in taxis while others took the subway.
If Condition If the automobile had not been invented, what would people use for
basic transportation?
Unless Condition I won'tgounlessyoudo.
When Time Your heartrateincreaseswhen youexercise.
While Time Somepeople like tolisten to music while theyare studying.
As Time
Time
One train was arriving asanotherwas departing,
Since We haven'tseenProfessor Collins sinceshereturned from her trip.
Until Time Don't put off going to the dentist until you have a problem.
Once Time Once the dean arrives, the meeting can begin.
Before Time Before he left the country, he bought some traveler's checks.
After Time She will give a short speech after she is presented with the award.
148
fi
fi
fi
CMCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
CLAUSE MARKERS WITH -EVEK
Words that end with -ever are sometimes used as adverb clause markers. (In some sentences, these words
are actually noun-clause markers, but they are seldorm used that way in structure items )
Look at the chart below:
Adverb clause
marker with -ever Meaning Example
Wherever any place that Put that box wherever you can nd room for it.
Whenever any time that ... Theystay at that hotel whenever they're in Boston.
However any way that ... However you solve the problem, you'll get the same answer.
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
When the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same person or thing, the
adverb clause can be reduced (shortened). Reduced adverb clauses do not contain a main verb or a subject.
They consist of a marker and a participle (either a present or a past participle) or a marker and an
adjective.
When astronauts are orbiting the Earth, they don't feel the force of gravity. (full adverb clause)
When orbiting the Earth, astronauts don't feel the force of gravity. (reduced clause with present participle)
Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational. (full adverb clause)
Although damaged, the machine was still operational. (reduced clause with a past participle)
Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (full adverb clause)
Although nervous, he gave a wonderful speech. (reduced clause with an adjective)
You will most often see reduced adverb clauses with the markers although, while, if, when, before, after,
and until. Reduced adverb clauses are NEVER used after because.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES WITH THE SAME MEANING AS ADVERB CLAUSES
There are also certain prepositions that have essentially the same meaning as adverb-clause markers but
are used before noun phrases or pronouns, not with clauses.
Preposition Related marker Example

|because of because/since He chose that universitybecauseof its ne reputation.
|due to because/since The accident was due to mechanical failure.
on account of because/since Visibility is poortoday onaccount of air pollution.
inspiteof althoughleven though Heenjoysmotorcycleriding in spite of thedanger.
| Despite although/even though Despite its loss, the team is still in rst place.
During when/while Her father lived in England during the war.
1) Choose the one option - (A), (B), (C), or (D) – that correctly completes the sentences, then mark the
appropriate blank.
149
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-Cursos
a. Small sailboats can easily capsize they are not handled carefully.
(A) but (B) which (C) if (D) So
b. they are tropical birds, parrots can live in temperature or even cold climates.
(A) Despite (B) Even though (C) Nevertheless (D) But
C.. added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid.
(A) That (B) As is (C) It is (D) When
d. advertising is so widespread in the United States, it has had an enormous effect on

American life.
(A) Why (B) The reason (C) On account of (D) Since
c. toward shore, its shape is changed by its collision with the shallow sea bottom.
(A) During a wave rolls (B) As a wave rolls (C)A wave rolls (D) A wave's rolling
f. are increasingly linked over long distances by electronic communications, but many of them
still prefer face-to-faceencounters.
(A) Although people (B) Despite people (C) Today people (D) The fact that people
g. together in one place, they form a community.
(A) When people who live (B) When people living (C) Whenever people live
(D) Whenever living people
h managed by an independent governor and board of directors, the Bank of Canada is

owned by the Canadian government.
(A) And yet (B) In spite of it (C) Although (D) It is
i. pieces of rope are of different thickness, the weaver's knot can be used to join them.
(A) Two of (B) What two (C) Two such (D) If two
j. the seeds of the Kentucky coffee plant are poisonous.
(A) Until they have been cooked (B) Cooking them (C) They have been cooked (D) Cooked until
k. Natural silk is still highly prized similar arti cial fabrics.
150
fi
MCMaster
(A) although is available (B) despite there are available (C) in spite of the availability of
(D) even though an availability of
1. Cattle ranches are found almost in Utah.
(A) wherever (B) everywhere (C) overall (D) somewhere
m. through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.
(A) When shines (B) It shines (C) It is shone (D) When shone
n most people think of freezing as a relatively modern method of food preservation, it is

actually one of the oldest.
(A) Even (B) As though (C) However (D) Although
large bodies of water never freeze solid is that the sheet of ice on the surface protects the
water below it from the cold air.
(A) Because (B) Why do (C) The reason that (D) For the reason
P. .granted by the Patent Of ce, it becomes the inventor's property and he or she can keep it,
sell it, or license it to someone else.
(A) Once a patent is (B) When a patent (C) A patent, once (D) A patent, whenever
q. Owls can hunt in total darkness their remarkably keensenseof smell.
(A) since (B) because of (C) the result (D) that
r. most bamboo blooms every year, there are some species that ower only two or three times
a century.
(A) Whenever (B) That (C) While (D) However
UNIT 16- PASSIVE VOICE I
Active sentences and Passive Sentences
Look at this:
Active: Bob mailed the package.

Passive: The package was mailed by Bob.
Active: Bob mailed the package.

Subject Object
151
fl
fi
MCMaste
Passive: The package was mailed by Bob.

Subject Object
Form of all passive verbs:
BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
BE can be in any of its forms: am, is, are, was, were, has been, have been, will be, etc.
THE PAST PARTICIPLE follows BE.
1. Change the statements into the passive voice:
a) Active: The teacher corrects our homework.
Passive:
b) Active: Mr. Oliveira will teach this class.
Passive:
Tense Forms of Passive Verbs. Notice that all the passive verbs are formed with BE + PAST
PARTICIPLE.
Tense Active Passive
Simple Present c. The newssurprisesme.
d. Thenews surprises Sam
e. The news surprisesus.
Simple Past f. The newssurprisedme.
g. The news surprised us.
Present Perfect |h. Bob has mailed the letter.
i. Bob has mailed the letters.
Future i. Bob will mail theletter.
|k. Bob is going to mail the letter.
152
MCMaster
Idlomas·cursos
Exercise 2: Change the active verbs to passive verbs. Write the subject of the passive sentence.
Simple Present
a. The teacher helps me. →
b. The teacher helps Jane. →
.The teacher helps us. →
Simple Past
d. The teacher helped me. →
e. The teacher helped them. →
Present Perfect
f. The teacher has helped Joe.
g. The teacher has helped us.
Future
h. The teacher will help me.
i. The teacher is going to help me.
j. The teacher will help Tim.
k. The teacher is going to help Tim.
Exercise 3: Change the verbs to the passive. Do not change the tense.
Example. Bob mailed the package → The package was mailed by Bob.
a. Mr. Lemon delivers our mail >
b. The children have eaten the cake. >
c. Carla wrote that letter. >
d. The jeweler is going to x my watch. >
e. Ms. Belini will teach our class. →
f. That company employs many people. >

153
fi
MCMaster
g. That company has hired Micheli, →
h. The secretary is going to fax the letters. →
i. A college student bought my old car. →
j. Mr. Adams will do the work. →
k. Mr. Fox washed the windows. >
UNIT 17 - PASSIVE VOICE II

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
A transitive verb is a verb that is followed by an object.
Example:
Active: Bob mailed the letter.

Passive: The letter was mailed by Bob.
An intransitive verb is a verb that is not followed by an object.

Example:
Active: An accident happened.

Passive: (not possible)
Incorrect: An accident was happened.
An intransitive verb cannot be used in the passive.
1. Change the sentences to the passive if possible. Write the symbol "p" if a sentence cannot be changed
to the passive.
a. Jack walked to school yesterday. →
b. We stayed in a hotel. >
c. Susie broke the window. →
d. The leaves fell to the ground. >
e. I slept at my friend's house last night. >
f. The second baseman caught the ball. →
g. Ann's cat died last week. >

154
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
h. That book belongs to me. >
i. The airplane arrived twenty minutes late. >
j. The teacher announced a quiz. →
k. I agree with George. →
1. Do you agree with me? →
m. Dick went to the doctor's of ce. >
n. An accident hapenned at the corner of Third and Main. →
o. An accident ocurred at the corner of Third and Main. →
p. Many people saw the accident. →
Using the BY-PHRASE"
Example: This sweater was made by my aunt.
The "by-phrase" is used in passive sentences when it is important to know who performs an action
In the example by my aunt" is an important information.
There is no "by-phrase" when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action
Examples:
That sweater was made in Korea. (by someone)

Spanish is spoken in Colombia. (by people)
That house was built in 1940. (by someone)
Rice is grown in many countries. (by people)
2. Change the sentence from the active to passive. Include the "by-phrase" only if necessary.
Example 1: Bob Smith built that house. > That house was built by Bob Smith.
Example 2: Someone built this house in 1904. → This house was built in 1904.
a.People grow rice in India. >
b. People speak Spanish in Venezuela. >
c. Do people speak Spanish in Peru? >
155
fi
CMaster
idiomas-cursos
d. Alexander Graham Bell invented thetelephone. >
e. When did someone invent the wheel? >
f. People sell hammers at a hardware store.→
g. People use hammers to pound nails. >
h. The president has canceled the meeting. >
i. Someone has canceled the soccer game. >
j. Someone will list my name in the new telephone directory. >
k. Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species. >
1. Someone published The Origin of Species in 1859. →
m. Someone serves beer and wine at that restaurant. →
n. Has anyone ever hypnotized you? →
UNIT18 -PASSIVEVOICE II
The Passive Forms of the Present and Past Progressive
Passive form of the present progressive:
am,is,are + being + past participle
Active Passive
The secretary is copying some letters. Some letters are being copied by the secretary.
Someone is building a new hospital. A new hospital is being built.
Passive form of the past progressive:
was, were + being + Past participle
Active Passive
The secretary was copying some letters. Some letters were being copied by the secretary.
Someone was building a new hospital. A new hospital was being built.
156
MCMaster
Idiomas-cursos
1. Change the sentences from the active to passive. Include the "by-phrase" only if it contains importert
information.
a. Someone is building a new house on Elm Street. →
b. The Smith Construction Company is building that ho:se.
c. Yoko is reading this sentence. →
d. We can't use our classroom today because someone is painting it. →
e. We couldn't use our classroom yesterday because someone was painting it. →
f. We can't use the language lab today because someone is xing the equipment. →
g. We couldn't use the language lab yesterday because someone was xing the equipment. >
h. Someone is repairing my shoes. →
i. Someone was repairing my shoes. →
j. Someone is organizing a student trip to the art museum. >
Passive Modal Auxiliaries
2. Change into the passive voice:
Form: Modal + BE + Past Participle
Active Modal Auxiliaries Passive Modal Auxiliaries
a. Bob will mail it.
b. Bob can mail it.
c. Bob should mail it
d. Bob ought to mail it.
Bob must mail it
Tf. Bob has to mail it.
g. Bob may mail it.
|h. Bob might mail it.
157
fi
fi
ICMaster
Idlomascursos
Summary: Passive Verb Forms.
3. Change into the passive voice:
Reminder: All passive verbs are formed with BE + Past Participle
Active Passive
a. Dr. Schucrutzhelps Tom.
b. Dr. Schucrutz ishelping Tom.
c. Dr. Schucrutzhashelped Tom.
d. Dr. SchucrutzhelpedTom.
e. Dr. Schucrutz was helping Tom
|f. Dr. Schucrutz hadhelped Tom.
g. Dr. Schucrutz is going to help Tom.
h. Dr. Schucrutz will help Tom.
i. Dr. Schucrutzwouldhelp Tom.
j. Dr. Schucrutzcan help Tom.
k. Dr. Schucrutzshould help Tom.
1. Dr. Schucrutz ought to help Tom.
m. Dr. Schucrutzmusthelp Tom.
n. Dr. Schucrutz has to help Tom.
o. Dr. Schucrutz mayhelp Tom.
p. Dr. Schucrutzmighthelp Tom.
158
UNIT 19-COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Some nouns can be countable or uncountable:
There are some turkeys in the farmer's eld.

(animal's, plural)
There is some turkey on my plate.

(meat, singular)
Certain words can and can't follow the countable and uncountable nouns.
COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE
Alan
Some Some
Fewla few Little/a little
A lot o ots of A lot/lots of
Many Much
Examples:
Would you like an apple?
I need some new shoes.
Would you like some tea?
I have few/a few friends.
How much money do you have?
How many girlfriends does he have?
I got a lot ofMots of presents.
Let's make a lot ofNots of money.
The following words are uncountable in English, but are countable in Portuguese.
Information Hair
Advice Bread
Weather Furniture
News Soap
159
fi
fl
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
If we want to give a plural idea to these words we need to use the following expressions:
A piece of, a bar of, a pint of, a liter of, a glass of, a can of, etc.
Would you like a piece of cheese?
I have some pieces of advice for you.
She bought two bars of soap in the market.
Ifa word is uncountable, the verb must come in the singular form.
The news is amazing.

The weather is nice today.
The information was given yesterday night.
More uncountable nouns:
money liquids metals

mail natural phenomena solids and semi-solids
fruit abstractions (Something that has gases
jewelry no physical form.)
A few/few and a little/little have different meanings:
Positive Idea Negative Idea

|Countable few Few
Uncountable A little Little
Examples:
The party will be very nice. A few friends will come. - Positive Idea.
The party will be terrible. Few friends will come. - NegativeIdea.
I was happy this morning because there was a little milk in my refrigerator. - (Positive Idea. There was
enough milk.)
I was unhappy this morning because there was little milk in my refrigerator. – (Negative Idea. There
wasn't enough milk.)
EXERCISES:
1. Fill in the blanks with is or are.
a There Some tomatoes.
b There some slices of tomato.

160
aMCMaster Idlomas-cursos
c. There some lettuce.
d. There some bread.
e. There some pieces of bacon.
f. There some mayonnaise.
g. There some turkey.
h. There some pieces of turkey.
i. There some coleslaw.
j. There some cups of coleslaw.
2. Fill in the blanks with a few, few, a little, little. Choose the most adequate form.
a. I'm going to serve strawberries with cream on top.
b. They knew they had chance of success.
c. I hope this new job will give me opportunities to travel.
d. There are people in the class who would pass the exam
UNIT 20– ADVERBS I

Introducing adverbs
Adverb - It's a word that modi es a verb, an adjective or another adverb. They generally answer the four
following questions:
How? Where?
When? To what extent?
Examples:
He walked fast.
He answered immediately.
He put the book there.
He became quite happy.
One of the ways to form an adverb is with the su x - ly.
161
fi
fi
MCMaster
Adjective Adverb
Common commonly
Happy happily
These words are not adverbs. They are adjectives: lovely, lonely, friendly, lively, etc.
Example:
That lovely girl lives in a friendly neighborhood.
Some adverbs don't have the suf x - ly.
Examples:
He studies hard.
She works late every day.
Americans speak fast.
In this case, the adjective and the adverb have the same shape.
Adjective Adverb
Fast fast
Hard hard
Late late
Example: Americans speak very fast.
Exercises:
1. Fill in the blanks with the right adverb.
immediately slowly extremely over there
a. How does he drive?

He drives ...
b. Where have you left your purse?

I've left it .... ...........*
162
fi
MCMaster
c. When can he come down to meet us?

He can come ....
d. How happy did they get?

They gOt......................... . happy.
Some types of adverbs
• Adverbs of manner
Examples:
She moved slowly towards the door.

Mr.Wilson drives carefully.
• Adverbs of place
Examples:
Melissa lived in Brazil all her life.

We're going there with you.
I never go to bed before midnight.
Grandma is sleeping upstairs.
• Adverbs of time
Examples:
We hope to reach a decision next week.

She was very sick and eventually died.
Janet's just gone out.
• Adverbs of frequency
Examples:
The Jacksons often travel on holidays.

Our boss hardly ever arrives on time.
Laura seldom stays in on weekends.
Mrs. Green is a vegetarian. She never eats meat.
Exercises:
2. Answer the questions using the adverbs in parentheses.
Example:
163
MCMaster
How did Barbara sing last night? (beautifully)

Barbara sang beautifully.
a. How often do you travel? (rarely)
b. When do you meet our cousins? (every month)
c. How should everyone drive near schools? (slowly)
d. Where can we nd the best beaches? (here in Brazil)
Position of adverbs
Adverbs can comne in different positions in a sentence.
Example:
Seriously, the reporter asked the question.

or
The reporter seriously asked the question.
or
The reporter asked the question seriously.
Adverbs can't come between a verb and a direct object.
verb + adverb + direct object
When an adverb comes in the middle of a sentence, it comes before the principal verb.
I often get up before nine.
Pamela has never washed anything.
Samantha will always remember her rst love.
If the principal verb is the verb to be, the adverb comes after the verb.
Example:
Carrie is never late.
164
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
Order of adverbs
When we have many adverbs in a sentence, we usually follow an order:
manner+ place + time
Examples:
M P
T
She sang beautifully at school last Friday.
M P T
Gladys works hard at home every day.
But, with movement verbs the position changes and the place adverb comes before the manner adverb.
place + manner + time
Examples:
P M T
Timothy will go to Peru secretly tomorrow.
M T
I went home quickly yesterday after work.
Exercises:
3. Check the right sentence.
a. a) David usually arrives home at 8:30.

b) David arrives home at 8:30 usually.
b. a) On Sundays, Heather happily goes to the park.

b) On Sundays, Heather goes happily to the park.
c. a) Sally prays in silence frequently.

b) Sally frequently prays in silence.
d. a) Zoe speaks uently English.

b) Zoe speaks English uently.
e. a) Martin slept peacefully in his room last night.

b) Martin slept in his room peacefully last night.
Intensi ers
Some adverbs frequently work as intensi ers, assuming three different functions:
165
fl
fl
fi
fi
ICMaster
Idiomas-cursos
Emphasis
Ampli cation
Reduction
Examples:
Emphasis
I really don't know what todo.

She simply ignores me.
Ampli cation
The cop completely forgot to follow the plan.

The taxi driver knows this city well.
Reduction
The secretary almost quit after the strike.

Tom is sort of confused.
Exercises:
4. Decide on the function of the intensi ers in bold type.
Example: Alfred is really tired - emphasis
a. Claudia is simply the best.
b. I'm almost ready. Wait a second, please.
c. That movie is absolutely wonderful.
d. The soup is kind of sweet. It needs more salt.
e. The congress completely rejected the proposal.
UNIT 21 - ADVERBS II
Comparatives and superlatives
Adverbs also have comparative and superlative shapes.
166
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
Examples:
If you run faster, you will reach the bus.

The student who reads fastest will nish rst.
A few adverbs have comparative and superlative formed with -er and -est. The most commɔn are:
|Comparative Superlative
fast Taster fastest
SOon SOoner SOonest
early earlier earliest
late later latest
hard harder hardest
long longer longest
near nearer nearest
a farther farthest
well better best
To form the comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs, we use:

Comparative Superlative
more + adverb most + adverb
less + adverb least + adverb
Examples:
Sheila could move more quickly than Sam.

Mr. Harris was the only one able to de ne the problem more precisely.
She worked less con dently after the accident.
That was my least skillfully done performance.
Adverb phrases
Adverb phrases: They are (two or more words) that assume the function of an adverb in a statement. The
adverbial phrases don't have all the components (subject and verb) of an adverb clause.
167
fi
fi
fi
fi
Examples:
Despite her effort, she unked her exams.

Lili was in a hurry to get her passport.
Adverb clauses
The adverb clauses have subject and verb, unlikely the adverb phrases. They are subordinated senteaces
(they don't have sense alone) and their words are called connecting adverbs.
Examples:
Because Sam has a heart problem, he avoids eating red meat.

I will travel to Africa when I nish college.
Connecting Adverbs
They connect adverbs that introduce the subordinate sentences. See some of them:
time
after, before, when, while as, whenever, since, until
place
where, wherever, everywhere
reason
because, since, as, so that, now that
contrast
while, whereas
opposition
although, even though, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that
condition
if, unless, in case
purpose
so that, in order that, in order to
manner
as if, as though
Exercises:
1. Each sentence has an underlined adverb clause. Decide on the type of each clause (time, place, reason,
etc).
168
fi
fl
Example:
Afterhe sawthataccident,he felt verydepressed. time
a. Although he is rich, he won't travel on vacation.
b. Unless he lends me money, ! won't go to the show.
c. I bought a new stove so that we cas cook faster.
d. While she says she's innocent, her husbandaccuses her.
e.Since you're a bright student, you can help me with my homework.
f.Everywhere I look, Iseeyoureyes.
g. You lookas though you're tired!
h. I've been living heresince I boughta newhouse.
2. Choose the right alternative:
a. We keep the eggs in the fridge we can use them later.
a) since b) so that c) although d) after
b. That T-shirt looks very Canadian it hasthesymbolof Canadaon it.
a) since b) so that c) although d) before
C. compact cars are cheap, they last as long as any other car.
a) In order that b) So that c) Although d) After
d. You should always warm up you start exercising.
a) because b) so that c) after d) before
e. If I were you, I'd take an umbrella it's raining.
a) because b) so that c) even though d) before
f. You will have to study a lot you really want to pass the exams.
a) if b) so that c) before d) though

169
MCMaster
idlomas-cursos
g. We should never drive drinking alcoholic beverage.
a) if b)after c) even though d) so that
Adverb phrases with once
Once in a lifetime – very rarely
Example:
Good opportunities happen once in a lifetime.
Once in a blue moon - rarely

Example:
Jerry visits his godfather once in a blue moon.
Once again - again ashappenedbefore
Example:
Once again, Larry is complaining about the food.
Onceand for all- de nitely

Example:
We decided to quit smoking once and for all.
Once in a while - sometimes
Example:
Once in a while we eat out.
Once upon a time - there was a time when
Example:
Once upon a time there was a beautiful princess...
Exercises:
3. Fill in the blanks using the adverb phrases given.
Once and for all Once in a blue moon

Once upon a time Once in a while
a. Charlie loves soft drinks but hates beer. He drinks beer

b. there was an old man who loved the sea...
c. I don't exercise very often. I do it
d. After many break-ups and make-ups, Paul and Vicky will separate
170
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
Relative adverb X relative pronoun
The relative adverbs where, when, why and how can replace the prepositions + which wrea these
prepositions transmit the idea of place, time, reason and marıner respectively. See the following chart:
Meaning Relative adverb Preposition + which

Place Where at, in, to, from + which
Time When in, on, during + which
Reason Why for which
Manner How in which
Examples:
A disco is a place to which you go to dance.

or
A disco is a place where you go to dance.
Winter is the season during which it snows.

or
Winter in the season when it snows.
Tell me the reason for which you are so sad.

or
Tell me the reason why you are so sad.
It was fantastic the way in which you reacted.

or
It was fantastic the way how you reacted.
Exercises
4. Replace the preposition + which with the coresponding relative adverb.
a. The beginning ofa new year is a time during which people around the world decide to make changes
in their lives.
b. The most common vows you hear in January 1, the day on which resolutions are made, are lose weight
and quit smoking.
c. In order to lose weight, some people may join a health club at which they can exercise a
lot
d. That's the place in which we can have the best food in town.
171
MCMaster idiomas-CursOS
e. We read about the period during which the Romans dominated the world.
f. What is the name of the city in which Napoleonlived?
Negative and limiting adverbs
Generally the negative adverb (never, not only, under no circumstances, etc.) or the limiting adverb
(rarely, seldom, hardly ever, etc.) comes in the middle of a sentence, as in this example:
Lil hardly ever goes to the beach in January.
However, we can put it in the beginning of a sentence to emphasize the adverb:
Hardly ever does Lil go to the beach in January.
The structure of the sentence changes to the interrogative form, but it neither changes its meaning nor
transforms it in a question.
Examples:
Never had John seen anything like that.

NeverJehnhadseen-anythingike that-
Rarely does Victor feel tired.

Rarely ieter feelstired.
Exercises
5. Rewrite the sentences beginning with the adverbs in bold.
a. Leo never goes on vacation.
b. He rarely spends time with his friends.
c. He would under no circumstances quit his job.
d. He hardly ever thinks of having fun.
e. He seldom leaves his of ce before 9 pm.
Adverbs often confused
1.before / ago
before
172
fi
MCMaster ldlomas -Cursos
Example:
I had never learned so much before.
ago
Examples:
I spoke to the president half an hour ago.

Dan and Ray met a long time ago.
2. very / too
Very intensi es the adjective/adverb that follows, while too has the negative sense of "excessive'"
"enough". Compare the two examples:
It's very expensive car but I'll buy it anyway.

That car is too expensive. I can't afford it.
UNIT 22 –- SOME/ ANY / NO
Look at this:
AFF: There are some cars in front of the school.

INT: Are there any cars in front of the school?
NEG: There aren't any cars in front of the school.
NEG: There are no cars on front of the school.
Exceptions:
INT: Would you like some coffee? - I am offering something.

INT: Can you give me some money? - I am asking for something.
Your eyes are red. Is there anything with your eyes?- I expect yes as an answer.
We use ANY in an af rmative statement when it doesn't matter what you want.
Sam: There are a lot of fruits over the table. Choose one.
Amy: It doesn't matter. I want any fruit.
Some, any and no are pre xes.
Look at this:
Somebody, anybody, nobody, no one, someone, anyone, no one, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere,
something, anything, nothing, etc.
173
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
Idlomas·cursos
1. Put somebody, anybody or nobody in the following sentences:
a from the post of ce brought this for you.
b came to see me at the weekend, so I was all alone.
c. I don't know who speaks Chinese.
d. A - telephoned this morning.

B-Oh, who was it?
e. I wanted to talk to about my problems, but wanted to listen

because they were all watching television.
f. Please don't tell my secret..
is talking becauseeverybody has a lot of work.
h is talking, but I don't know who it is.
2. Put something, anything, nothing, somewhere or anywhere:
a. I didnt see about the re in the newspaper.

b. My pen must be in this room.
c. We saw very unusual this morning, didn't we?
d. The children don't have to playgames.
e. There was in thecase. It was completely empty.
3. Put anything or anywhere and an in nitive:
a. I'm thirsty, but I haven't got

b. We'd like to go somewhere, but we can't think of
c. He'd like to read something, but he hasn't got
d. They'd like to play footbal, but they haven't got
UNIT 23– PREPOSITIONS I
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: IN, AT, AND ON
The prepositions in, at, and on are used in time expressions as follows:
174
fi
fi
fi
}MCMaster idiomas-cursos
Please be on time in the future. in the past, in the present, in the future*
I usuallywatch TV in theevening.
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
We sleep at night. I was asleep at midnight. at noon, at night, at midnight

I fell asleep at 9:30.
He's busy at present. Please call again. at + "clock time"
at present, at the moment, at the present time
|I was born in October. in + a month/ a year/ a century/ a season

|I was born in 1975.
|I was born in the twentieth century.
The weather is hot in (the) summer. **
|I was born on October 31, 1975. on + a date/ a weekday

|I went toa movie on Thursday.
I haveclass onThursdaymorning(s).
on + weekday morning(s), afternoon(s), evening(s)
* Possible in British English: in future. (Please be on time in future.)

** In expressions with the seasons, the is optional: in (the) spring, in (the) summer, in (the) fall/autumn, in
(the) winter.
1. Complete the sentences with in, at, or on. All of the expressions contain time expressions.
a. History is the study of events that occurred the past.

b. We don't know what will happen future.
c. Newspapers report events that happen, -present.
d. Last year I was a junior in high school. present, I am a senior in high school.
e. I am a student the present time, but I will graduate next month.
f. Ms. Walker can't come to the phone right now. She's in a meeting the moment.
g. Iusually take a walk the morning before I go to work.
h. Frank likes to take a nap the afternoon.
i. Our family enjoys spending time together the evening.
j. Our children always stay home night.
k. I ate lunch noon.
1. I got home midnight.
m. I moved to this city September.
n. I moved here 1990.
o. I moved here September 1990.
175
ACMaster
ldiomas-cursoS
p. I moved here September 3.

q. I moved here September 3, 1990.
r. I moved here thefall.
S. I work the morning. the afternoon, I have an English class.
t._ Wednesday, I work all day. Thursday, I have an English class.
U. Thursday afternoon, I have an English class.
v. My plane was supposed to leave 7:07 P.M., but it didn't take off until 8:30.
UNIT 24 -PREPOSITIONS II
IN AT ON (PLACES)
in a room at work
in a bag at school
in a box at the airport
in a garden at university
in a park at the end
in a town at the meeting
in Brazil at a party
inParis
in the water In and at can be used for a building (hotels,
in the sea restaurants, churches, etc)
in my tea
We are at Plaza's Hotel.
in bed We are in Plaza's Hotel.
in a hospital
in a queue on a bus
in a magazine on a train
in a newspaper on a plane
in a book on a ship
in a car (but on a bus / on a train / on a plane /on on a farm
a ship) on a map
on the meny
at the apron on the ground oor
at the traf c lights on the rst oor
at the bus-stop on the second oor
at the bottom on the left
at home on the right
1. Complete these sentences with in, at or on.
a. We didn't see you ................... the party on Friday. Where were you?
b. It was a very slow train. It stopped *.***.*......... everystation.
c. I don't know where my mobile phone is. Perhaps I left it *.***...*............ mybag.
d. Yesterday I met John ..***. ... a queue at the City Hall.
176
fl
fl
fi
fl
fi
MCMast
e. I saw Marcus .... ********** the meeting last Wednesday.

f. The supermarket is on Oak Avenue ............ the right ofthecinema.
g. I can see the passengers .. theplane.
h. Look, there is something strange
i. It is possible to nd the island ..... the sea.
.... the map.
j. My son is .. .... work right now.
UNIT 25-PREPOSITIONSIII
Preposition Combinations
be absent from
be accustomed to
add (this) to (that)
be acquainted with
admire (someone) for (something)
be afraid of
agree with (someone) about/ on (something)
be angry at / with
apologize to (someone) for (something)
apply to (a place) for (something)
approve of
argue with (someone) about (something)
arrive at (a building, a room)
arrive in (a city, a country)
ask (someone) about (something)
ask (someone) for (something)
be aware of
be bad for
believe in
belong to
be bored with / by
borrow (something) from (someone)
be clear to
compare (this) to / with (that)
complain to (someone) about (something)
be composed of
concentrate on
177
fi
consist of
be crazy about
be crowded with
depend on /upon (someone) for (something)

be dependent on /upon / (someone) for (something)
be devoted to
be different from
disagree with (someone) about (something)
be disappointed in
discuss (something) with (someone)
divide (this) into (that)
divorced from
be done with
dream about / of
E
be engaged to
be equal to
escape from
be excited about
excuse (someone) for (something)
be exhausted from
be familiar with
forgive (someone) for (something)
be friendly to / with
be frightened of/ by
be full of
G
get rid of
be gone from
be good for
graduate from
H
happen to
hearabout / of
hear from
help (someone) with (something)
hide (something) from (someone)
hope for
be hungry for
178
MCMaster
Idlomas-cursos
insist on
be interested in
introduce (someone) to (someone)
invite (someone) to (something)
be involved in
be kind to
know about
laugh at
listen to
look at
lookfo
look forward to
be mad at
be made of
be maried to
matter to
be the matter with
multiply (this) by (that)
be nice to
be opposed to
payfor
be
patient with
be
pleased with
point : at
be
polite to
be
prepared for
179
MCMaster
protect (this) from (that)
be proud of
be quali ed for
be ready for
be related to
rely on upon
be responsible
be satis ed with
be scared of / by
search for
separate (this) from (that)
be similar to
be sorry about (something)
be sorry for (someone)
speak to/ with (someone) about (something)
stareat
subtract (this) from (that)
be sure of
take care of
talk to / with (someone) about (something)
tell (someone) about (something)
be terri ed of / by
thank (someone) for (something)
be thirsty for
be tired from
be tired of
travel to
W
wait for
wait on
be worried about
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition:

180
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
a. You must apologize me _ being sotough.

b. Our class consists discussing nany different topics.
c. Have you already dreamt being a millionaire?
d. Oh, come on. You know that you can rely me?
e. She is engaged Greg.
f. We have to split the bill equal parts.
g. I didn't know you were interested aris.
h. A waiter should always be polite the clients.
i. I don't want to discuss this project you now.
j. A pilot is responsible the safetyofthepassengers.
k. Americans are always proud their country.
UNIT26 - VERB+ ING

Here are some verbs followed by ING.
stop avoid
delay deny
fancy risk
consider practice
admit give up
miss put off
involve carry on
nish go on
postpone keep
imagine keep on
Examples:
Ienjoy eating chocolate.

She considers going to live in a different country.
He avoids arguing with people.
1) Complete each sentence with one of these verbs:
answer apply be be listen make see try use wash work write
a.She tried to avoid ..... my question.

b. Could you please stop ......... SO much noise,
c. He enjoys ... . to music.
d. I considered ... .....for the job but in the end I decided against it.
e. Has she nished ..... ..... her hair yet?
f. If you walk into the road without looking, you risk ........ knocked down.
g. Greg is 60 but he isn't going to retire yet. He wants to carry on ****.
h. I don't mind you ..........he phone as long as you pay for all your calls.
i. Hello! Fancy ....... ....... you here! What a surprise!
181
fi
fi
j. I've put off ...............................

.... .....the letter so many times. I really must do it today.
k. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody .............. .*............. so stupid?
1. Linda gave up ....... ................ o nd a job in this country anddecided to go abroad.
UNIT 27- VERB+ TO

Here are some verbs followed by TO:
Offer Attempt
Agree Manage
Refuse Fail
Decide Promise
Plan Threaten
Arrange Seem
Hope Appear
Aim Tend
Deserve Pretend
Afford Claim
Forget Dare
1) Complete each sentence with a suitable verb.
a. Don'tforget ... .... the letter she gave you.

b. There was a lot of traf c but we managed ... ...................................... to the airport in time.
c. Jill has decided not ............................... a car.
d. We've got a new computer in our of ce. I haven't learnt *............ it yet.
e. I wonder where Clara is. She promised not.... late.
f. We were all too afraid to speak. Nobody dared . anything.
UNIT 28 - VERB + ING OR TO

Here are some verbs followed both by ING and TO:
remember continue
regret bother
go on like
begin try
start help
intend
1) Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or to ... . Sometimes either form is possible.
a. He denied the money. (steal)

b. I don't enjoy TV very much. (watch)
c. We don't want We are tired. (go)
182
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas-cursos
d. I can't afford .. a new house. I don't have enough money. (to buy)
e. Has it stopped.. yet? (rain)
f. Can you remind me ..... some milk when we go out? (buy)
g. Why do you keep .... me questions? (ask)
h. Please stop ..... ..... mequestions. (ask)
i. I refuse ...... any more questions. (answer)
i. One of the boys admitted ....the window. (break)
k. The babybegan ..... in themiddleof the night. (cry)
1. Julia has been ill but now she's beginning .... . better. (get)
UNIT 29-GET + ADJECTIVE AND GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

GET + Adjectives; GET + Past Participle
Get + Adjective
(a) I am getting hungry. Let's eat.
(b) Eric got nervous before the job interview.
Get can be followed by an adjective. Get gives the idea of change - the idea of becoming, beginning to
be, growing to be.
In (a): I'm getting hungry. = I wasn't hungry before, but now I'm beginning to be hungry.
Get + Past Participle

(c) I'm getting tired. Let's stop working.
(d) Steve and Rita got married last month.
Sometimes get is followed by a past participle. The past participle is like an adjective; it describes the
subject of the sentence.
GET + Adjective
Get angry Get hungry

Get bald Get interested
Get big Get late
Get busy Get nervous
Get close Get old
Get cold Get quiet
Getdark Getrich
Get dirty Get serious
Get dizzy Get sick
Getdry Get sleepy
Getfat Get thirsty
Get full Get well
Gethot Get wet
183
MCMaster
Get + Past Participle
Get acquainted Get frightened

Get arrested Gethurt
Get bored Get interested
Get confused Get invited
Get crowded Get involved
Get divorced Get killed
Get done Get lost
Get dressed Get married
Get drunk Get scared
Get engaged Get sunburned
Get excited Get tired
Get nished Get worried
1. Complete the sentences with the words in the list.
bald dirty hurt lost rich busy full late nervous serious
a. This food is delicious, but I can't eat any more. I'm getting
b. This work has to be done before we leave. We'd better get and stop wasting time.
C. I didn't understand Mariam's directions very well, so on the way to her house last night I got
I couldn't nd her house.
d. It's hard to work on a car and stay clean. Paul's clothes always get from all the
grease and oil.
e. Tim doesn't like to y. As soon as he sits down, his heart starts to beat quickly. He gets really
f. We'd better go home. It's getting and you have school tomorrow.
g. Simon wants to get , but she doesn't want to work. That's not very realistic.
h. If you plan to go to medical school, you need to get about the time and money
involved and start planning now.
i. Mr. Andersen is losing some of his hair. He's slowly getting.
j. Was the accident serious? Did anyone get ?
2. Complete the sentences with appropriate forms of get and the words in the list.
angry dressed kill tired cold dry lost well crowd hungry marry Worry
dark involve sunburn
a. When I stayed out in the sun too long yesterday, I .

b. If you're sick, stay home and take care of yourself. You won't if youdon'ttake
care of yourself
c. Alima and Hasan are engaged. They are going to a year from now.
d. Sarah doesn't eat breakfast, so she always by ten or ten-thirty.
e. In the winter, the sun sets early. It, outside by six or even earlier.
f. Put these towels back in the dryer. They didn't the rst time.
g. Let's stop working for a while. I'm I need a break.
184
fi
fl
fi
fi
MCMaster
h. Anastasia has to move out of her apartment next week, and she hasn't found a new place to live. She's
i. Toshiro was in a terrible car wreck and almost .He's lucky to be aive
į. Thetemperatureisdropping.Brr! I'm Can I borrow your sweater?
k. Sorry we're late. We took a wrong turn and
1. Good restaurants around dinner time. It's hard to nd a seat tecause there are so
many people.
m. Calm down! Take it easy! You shouldn't So It's not good for
your blood pressure.
n. I left when Sandra and Joe began to argue. I never in otherpeople'squarrels.
o. Sam is wearing one brown sock and one blue sock today. He in a hurTy this
morning and didn't pay attention to the color of his socks.
UNIT 30- BOTH/ BOTH OF, NEITHER /NEITHER OF, EITHER/

EITHER OF
We use both/neither/either for two things. You can use these words with a noun. (both cars, neither car
etc).
Both hotels are very good.

Neither car is expensive.
We can stay at either hotel. I don't mind.
Both of ... / neither of ... / either of ...
You can use both of/neither of/either of + the ... /these ... /those ... /mylyour/his/Linda's/us/you/them.
Examples:
Both of these hotels are very good.

Neither of the hotels we stayed was (or were) very expensive.
Both my parents are from Belo Horizonte.
Both of us were very tired.
Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to bed.
You can say:
Both ... and

Both Joan and Jonathan were late.
I was both tired and hungry when I arrived home.
Either ... or
I'm not sure where he's from. He's either Russian or Belgian.
Either you apologize or I'll never speak to you again.
185
fi
IcMaster
Neither ... nor
Neither John nor Gordon came to the party.

She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phone.
1) Complete the sentences with both/neither/either. Use of where necessary.
d. . *.*... .......... my friends are from Rome.

b. Paul..*** . ....... smokes nor drinks.
C. "Do you want beer or wine?" "........... .... . I really don't mind.
d. We can leave................** today or tomorrow.
e. I asked two men the way to the airport but ............... them could help me.
f. They ..... -........ Wrote norphoned.
g. The lm was ... ..... long and boring.
h. I was invited to two lectures last week but I didn't go to ...... ..*...*** ... . them.
i. I tried two bookstores for the book I wanted but ... them had it.
j. "Where is Robert? Is he at work or at home?" . He's away on holiday.
186
fi
MCMaster idiomas -cursos
VOCABULARY
ACCRETION: Acúmulo DISREGARD: Desconsiderar
AFT: Atrá,, Traseira DISRUPTIVE FASSENGER: Passageiro
AIRBORNE: Decolando indisciplinado
AIRPORT STAFF: Funcionários do acroporto DOWNDRAFTS: Descedentes
ALLOWED: Autorizado DRAIN: Drenar
APPLIANCE: Veículo de aeroporto DRAINAGE DITCH: Vala de drenagem
APRON: Pátio DRIZZLE: Garoa,Chuvisco
ARMORED TRUCK: Carro forte DUE TO: Devido a
ARRESTED: Preso DUMP: Alijar
ASTONISHINGY: Espantosamente DUMPING AREA: Área de Alijamento
ATTEMPT: Tentar EARTHQUAKE: Terremoto
AVOID: Evitar ELECTRICAL FAULT: Falhaelétrico
BEEHIVE: Colméia EVALUATION: Avaliação
BELLY-LANDING: Pouso de barriga EVERGLADE: Pântano
BELONG TO: Pertencer a EXTENT: Extensão
BENCH: Banco EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Meios de
BEVERAGES: Bebidas extinção
BLADES: Pás FADE: Desvanecer
BLEACH: Alvejante FAULT: Falha
BRAKING: Frenagem; freio FAULTY: Defeituoso
BREAK LOOSE: Soltar-se FIRST AID: Primeiro socorros
BUMP: Batida; Turbulência FAIRLY: Bastante
BUMPY: Turbulento FARADAY CAGE: Gaiola de Faraday
CATERING SERVICE: Serviço de comissaria FIREWORKS: Fogos
CHEQUERED: Quadriculado FOOD POISONING: Envenenamento;
CHOCK: Calço Infecção gastrointestinal
COMPASS: Bússola FORKLIFT TRUCK: Empilhadeira
COMPLAIN: Reclamar FLATENNED TIRE: Pneu murcho
COMPRESSOR STALL: Estol de Compressor FLOCK: Bando
CONGESTION ANXIETY: Ansiedade de FLOW: Fluxo
congestionamento FLOTATION DEVICES: Dispositivos de
COW: Vaca utuação
CRACKED: Rachado FOAM: Espuma
CROSSBONES: Ossos Cruzados FOLLOW-ME VEHICLE: Veículo Siga-me
CROSSWIND: Vento Lateral FORCED LANDING: Pouso forçado
DANGEROUS GOODS: Produtos Perigosos FORBIDDEN: Proibido
DEBRIS: Destroço FOULED: Contaminado
DEER: Veado FUEL IMBALANCE: Desbalanceamento de
DEHYDRATED: Desidratado combustível
DE-ICING: Degelo GALLEY: Cozinha do avião
DEPLOY: Baixar GERMAN SHEPHERD: Pastor Alemão
DISABLED: Quebrado GRAYISH: Cinzento
DISABLED AIRCRAFT: Aeronavequebrada GUST: Rajada
DITCH: Pousar na água HANDLE: Gerenciar
DITCHING: Pouso na água HALT: Parada
187
fl
MCMaster
idlomas- cursos
HARMFUL: Nocivo PLUME OF SMOKE: Pluma de fumaça

HEART ATTACK: Ataquecardíaco POISONOUS: Venenoso
HLJACK: Sequestrar PORT SIDE: Bombordo
HIJACKER: Sequestrador PORTION: Seção
HILLSIDE: Morro POWERPLANT: Motopropulsor
HOLE: Buraco PRECAUTIONARY: Precautório
HOMEMADE: Caseira PROVIDE: Fornecer
HOSE: Mangueira PYROCLASTIC FLOW: Fluxo piroclástico
IMPRACTIBLE: Impraticável READABILITY: Legibilidade
IMPROPER: Impróprio RECOVER: Recuperar
INBOUND: Chegada;entrada REFUEL: Reabastecer
INCOMING: Chegada REJECT: Abortar
INQUIRY: Averiguação REPAIR: Consertar
ISSUE: Assunto RESTRAIN: Conter
LANDSCAPE: Paisagem RODENTS: Roedores
LEAK: Vazar ROOF-MOUNTED FIRE HOSE: Esguicho de
LIFT: Sustentação mangueira de incêndio
LIGHTNING STRIKE: Colisão com SCHEDULED FLIGHT: Voo programado
relâmpago SCRAMBLED: Acionado; arranjado
LOUNGE: Salão SCRATCH: Arranhar
MAGMA CHAMBER: Câmara de magma SET: Con gurar
MAGNETO: Magneto SEEM: Parecer
MAIN ROTOR: RotorPrincipal SHIFT: Expediente
MAJOR: Principal SHROUDED: Envolta
MARSHALLER: Balizador SLIPPERY: Escorregadio
MEASURES: Medidas SLOT: Horário
MICROBURST: Cortante de vento SKULL: Crânio
MISMANAGEMENT: Falta de gerenciamento SLIPPERY: Escorregadio
MISSED APPROACH: Arremetida SPARK: Faísca
MISSING: Desaparecido SPARSE: Esparso
MISTRIMMED STABILIZER: Estabilizador SQUALLS: Rajadas
deslanceado SNIFF: Farejar
MOBILIZED: Mobilizado SPRAY: Esguichar
MONTAINOUS: Montanhoso SPILL: Derramar
NAUSEOUS: Enjoativo STAND: De pé
NAVIGATION AD: Auxílios a navegação STARB0ARD SIDE: Estibordo; boreste; lado
OFFLOAD: Descarregar direito
OUTBOUND: Saída STEEP TURN: Curva íngrime
OUT OF ORDER: Fora de serviço STOPOVER: Escala
OVERHEAR: Ouvir dizer STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH: Aproximação
OVERPOWER: Dominar direto
OVERPOWERED: Dominado STRETCHER: Maca
OVERSHOOT: VARAR STUCK: Preso
PARACHUTING: Pára-quedismo SUDDEN: Repentino
PALE: Pálido SUITABLE: Adequando, Apropriado,
PALLETS: Palheta Conveniente
PERFORM: Realizar SWEAT: Suar
188
fi
MCMaster Idlomas -Cursos
TAILPIPE FIRE: Tubo de fogo da turbina UPWARDS: Para cima

TAIL-STRIKE: Bater com a cauda VOLCANIC ASH: Cinza vuicanic>
THREAT: Ameaça VULTURE: Ave de rapina
THREATEN: Ameaçador WAKE TURBUIENCE: Esteira de
THRESHOLD: Cabeceira Turbulencia
THRUST: Tração WASTE: Desgaste
TIDY: Arrumado WARN: Avisar
TO THE HILT: Completamente WARNING: Aviso
TOOLB0X: Caixa de Ferramente WHALE: Baleia
TUG: Rebocador WHEEL: Roda
UNDERTAKE: Encarregar WILDLIFE: Selvagem; Silvestre
UNLOAD: Descarregar WINDSHEAR: Tesoura de Vento
UNRULY PASSENGER: Passageiro WINDSHIELD: Pára-brisas
indisciplinado WINDSOCK: Biruta
UPDATE: Atualizar YELL: Gritar
UPDRAFTS: Ascendentes
189
MCMaster
idlomas-cursos
CONNECTIVES:
ACCORDING TO: DE ACORDO IN FACT: De fato

ACTUALLY: Na verdade IN ORDER TO: Para / a m de
AFTER ALL: A nal de contas IN SPITE OF: Apesar de
ALTHOUGH: Embora IN ORDER TO: Para / a m de
A MAJOR CONCERN: A maiorpreocupação IN OTHER WORDS: Em outras palavras
ANYWAY: De qualquer maneira IN PARTICULAR: Em especial
AS A MATTER OF FACT: Narealidade IN PLACE OF: No lugar para
AS A RESULT: Como resultado IN THEEVENT OF: No caso de
AS FAR AS I AM CONCERNED: Até onde isso IN THE MEANTIME: Ao mesmo/Entretanto
me toca INITIALLY: Iniciamente
AS FAR AS I KNOW: Ao melhor de meu INSTEAD OF: Ao invés
conhecimento IT MAY APPEAR THAT: Podeparecerque
AS FAR AS I UNDERSTAND: Tanto quanto eu LIKEWISE: Igualmente; do mesmo modo
entendo MEANWHILE: Enquanto isso
AS I HAVE SAID: Como eu disse MOREOVER: Aliás
AS LONG AS: Enquanto NATURALLY: Naturalmente
AS TIME GOES BY: Na medida que o tempo NEEDLESS TO SAY: Escusado será dizer que
passa NEVERTHELESS: Todavia
AS WELL AS: Assim como NONETHELESS: Todavia
AT ANY RATE: Dequalquermaneira NOTWITHSTAND: Não obstante
AT LAST: A nal NOWADAYS: Atualmente
BESIDES: Além de OBVIOUSLY: Obviamente
BY MEANS OF: Por meios de ON THE ONE HAND: Por um lado
BY THE WAY: Apropósito ON THE OTHER HAND: Por outro lado
CERTAINLY: Certamente ON TOP OF THAT: Acima de tudo
CONCERNING: Em relação a; com relação; no OTHERWISE: Senão; De outra maneira
tocante de PROVIDED (THAT): Desde que
DESPITE: Apesar de REGARDING: Com relação a; a respeito de
DUE TO: Devido a SO FAR: Até agora
EVEN THOUGH: Embora SIMULTANEOUSLY: Simultaneamente
EVIDENTLY: Evidentemente TAKE THE CASE OF: Tomar o caso de
FIRST OF ALL: Primeiramente; em primeiro THE MAIN REASON: O principal motivo
lugar THEREBY: Desse modo / Por esse meio
FOR INSTANCE: Porexemplo THEREFORE: Portanto
FOR THE TIME BEING: Porenquanto THUS: Assim / Deste modo
FOR THIS REASON: Por esta razão TO CONCLUDE: Para concluir
FURTHERMORE: Ademais TO ILLUSTRATE: Para ilustrar
HOWEVER: Entretanto TO PUT IT ANOTHER WAY: Para colocar de
I ADMIT: Admito outra maneira
IN ACCORDANCE: De acordo TO SUMMARIZE: Resumir
IN AGREEMENT: De acordo TO SUM UP: Para resumir
IN ANY CASE: Em todo o caso TO THE PURPOSE OF: No m de
IN CASE OF: No caso de UNLIKE: Ao contrário
IN CONCLUSION: Em conclusão WHATSOEVER: Seja o que for / Por mais que
IN CONFORMITY: Em conformidade WHEREAS: Ao passo que
IN EXCHANGE FOR: Em troca de WITHOUT A DOUBT: Sem dúvida
IN FACE OF: Em face de
190
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
PHRASAL VERBS
BLOW UP: Explodir PASS AWAY: Morrer

CALL OFF: Cancelar PASS BY: Passar
CARRY ON: Continuar PASS OUT: Desmaiar
CARRY OUT: Executar PUT OFF: Adiar
COUNT ON: Contar com PUT OUT: Apagar
END UP: Acabar em /Resultar QUIBBLE OVER: Deixar de lado
FACE UP TO: Encarar RUN OUT OF: Ficar sem
FIGURE OUT: Descobrir SET ASIDE: Deixar de lado
FIND OUT: Descobrir SHUT DOWN: Desligar
FLIP OVER: Pilonar SLOW DOWN: Desacelerar
HURRY UP: Apressar-se SORT OUT: Resolver
IN NO TIME AT ALL:Rapidamente START UP: Ligar
LOOK LIKE: Parecer TURN OVER: Capotar
191
}MCMaster
ANSWER KEY
UNIT 01- REVIEW OFSIMPLE j. cried b. the least interesting
VERB TENSES c. less fertile than
UNIT 02 - COMPARATIVE OF d. the least charming
1. SUPERIORITY, INFERIORITY, e. less dif cult than
a. am EQUALITY AND INEQUALITY f. the least interesting
b. are g. less old than
c. were 1. h. the lcast cold
d.is a. more powerful than / the most i. the least expensive
e. will be powerful j. the least curious
f. are b. more right than / the most right
g. was c. better than / the best UNIT 03-TELL/ SAY
h. Are d. uglier than / the ugliest
i. are e. more expensive than / the most 1.
j. am or will be expensive a. said
f. more contagious than / the most b..told
2. contagious c. said
a. will study g. fatter than / the fattest d.told
b. would study h. dirtier than / the dirtiest e. said
c. was speaking / was teaching i. purer than / the purest f. say
d. buy j. worse than / the worst g. tell
e. will be traveling / are working k. cheaperthan / thecheapest h. told
f. will nish I. safer than / the safest i. said
g works m. more superstitious / the most j. tell
h..slept superstitious k. said
i. would bring n. luckier than / the luckiest 1. told
j. Does/sleep o. more wrong than / the most m . said
wrong n. said
3. p. more ordinary than / the most o. told
a. am sitting / sit ordinary . said
b. speaks / is speaking q. newer than / the newest
c. isn't standing / is sitting r. farther than, further than / the UNIT 04- PRESENT PERFECT
d. is cating / cats farthest, the furthest AND PRESENT PERFECT
e. isn't raining / is shining l is s. heavier than / the heaviest CONTINUOUS
f. Does it rain
g. Is it raining 2. 1
a. the most real a. didn't come

4 b. older / the oldest b. haven't come
a. was eating c. farther than or further than c. have sold
b. was eating / camne d. narrower than d. sold
c. came / was eating e. the slowest e. kept
d. was sleeping f. sillier than f. kept
e. was sleeping /rang g. the worst g. didn't rain / hasn't rained
f. rang / was sleeping h. thinner / younger h. haven't seen / saw
g. began / was walking / saw i. more beautiful than i. have just done / did
j. hotter than j. saw
5. k. haven't nished
a. will travel 3. 1. saw /haven't seen
b. went a. as dangerous as m. went
c. will give b. as pretty as n. have already done
d. didn't do C. as creative as o. hasn't paid
e. will play d. as weak as p. wrote / hasn't written
f. played e. as expensive as q. have disappeared
g. it will rain r. posted I postcd
b. swam 4. s. have seen / didn' set
i. will get a. less sweat than t. haven't bought /Iooked
192
fi
fi
fi
CMCMaster
idiomascursos
u. gave / has already lost j. had read e. We ought not ts sudy hard for
V. spent the test.
w. borrowed / hasn't come back UNIT 07- MODALS I f. ! shJuld:a't go over ny notes
x. has talked 1. gain and try sot thisproblem
y. has just nished a. can /can't oui.
z. have taught b. can't g. Ste rnight ne coine tonight to
al. have never been C. can /can't invile as for her weĞding.
bl. went d. can / can't h. We coulda': analyze the projcct
c1. left e. can lcan't last Fricay.
d1. has already left f. can't l can i. She (can't / can not / cannot)
speak a lot of languages.
2. 2. j.I didn't use to playing soccer
a. have been reading a. could every night when I was a teenager.
b. has been speaking b. couldn't
c. haven't seen c. could UNIT 08 - MODALS II
d. has been studying d. couldn't
e. Have / been buying e. couldn't 1.
f. could a. should have studied / ought to
UNIT 05 - SEQUENCY OF have studied
ADJECTIVES 3. b. could have been caused / may
a. may or might have been caused / might have been
1
b. may not or might not caused
a. a beautiful round wooden table. c. may or might C. must have made
b. an unusual gold ring. d. may or might d. should have dropped / ought to
c.a nice new sweater. e. may not or might not have dropped
d. a new green sweater. f. may or might e. could have gone away
e. a beautiful old house. g. may not or might not
f. black leather gloves h. may not or might not UNIT 09- REPORTED SPEECH
g. an old American movie. i. may or might
h. a long thin shape. 1.
i. big black clouds. 4. a. Lui said (that) he wanted to win
j. a lovely sunny day. a. in the lottery.
k. an ugly yellow dress. b. My brother used to playing a lot b. Sandra said (that) she ran 15 KM
l.a long wide avenue. when he was at the university. yesterday. or Sandra said (that) she
m. an old little red car. C. had run 15 KM yesterday.
n. a small black metal box. d. Years ago I used to swimming c. Rodney asked if I could come
0. a fat big black cat. every day. back tomorrow.
P. a charming little old country inn. e. Ron used to smoking cigarettes d. President Carter said (that) he
q. a beautiful long black hair. when he was a young man. would be reelected next year.
r. an interesting old Japanese f.O e. Tina asked if Anne slept there last
painting. g.o night. or Tina asked if Anne had
S. an enormous yellow-red umbrella. h. My cousins used to spending slept there last night.
every summer in the country until f. Joan said (that) she was tired of
UNIT 06 PAST PERFECT I they were about 18. doing the same thing every day.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS i. g. Carl (said) she was sleeping when
ICONDITIONALPERFECT Linda called him last morning.
h. The Terminator said (that) he
1. 4. would be back.
a. had already gone a. She wouldn't rather travel on her i. Sam said (that) he had to study
b. have been playing vacation. Math every day.
c. had known b. They may not come back next j. Leroy asked if he would be able to
d. had been studying year. get a special meal.
e. had decided c. You mustn't reorganize all the k. Mark said (that) he was the
f. would have had projects. strongest man of the world.
g. hadn't seen d. He had better not bring a solution . Gulliver asked where the
h. had been waiting for this problem next week. bathroom was.
i. would have called
193
fi
MCMaster
m. Catherine said she didn't meet POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS I a.c
those people at the restaurant REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS b. b
yesterday. or Catherine said she c.d
hadn't met those people at the 1. d. d
restaurant yesterday. a. herself e. b
n. Mike said (that) he would buy b. you f. c
two cars next month. c. myself
0. Mirto asked if she wanted to d. my, your, his, her, our, their h. c
marry him. e. themselves i.d
p. Ted said (that) he couldn't speak f. us, her j, a
Chinese. g. herself k. c
q- Professor Smart said (that) he h. himself I. b
solved that exercise last class. or i. He, us m. d
Professor Smart said (that) he had j.himself n. d
solved that exercise last class. k. mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs 0,
r. Martha asked if I checked the 1. yourself, yourselves P. a
dipstick. or Martha asked if I had m.her 4.b
checked the dipstick. n. himself r.c
s. The monster said (that) he 0. my, hers
couldn't be beaten. p..us UNIT 16- PASSIVE VOICEI
t. The students said (that) they were 4. me
giving a lot of homework. r. ourselves 1.
a. Our homework is corrected by the
UNIT 10 – FUTURE PERFECT UNIT 13 - RELATIVE teacher.
AND FUTURE PERFECT CLAUSES I b. This class will be taught by Mr.
CONTINUOUS 1. Oliveira.
a. (which / that) makes cell phones. c. I am surprised by the news.
1. b. (that l who) traveled to fty d. Sam is surprised by the news.
a. will have already started countries in two years. e. We are surprised by the news.
b. will have nished c. (which / that) performed a great f. I was surprised by the news.
c. will have already concluded exhibition in the swimming pool. g. We were surprised by the news
d. will have lived d. (that / who) stole my wallet h. The letter has been mailed by
e. will have gone e. (that / who) invented the soccer Bob.
game. i. The letters have been mailed by
2. f. (which / that) were on the shelf. Bob.
a. will have been studying g. (which / that) should be j. The letter will be mailed by Bob.
b. will have been spending respected. k. The letter is going to be mailed
C. will have been driving h. (that / who) are talkative. by Bob.
d. will have been working i. (which / that) is safe to go 2.
e. will have been living sightseeing. a. I am helped by the teacher.
b. Jane is helped by the teacher.
UNIT 11 - THERE TO BE UNIT 14 - RELATIVE c. We are helped by the teacher
CLAUSES II d. I was helped by the teacher.
1. e. They were helped by the teacher
a. there would be 1. f. Joe has been helped by the
b. There might be a. whose teacher.
c. there will be b. where g. We have been helped by the
d. There is going to be C. who teacher.
e. There used to be d. whose h. I will be helped by the teacher.
f. there should be e. where i. I am going to be helped by the
g. there wouldn't be f. whose teacher.
g. whom j. Tim will be helped by the teacher.
UNIT 12 - PERSONAL k. Tim is going to be helped by the
PRONOUNS OBJECT UNIT 15 RELATIVE teacher.
PRONOUNS / POSSESSIVE CLAUSESIII
ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS / 3.
1.
194
fi
fi
MCMaster
a. Our mail is delivered by Mr. The soccer game has been f. Tom had been helped by Dr.
Lemon. anceled. Schucratz.
b. The cake has been caten by the i. My name will be listed in the new g. Tom is going to be helped by Dr.
children. telephone directory. SchucntZ.
c. That letter was written by Carla. k. The Origin of Species was h. Tom will be helped by Dr.
d. My watch is going to be xed by written by Charles Darwin. Schucrutz.
the jeweler. I. The Origin of Species was i. Tom would be helped by Dr.
e. Our class will be taught by Ms. published in 1859. Schucrutz.
Belini. m. At that restaurant beer and wine j. Tom can be helped by Dr.
. Many people are employed by are served. Schucrutz.
that company. n. Have you ever been hypnotized? k. Tom should be helped by Dr.
g. Micheli has been hired by that Schucrutz.
company. UNIT 18 - PASSIVE VOICE III I Tom ought to be helped by Dr.
h. The letters are going to be xed Schhucrutz.
by the secretary. 1. m. Tom must be helped by Dr.
i. My old car was bought by a a. A new house is being built on Schucrutz.
college student. Elm Street. n. Tom has to be helped by Dr.
į. The work will be done by Mr. b. That house is being built by Schucrutz.
Adams. Smith Construction Company. o. Tom may be helped by Dr.
k. The windows were washed by c. This sentence is being read by Schucrutz.
Mr. Fox. Yoko. p. Tom might be helped by Dr.
d. Our classroom can't be used by Schucrutz.
UNIT 17- PASSIVE VOICEII us because it is being painted.
e. Our classroom couldn't be used UNIT 19 - COUNTABLE AND
by us yesterday because it was being UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
painted.
b. f. The language lab can't be used by 1.
c. The window was broken by Susie. us today because the equipment is a. are
d. being xed. b. are
e. g. The language lab couldn't be c. is
f. The ball was caught by the second used by us yesterday because the d. is
baseman. equipment was being xed. e.
g. h. My shoes are being repaired.
h. i. My shoes were being repaired. g. is
i.O j. A student trip is being organized h. are
j. A quiz was announced by the to the art museum. i. is
teacher. . are
k. ) 2.
I.0 a. It will be mailed by Bob. 2.
m. b. It can be mailed by Bob. a. a few la little
n. o c. It should be mailed by Bob. b. little
o. d. It ought to be mailed by Bob. c. a few
p. The accident was seen by many e. It must be mailed by Bob. d. few
people. f. It has to be mailed by Bob.
g. It may be mailed by Bob. UNIT 20 - ADVERBS I
2 h. It might be mailed by Bob.
a. Rice is grown in India. 1.
b. Spanish is spoken in Venezuela. 3. a. slowl

c. Is Spanish spoken in Peru? a. Tom is helped by Dr. Schucrutz. b. over there
d. The telephone was invented by b. Tom is being helped by Dr. c. immediately
Alexander Graham Bell Schucrutz. d. extremely
e. When was the wheel invented? c. Tom has been helped by Dr.
I. Hammers are sold at a hardware Schucr 2.
store d. Tom was helped by Dr. a. I rarely travel.
g. Hammers are used to pound nails. Schucrutz. b. I meet our cousins every month.
h. The meeting has been canceled e. Tom was being helped by Dr. c. Everyone should drive slowly.
by the president. Schucrutz.
195
fi
fi
fi
fi
MCMaster
idiomas -cursos
d. We can nd the best beaches in c. Under no circumstances would he UNIT 24- PREPOSITIONSII
Bahia here in Brazil. quit his job.
d. Hardly ever does he think of 1.
3. having fun a. at
a. a e. Seldom does he leave his of ce b, at
b. a before 9 p.m. C. in
c. b d. in
d. t UNIT 22- SOME/ ANY / NO e. at
e. a f. on
1. g. on
4. a. Somebody h. in
a. emphasis b. Nobody i. on
b. reduction c. anybody i. at
c. ampli cation d. Somebody
d. reduction e. somebody / nobody UNIT25 -PREPOSITIONSII
e. ampli cation f. anybody
.body
g. 1.
UNIT 21- ADVERBS II h. Somebody to / for
2. b. of
1. a. anything c. of
a. opposition b. somewhere d. on
b. condition c. something e. for
c. purpose d. anywhere f. to
d. contrast e. nothing B n
e. reason h. of
f. place 3. i. with
g. manner a. anything to drink
h. reason b. anywhere to go 2.
c. anything to read a. to / for
2. d. anywhere to play b. of
a. b C. of
b. a UNIT 23 - PREPOSITIONS I d. on
e. to
1. f. to
e. a a. in g. in
f. a b. in h. to
g.b c. in i.
. with
d. At j. for
3. e. at k. of
a. once in a blue moon f. at
b. Once upon a time g. in UNIT 26- VERB+ ING
C. once in a while h. in
d. once and for all i. in 1.
. at a. answering
4. k. at b. making
a. when L at c. listening
b. when m. in d. applying
c. where n. in e. washing
d. where 0. in f. being
e when P. on g working
f.when q. on h. using
r. in i. seeing
5 s. in / On j. writing
a. Never does Leo go on vacation. t. On /On k. being
b. Rarely does he spend time with u. On 1. trying
his friends. v. at
UNIT 27- VERB + TO
196
fi
fi
fi
fi
UNIT 29 - GET + ADJECTIVE i. got killed

1. AND GET + PAST PARTICIPLE i. gettingcold
a. to answer k. got lost
b. to arrive 1. I. gct crowdcd
c. to buy a. full D. gei/ ansgy
d. to use b. busy . eiir.volved
e. to be c. lost 0. gi dressed
f. to speak d. dirty
e. ner UNIT 39 - BOTH I BOTH OF,
UNIT 28 - VERB + ING OR TO f. late NEINHER / NEITHER OF,
1. g.rich EITHER / EITHER OF
a. stealing h.serious
b. watching i. bald 1.
c. to go j. hurt a. Both (of)
d. to buy b. neither
e. raining 2. c. Either
f. tobuy a. sunburned d. either
g. asking b. get well e. both of
h. asking c. get married f. neither
i. to answer d. gets hungry g. both
j. eaking e. gets dark h. either of
k. crying or to cry f.getdried i. neither of
. toget & getting tired j. Neither
h. getting worried
197
GMCMaster
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Azar, Betty S.-Fundamentalsof EnglishGrammar,SecondEdition - PRENTICE HALL - ISBN: 0-13-

338278-8
McCarthy, Michael; 0°Dell Felicity - EnglishVocabularyin Use - upperintermediate &advanced-

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS – ISBN: 0-521-42396-1
Emery, Henry; Roberts Andy - Check Your Aviation English - MACMILLAN – ISBN: 978-0-230-
40207-2
198
McMaster Aviation English Succes
OnlineAUDIOS - SecondEdition
A self-study reference and practice book for The Santos Dumont English sessment
Using clear examples and easy-to-follow exercises, this new, full.cóle otthe
best-selling McMaster Aviation English Success, covering all the ar ROplc
"Interacting as a Pilot, "Unexpected Situations and Picture Desc uSslon
that students need.
E Well-structuredunits plusvocabulary,connectives,phrasalverbsand nmar you will need.
The Online Audios give you real exam exercises, providing further information
about the test.
E Sharpen your test-taking skills with 20 full-length SDEA tests and 23 SDEA ful-length online tests.
i Improve your structure skills with 30 grammar topics.
MCMaster
Idlomascursos
R Aulas
PresenciaiseOnline
oning www.mcmasteridiomas.com.br

McMaster Icao Aviation English

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

McMaster Icao Aviation English

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

McMaster Icao Aviation English

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STEP-BY-STEP

UNIT 01 - GROUND MOVEMENTINCIDENTS 01

GRAMMAR 01 - REVIEW OF SIMPLE VERBTENSES 122

ANSWER KEY 192

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Each unit consists of four parts: Aviation topics, Interacting as a pilot,

Then, the examiner plays the rst audio of this situation:

Test-taker: MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY. Brasilia Center. McMaster 123. We had a

Then, the examiner plays the second audio of this situation.

compressor stall. Con rm.

The controller can either understand or misunderstand the information. In this

Test-taker: Brasilia Center. McMaster 123. Negative. I had a depressurization.

Examiner: What did the controller say?

Test-taker: The controller cleared me to descend to FL100 and asked if I had a

Then, the examiner asks a question.

In your opinion, what threats can a belly-landing cause to the operation?

Here it follows the question:

Start your online training immediately.

Register on our website: www.mcmasteridiomas.com.br

Whatsapp: (11) 99889-2970

UNIT 01-GROUND MOVEMENT INCIDENTS

PART 1 -AVIATION TOPICS

1) How can incidences of ground movement accidents be reduced?

Follow-up questions, if necessary: Can you tell more about that?

Why? / Why not? / How? / When? / Where? Canyouexplain it better?

PART 2-INTERACTINGASA PILOT

What did the controller say?

What did the controller say?

What did the controller say?

What did the controller say?

PART 3-UNEXPECTED SITUATIONS

Situation 1) Listen to situation number one:

Situation 2) Listen to situation number two:

2) What may happen if an aircraft takes off with adamaged winglet?

Situation 3) Listen to situation number three:

3) What are the possible threats of some debris on the taxiway?

Thank you! You may remove the headset now.

Follow-up questions, if necessary: see Part 01

Are the instructions clear?

1) Please describe this picture to me.

What do you think happened before this picture was taken?; or

3) Imagine that this picture has just been taken:

4) In your opinion why is the follow-me vehicle assisting the aircraft?

5) In what circumstances should a follow-me vehicle be requested?

Paulo Departure on frequency 129.50.

UNIT 02- BIRD-STRIKE

1) How do airports reduce the risk of wildlife strikes in your opinion?

2) What kind of damage can bird-strikes do to aircraft?

Follow-up questions, ifnecessary: Can you tell more about that?

Please put the headset on. Let's check the volume.

PART 2 - INTERACTING AS A PILO0T

What did the controller say?

What did the controller say?

What did the controller say?

What did the controller say?

What did the controller say?

ask you a question.

Situation 1) Listen to situation number one:

Situation 2) Listen to situation number two:

Situation 3) Listen to situation number three: