11 Chemistry

Common Laboratory Apparatus
commonly used by XIth class student is described below:

The apparatus which is
1. Beakers. Beakers of different sizes such as 150 ml, 200 ml made of soft glass or corning
glass. Beakers are used for taking various liquids

2. Test Tubes. Test tubes of different sizes are available. Small test tubes used for salt analysis
known ascentrifuging tubes and boiling tubes are also available.

3. Conical Flask. It is used in volumetric analysis for carrying out titration.
4. Funnel. It is used for filtration or for pouring solutions.
It is used in quantitative analysis when we have to prepare a solution with
5. Measuring Flask.
a particular volume. There are flasks of 50 ml, 100 ml and 250 ml capacity. There is a mark on
the stem of the flask upto which the liquid is taken to complete the volume
6. Glass-Rod. It is used for stiring purposes. It is also used as an aid for transferring the liquid
into the funnel.
7. China Dish. It is a small vessel made of porcelain. It is used in crystallisation, for
concentrating a solution.
8. Wire Gauze. I is placed above the flame of the buner so that the glass vessel being heated
does not touch the flame directly and hence is prevented from breaking.
9. Tripod Stand. It is used for supporting a china dish or a beaker so that it can be heated from
below
Other apparatus with which a student must familiarize are test tube holder, test tube brush,
crucible tongs, spatula, watch glass, clamp stand, burette, pipette, water bath, sand bath and
centrifugal machine.
Gas detecto
Boling
ube brush
Funnel stand Funnel Wash bomle
Tripod BnO Wire gauz China dlah
Glass rod Buegess Walch glas
Platinum wire Chercoel block Mouth blow Charooal

Ppe borer
Pig 1.1. Apparatus used in chemistry laboratory

o m e lmportant Precautions
TO avoid unnecessary risk or injury during laboratory work, the students are advised to observe
the following precautions
1. Do not touch any chemical with hand as some of them may be corrosive.
2. Never taste a chemical. It may be poisonous

3. Do not place the chemical on the palm of your hand.
4. Do not keep the reagent bottles open.
5. Do not roam here and there in the laboratory without work.
6. Do not put any object into the reagent botle.
7. Do not bring inflammable liquids such as alcohol, ether near the flame.
8. Do not take the reagent from the shelf to your seat.
9. Do not disturb the arrangement of reagents placed on the shelf.
10.Do not use cracked glass apparatus such as beakers for heating purposes.
11. Do not keep water tap runningwhen not required.
12. Do not throw solid waste materials like filter paper pieces, test-tube pieces, etc. in the Sink.
Throw them in the waste box only.

13. Do not heat beakers or china dish directly on flame. Always make use of wire gauge.
Date Date
Name of experiment
Diagram
Chemical equation Theory
Procedure
Observations
Calculations General calculations
Precautions
Keep following points in consideration regarding your practical note-book
1. Do not tear pages from note-book

2. Do not over write if a mistake has been committed in recording, put a line over it and write
the correct word or figure again.
3. Number the pages of your note-book.
4. Complete the index, indicating the experiment, its serial number, page number on which it is
written.
5. Keep your note-book neat and tidy and covered with brown paper.
First Aid Emergency Treatment In The Laboratory

A chemistry laboratory encompasses different types of chemicals, apparatus. Any lack of
attention on the part of student may cause accident. Accidents may occur by chance also. In
any case prompt action should be taken to give first aid to the victim and then should be
hospitalised if the need be. The probable accidents and their first aid emergency treatment are
given below
To Prepare Crystals of Pure Copper Sulphate
(Cuso, 3to) from a given impure sample ofthe
blue vitriol
Theory
The given sample is shaken with water. A few drops of dilute sulphuric acid are added to it in
order to prevent hydrolysis of copper sulphate Copper sulphate present in the sample gets
dissolved while the insoluble impurities are left behind. The solution is fitered The filtrate is
concentrated to the crystallisation point and then cooled. On cooling, crystals of copper
sulphate (CuSO,.5H,0) separate out.
Requirements
Crude sample of copper sulphate, a 400 ml beaker, a china dish, a funnel, an evaporating dish
and a policeman (glass rod).
Procedure
1.Preparation of Solution. Take about 25-30 ml of water and add to it small quantities of the
powdered crude copper sulphate. Stir well to dissolve it. Make several additions of the
powdered sample till a little of it remains undissolved even if it is stirred for sometime. Now
add 2-3 ml of dilute sulphuric acid to make the solution dlear. This prevents hydrolysis of the
copper sulphate
2. Filtration of the Solution and Concentration of the Filtrate to Crystallisation point. Filter the
solution and collect the filtrate in a china impurities are left as residue on the filter paper.
Heat the china dish on a sand bath til the solution is reduced to about one-third of its original
volume. As the solution gets heated up, it is stirred well with a glass rod to avoid crust
formation on the side of the dish. If the crust is formed, it is dissolved into the solution by
removing it with glass rod. Don't allow the solution in the dish to boil.
Remove a drop of the solution at the end of a glass rod and cool it by blowing.The appearance
of a crust or tiny crystals on the glass rod shows that the crystallisation point has reached
Now turn off the burner and stop heating Transfer the hot saturated solution in a crystalising
dish.
3. Cooling the Hot Saturated Solution. Place the crystallisation dish containing hot saturated
solution on a beaker containing water filled to the brim and allow it to cool slowly for
sometime. Deep blue crystals of copper sulphate will appear. After about half an hour, the
crystallisation is complete
Roll
No.
Fig. 5.12. Preserving

of crystals.
4. Separation of Crystals and Drying. Decant off the mother liquor carefully. Wash the crystals
with a little ethyl alcohol containing small amount of cold water. Re-move the
crystals on a
filter paper which soaks the
solution. Transfer the crystals on another filter paper and dry them
by pressing gently between the folds of the filter
papers or by spreading on a porous plate. Transfer the crystals to a dry test tube and cork it
(Fig. 5.12).
The crystals of pure copper sulphate

(CuSO,.5H%0) are triclinlc, transparent and blue.
Precautions
1.The filtrate should be evaporated slowly by gently heating during
2. The filtrate is to be
evaporated only up to the crystallisation point.
concentration.
It should never be heated
to dryness. Avoid over heating of the solution.
3. Thesolution should be cooled slowly without
disturbing it. It should never be cooled rapidly.
4. Wash the crystals with the
washing liquid 3-4 times using very small amount of the
each time liquid
5. In case the crystals obtained are very small, it means that the solution has been
concentrated more than that required at the crystallisation stage.

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Common Laboratory Apparatus

commonly used by XIth class student is described below:

glass. Beakers are used for taking various liquids

known ascentrifuging tubes and boiling tubes are also available.

Funnel stand Funnel Wash bomle

Tripod BnO Wire gauz China dlah

Glass rod Buegess Walch glas

Platinum wire Chercoel block Mouth blow Charooal

Pig 1.1. Apparatus used in chemistry laboratory

2. Never taste a chemical. It may be poisonous

Throw them in the waste box only.

Keep following points in consideration regarding your practical note-book

1. Do not tear pages from note-book

First Aid Emergency Treatment In The Laboratory

Fig. 5.12. Preserving

The crystals of pure copper sulphate

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