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com -‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔﻣﻦ‪ethesis@nitr‬‬

‫"ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ"‬

‫ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺉﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻦﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮﺭﻳﺲﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺵﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺹ‪ .ROF‬ﺃ‪.‬ﺳﺎﻫﻮ‬

‫ﺏﻱ‬

‫ﻙ‪.‬ﺳﺎﺗﻴﺶ ﻛﻮﻣﺎﺭ‬

‫‪10600036‬‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺭﻛﻴﻼ‬

‫‪2010‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺭﻛﻴﻼ‬

‫ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪"،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ"ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻙ‪.‬ﺳﺎﺗﻴﺶ ﻛﻮﻣﺎﺭﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء ﺟﺰﺉﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻟﻮﺭﻳﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺭﻭﺭﻛﻴﻼﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺻﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺩﺑﻠﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ)ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ( ﺃ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻫﻮ ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺭﻛﻴﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺭﻛﻴﻼ ‪-‬‬
‫‪،769008‬ﺃﻭﺭﻳﺴﺎ‬
 ‫ﺇﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ‬

‫ﺃﻭﺩﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎﺫ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ( ﺃ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻫﻮ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ؛ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻤﺠﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻨﺴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﻣﻤﺘﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭﺳﻜﺎﻏﺎﺭﻭﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﺉﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻲ ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺮﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺜﻤﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺭﻛﻴﻼ‬

‫ﻙ‪.‬ﺳﺎﺗﻴﺶ ﻛﻮﻣﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪:‬‬

‫‪10600036‬‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺭﻛﻴﻼ‬

 ‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﺎً ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻛﺪﻳﻪﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺯﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺯﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﻗﺮﻭﻧﺎً‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻦ ﺍﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻥ "ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ" ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺴُﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌُﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﺤﺔﻭﺍﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ )ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺃﻣﺮﺍً‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎًﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻠﻴﻔﻨﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪-‬ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎ ًﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺎ ًﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎ‪ ً.‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﺎ‬
 ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﺃﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽﺍﻻﺩﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻕﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪3‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪4‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ‬ ‫‪4.1‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪5‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪6‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺱ‪.‬ﻻ‪.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺔﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪-‬ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪28‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‪E-phytol‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺉﻤﺔﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺯﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫‪.1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﺴُﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚﻳﻌُﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻬﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﻨﻜﻬﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﻌﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻨﻴﻂ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻃﻘﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪200‬‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﻗﺮﻭﻧﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻥ "ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ" ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﻤﺎﺉﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻗﺼﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺉﺪﺓ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺯﻟﻨﺎﻣﻦ ﻫﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪[1] .‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻴﺢﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )ﻧﻘﺎﻁ( ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ )‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 200‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‪ 100‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‪[2] .‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎء ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪[3] .‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪2‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽﺍﻻﺩﺏ‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 250.000‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 500.000‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً )‪ 1‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ (٪10‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻐﺬﺍء ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ )‪ .(Moerman, DE 1996‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﻣﺎﻥ )‪ (1996‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ 625‬ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻐﺬﺍء‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪2564‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎًﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ 18000‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍءﻭﻻ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ‪[4] .‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺁﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ)ﺟﻮﻧﺰ ‪ .(1996‬ﻭﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻞﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺯﻳﺖ ﻋﺸﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻴﺔﺍﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻮﺹ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎًﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺐﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺯﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء‬
‫ﻛﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰّ ﻛﺎﺭﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﻌُﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺛﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺛﻴﺮﻭﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺯﻳﺖ" ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ "ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎً" ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺭﺍﺉﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ‪] .‬‬
‫‪[5‬‬

‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ" ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ "ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ"‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻭﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ %0.01‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ %10‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻟﻨﻜﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺉﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻠﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺧﻴﺼﺔﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪[5].‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‪2.1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧﺸﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻫﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻓﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻏﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮﻧﺞ‬ ‫ﺭﻳَﺤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻧﺴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺐﻓﺮﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻼﺭﻱﺣﻜﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻕﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺯﻭﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻓﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺧﺸﺐﺍﻟﺼﻨﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺖﺟﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻭﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺐﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﻟﻴﻮﻛﺎ‬

‫ﻻﻓﻨﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺩﻗﻮﺵ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧﻮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺗﺸﻮﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺩﻗﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻮﺑﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺭَﺩﺓَ‬ ‫ﺇﻛﻠﻴﻞﺍﻟﺠﺒﻞ‬

‫ﻳﻼﻧﻎﻳﻼﻧﻎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ‬

‫ﺷﺠﺮﺓﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ‬

‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺮﺟﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺯﻋﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺟﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺬﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺕ‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﻴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺠﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻓﺔﺻﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻋﺮ‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫‪2.2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 200‬ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪ [12] .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺰءﻣﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ‪:‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ‪ %95-90‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﺗﺮﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺴﻜﻮﻳﺘﻴﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﻔﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ‪:‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،%10-1‬ﻭﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮﻭﻝﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺣﺼﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ [6].‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺓﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻣﻦ ﻛﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻴﻨﻮﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺼﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺳﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﺪﺍً ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺉﺐ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻄﻬﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻤﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﻠﻨﻎ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻣﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺎﻟﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺑﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺜﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﻛﺤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻴﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮﻳﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻼ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻼﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺮﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﺪﺉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻬﺮﺓﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﺍﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻟﺪﺭﻫﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﺮﻳﻼﻟﺪﻳﻬﻴﺪ‪.‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻀﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ‪[6] .‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﺕﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺑﺮﻳﻦ(‬

‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻤﺎء ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑـ "ﺍﻳﻨﻲ"‪.‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻔﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩﻟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻄﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺗﺮﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﺴﻜﻮﻳﺘﻴﺮﺑﻴﻦﻭﺩﻳﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻢ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺎ ًﻟﻮﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻦﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻢ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﻴﺴﻜﻴﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺇﻳﺰﻭﺑﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪[11] .‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺗﺮﺑﻴﻦ]‪10C‬ﺡ‪:[16‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﺗﺮﺑﻴﻦﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ )‪.(10C‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺜﻮﻝ(‬ ‫)ﻟﻴﻤﻮﻧﻴﻦ(‬

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‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪﻭﺣﺪﺗﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ‪10C‬ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 400‬ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻴﺔ)ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻠﻮﻝ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ )ﻣﻨﺜﻮﻝ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻓﻮﺭ ‪ -‬ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻦ )ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻭﺏ( – ﺃﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪) Thujone .‬ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ( ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ‪) Artemisiaabsinthium‬ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺢ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼُﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺴﻨﺘﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﺴﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺭﻧﻴﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺉﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻧﻴﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ ﻛﻤﻄﻬﺮ ﻭﻣﺰﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﻕ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻮﺭ ﻛﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﻴﺞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺨﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺸﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩﻟﻠﺤﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﻜﻮﻳﺘﻴﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺴﻜﻮﻳﺘﻴﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻳﻨﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻔﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕﺳﻴﺴﻜﻮﻳﺘﻴﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺎﺭﻧﻴﺰﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮﻧﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻣﻰ‪ .‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺎﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺎﻧﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺎﻧﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺫﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩﺯﻣﺎﻧﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺭﻳﻤﻮﻓﻴﻼﻧﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺍﻧﺜﺎﻧﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻣﺎﻛﺮﺍﻧﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﻓﻴﻠﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺩﻳﺘﻴﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﺰءﺍً ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻳﺰﻭﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺛﻨﺎﺉﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻱء ﺛﻘﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍً ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻻﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺼﺎﺉﻞﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻋﻈﻤﻲ ‪ .C20‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 2500‬ﺩﻳﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 20‬ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺎً ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺎً‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺮﻟﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﻮﻝﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻛﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﺏ ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻞ ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻓﺴﻔﺎﺕ)‪ .(GGPP‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺉﺎﺕ)ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﻝ( ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻨﺞ ﻭﻣﺰﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﺣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻤﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺬﺭﺓﺃﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻭﺫﺭﺓ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻄﻬﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺒﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‪.‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺎﻟﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻳﻠﻨﻎ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻣﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺑﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺮﻭﻝﻓﻲ ﺯﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻄﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‪،‬ﻭﻣﻄﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻬﺪﺉ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻼﻝ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺒﺔﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻭﻳﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺰﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻛﺘﻴﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ‪ .‬ﺗﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻬﺪﺉﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺸﺐﺍﻟﺒﺘﻮﻻ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎء ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺒﺮﻏﻤﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻣﻰ ﻭﻓﻮﺭﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺑﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻋﻲ‪[15] .‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺷﻜﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁ ﻭﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺉﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻭﺡﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ )ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً( ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺟﻮﻥﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺸﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻔﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺴﻨﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﺠﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺮﻭﻳﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻮﻛﺎﻣﻔﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻭﻓﺎ‪.‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻓﻮﻥﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺟﻼﻧﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺸﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺸﻊ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪2.3‬ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻭﺍﺉﺢ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻌُﺮﻑﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺰﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺘﻪ‪.‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻢ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺻﺤﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪[8].‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬﺍﻟﻌﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻣﻄﻬﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺑﻲ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯﺍﻟﺸﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻟﺮﺍﺉﺤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻮﺍﻃﻔﻨﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺯﻧﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ‪.‬ﻳﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺉﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪[1] .‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻬﺮﺍﺕ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻬﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺉﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎً ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﻄﻬﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻋﺘﺮ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺳﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻛﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﻨﺴﺎﻓﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻓﻨﺪﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺎﻟﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻴﻤﻮﻝﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ‪[1] .‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺸﻌﺎﺕﻭﻣﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‪:‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ )‪terebenthine‬‬
‫‪ (L'essence de‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺪﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔﺟﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻭﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺯﻳﻮﺕﺍﻷﻭﻛﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﻔﺰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﻱ‪،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺰﻳﻞﻟﻠﺘﺸﻨﺞ ﻭﻣﻬﺪﺉ‪:‬ﺗﺸﺘﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺉﻠﺔ ‪ Umbelllifereae‬ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪Mentha‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺕﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.4.1‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪:‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻴﻮﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.4.1‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺑﺼﻮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻘﻮﺑﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻏﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻲﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﺤﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ )‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻝ(‪ .‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻔﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍً ﻷﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﺤﺔﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺘﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺧﻠﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.4.2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻊ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞﺍﻟﻨﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻉ" ﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﻔﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻟﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.4.3‬ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺐﻓﺮﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻏﻤﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪120‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻃﺤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﺎﺉﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻭ‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﺉﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﺍﺉﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﻌﺔ‪.‬ﻋﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً‪.‬‬

‫‪2.4.4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻫﻴﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕﺑﺘﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪[13] .‬‬

‫‪2.4.5‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﺎﺉﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ )‪ (SCO2‬ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 87‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖﻭﺿﺨﻪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 8000‬ﺭﻃﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ؛‬
‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ "ﺍﻟﻀﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ" ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﻬﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻛﺎً ﻭﺭﺍءﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺮﺏﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ "ﺟﻮﻫﺮ" ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ "ﺟﻴﺪ" ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ‪[10] .‬‬

‫‪2.4.6‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺭﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭﻭﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺃ‪.‬ﺳﺎﻫﻮ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً‬

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 ‫ﻳﺪﻣﺮﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺤﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪﻛﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪﺩﺭﺱ ‪ G. Anitescu‬ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺰﺑﺮﺓ ‪ .sativum L‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺉﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ )‪ ،(SFE‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺗﻤﺪﺩ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺉﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕﺍﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ )‪± MS‬‬
‫‪ .(GC‬ﻭﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺰﺑﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪﺩﺭﺱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﻴﺮﺍﻧﻴﺸﻲ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺉﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻠﺔﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎء‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﺳﺎﺉﻞ ﻣﺪﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻛﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻛﺨﺘﻢ ﺳﺎﺉﻞ‬
‫ﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺉﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡﺍﻟﻔﺎﺉﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺦ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎء‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.4.7‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )ﻧﻘﺎﻁ( ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ( ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 200‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‪،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻃﺎﺯﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺠﻔﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺎﺭﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺮﻭﺏﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺪﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺤﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ﺃﺑﺨﺮﺓﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻦﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺸﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‪،‬ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺫﺍﺫ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺃﺣﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ )ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﺯﻳﺘﺎً ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎً ﻧﻘﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻔﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻼﺟﺎً ﻣﺨﻔﻔﺎً‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴُﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﺉﻊ‬
‫ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺼﻪﺍﻟﻤﻄﻬﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺪﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ًﻋﻦ ﺭﺍﺉﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﻣﺉﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺍﺉﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺉﺼﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺧﺮﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻜﻬﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ "‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻬﻲ" ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﻴﺉﺔ‪ [9] .‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮﺍﻛﺘﻤﺎﻻ‪ ً.‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺬﺍ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺉﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‪ ً،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻼء ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺧﻴﺼﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺃﺑﺪﺍً ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺃﺳﺮﻉ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎًﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪3‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬

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 ‫‪3.1‬ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻺﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻠﻴﻔﻨﺠﺮ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺉﺮﻱﺑﺴﻌﺔ ‪ 1000‬ﻣﻞ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻕ ﺩﺍﺉﺮﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬

‫‪3.2‬ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻄﻊﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ )ﺇﻛﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻞ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎء )ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2 × 2‬ﺳﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎﻭﻳﻐﻠﻰ ‪ 200-150‬ﺟﻢ ﻣﻊ ‪ 500‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻠﻴﻔﻨﺠﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫‪.6-5‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺼﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮﺗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺉﻲ‪2‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪4‬ﻭﻳﺤﻔﻆ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺰﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 3.1‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪3.2-‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬

‫‪3.3‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻢﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪3.3.1‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ – ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ )‪ (GC-MS‬ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ‪GC-MS‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺉﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺠﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌُﺘﻘﺪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎً ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﻜﺖﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ‪[7] .‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‪ GC-MS‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﺍًﺷﻌﺮﻳﺎً ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ )ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﺳﻤﻚ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء( ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ )ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ‪ %5‬ﻓﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻮﻛﺴﺎﻥ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃ‬

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 ‫ﺳﻮﻑﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ )ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻘﺎء( ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ )ﺍﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻤﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﺮﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻄﻴﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺰﻱء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺘﺄﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻛﺸﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪[14].‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﺩﻕ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺠﺰﻱء ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ( ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ )ﺃﻱﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ( ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻧﻤﻂ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻛﺘﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻘﺎء ﻣﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ ،GC-MS‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪[7] .‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 3.3‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ‪ -‬ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬

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 ‫‪3.4‬ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻱ(‪.‬‬

‫‪3.1‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫)‪0‬ﺝ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﺉﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‬ ‫)ﺟﻢ‪(.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫)ﻣﻞ(‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫)ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎء)ﻣﻞ(‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺖ)ﻣﻞ(‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫ﻗﺸﻮﺭﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫>‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫~‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.45‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪154‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.65‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪142‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪800‬‬ ‫‪141‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫ﺯﻫﺮﺓﺍﻟﻘﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪151‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪141‬‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻼﺕﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕﺍﻟﻜﺮﻛﺪﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪17‬‬
‫< ‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪18‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺉﺞﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫‪4.1‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻻﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻝﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‬

‫‪0.6‬‬

‫‪0.5‬‬

‫‪0.4‬‬

‫‪0.3‬‬

‫‪0.2‬‬

‫‪0.1‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ )‪0‬ﺝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ)ﻣﻞ(‬

‫‪4.1‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﻦﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻴﺎًﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺠﺎﻫﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪090‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺠﻢﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪0.6‬‬

‫‪0.5‬‬

‫‪0.4‬‬

‫‪0.3‬‬

‫‪0.2‬‬

‫‪0.1‬‬

‫‪0‬‬
‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫‪0.1-‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ )‪0‬ﺝ(‬

‫‪4.2‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻢﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻞﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﻦ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ)ﻣﻞ(‬

‫‪24‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺖﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‬

‫‪0.45‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪0.35‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬
‫‪0.15‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬
‫‪0.05‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ)ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ(‬

‫‪4.3‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ‪،‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺗﻘﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻴﺎًﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪090‬ﺝ(‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ)ﻣﻞ(‬

‫‪25‬‬
 ‫ﺣﺠﻢﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﺉﺔ‬
‫‪0.7‬‬
‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺖﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ )‪0‬ﺝ(‬

‫‪4.4‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻴﺎًﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﻊ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ 100‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ(‪0.‬ﺝ(‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺨﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ‪.3.4.1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬

‫ﺗﻢﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ)ﻣﻞ(‬

‫ﻭﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪-‬ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻈﻬﺮﻩ ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺉﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞﻣﻜﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
‫‪4.5‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪27‬‬
‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪، Limonene، ρ-cymene، α-terpinolene‬‬
‫‪.α-thujene، α-Pinene، Camphene، β-Pinene، Sabinene، Myrcene‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﻜﻴﺘﺮﺑﻴﻦ‪α-:‬ﺗﻴﺮﺑﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪-ϒ ،‬ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﻮﻝ‪:‬ﺳﻴﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺑﺮﺍﻟﻴﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪:‬ﻛﺎﺑﺮﻳﻨﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﺮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺰﺍﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪-2 ،‬ﻫﻴﻜﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻜﺎﻧﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺭﻧﻴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻨﺎﻟﻮﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮ‪:‬ﺧﻼﺕ ﺳﻴﺘﺮﺍﻧﻴﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻧﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﺝ‪10‬ﺡ‪16‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪136.24‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪0.8411‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪3‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪74.35‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪176‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺉﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.1‬ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻧﻴﻦ‬

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‫‪4.6‬ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻦﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻛﺪﻳﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻢﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﻛﺪﻳﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪ .GC-MS‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ ًﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ )‪)Z(-phytol، n-nonanal، benzene acetaldehyde، )E(-2-hexenal-(E‬‬
‫‪ phytol،‬ﻭ‪ methylfurfural-5‬ﻛﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎً ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺨﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ‪fragariae‬‬
‫‪ Colletotrichum‬ﻭ ‪ Colletotrichum gloeosporioides‬ﻭ ‪ Colletotrichum accutatum‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎًﺿﺉﻴﻼً ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺎً ﻟﻠﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻮ )‪ ،phytol-(E‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻭﻗﺖﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ‪:E-phytol‬‬

‫‪)E،7R،11R( -3،7،11،15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢﺍﻳﻮﺑﺎﻙ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺝ‪20‬ﺡ‪4‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪296.53‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﻣﻮﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪0.85‬ﺟﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪3‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪202-204‬ﺱﺝ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ 4.2‬ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ‪E-phytol‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪5‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬

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 ‫ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺟﺪﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﺪﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻧﻬﺎ )‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎًﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺪﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪-‬ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﻄﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺨﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫‪.1‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻭ‪ ،PSRao Virendra‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ )ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ‪،(Btech‬‬
‫‪.NIT Rourkela‬‬
‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ‪http://www.wikipedia.org /‬‬

‫‪.3‬ﺇﺗﺶ ﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻱ ﺁﻱ ﺳﻜﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﻪ ﺇﺗﺶ ﺭﻳﺒﻴﻨﺴﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻲ ﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺑﺮﻱ‪.1993 .‬‬
‫ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕﺳﻴﺴﻜﻮﻳﺘﻴﺮﺑﻴﻦ ﺃ‪-‬ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻱ ﺟﺎﻳﺴﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﻜﺎﻧﺰ‪ .‬ﺟﻲ ﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪.1280-56:1276‬‬
‫‪4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_distillation‬‬

‫‪5. http://www.quinesence.com/oil_testing.htm‬‬

‫‪6. http://www.cherylinskintherapy.co.uk/chemical-constituents-essential-oils-may.pdf‬‬

‫‪7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chromatography-mass_spectrometry‬‬

‫‪8. http://lmkinteriorsltd.wordpress.com/2010/04/18/what-is-that-wonderful-scent/‬‬

‫‪9. http://www.bellevuemassagetherapy.com/methods-of-extracting-essential-oils.html‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻛﺎﻧﻎ‪،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﺭﺍﻭﺍﻙ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺎﻻﻳﺎ ‪LJ‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﻭ ‪، M.‬ﺳﻴﻨﻎ ‪10. H.‬‬
‫‪11. http://www.healingdeva.com/selena2.htm‬‬

‫‪12. http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/7-3-2006-101131.asp‬‬

‫‪.‬ﻗﺴﻢﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻓﻮﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺼﻞ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪2‬ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﻫﻮﺭ ‪ 54000‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ 3 ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺟﻮﺟﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪1‬‬
‫‪13. H. Mukhtar، M. Khaled Shabbiri، R. Nademi، A. Farooq، and W. Mumtazi‬‬

‫‪.14‬ﺁﺭ ﺇﻳﻪ ﻫﻴﺘﺲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺑﻤﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺇﻧﺪﻳﺎﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺉﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺴﻢﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪.15‬ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ‪ M. Josip‬ﻭ‪ O. Politeo‬ﻭ‪ I. Jerkovi‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ – .Helichrysum italicum )Roth( G. Don‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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