Applied Science & Wellness

ASWL101

Energy Balance

Weight Management

Malnutrition

Eating Disorders
 Nutrition
NUTRITIONAL STATUS & HEALTH
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
 Nutrition
NUTRITIONAL STATUS & HEALTH
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
Three Stages of Energy Balance
 Nutrition
NUTRITIONAL STATUS & HEALTH
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

Factors influencing energy balance:

• Total calorie consumption • Resting metabolic rate
• Macronutrient composition • Activities of daily living
• Amount & type of fiber consumed • Exercise
• Timing of food consumption in relation to • Current weight and body composition
exercise • Genetics
• Current weight and body composition
• Hormonal factors
 Nutrition
NUTRITIONAL STATUS & HEALTH
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
• MALNUTRITION
Failing health that results from long-standing dietary practices that do not
coincide with nutritional needs

• UNDERNUTRITION
Long-standing dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs
– leads to micronutrient deficiency
• OVERNUTRITION
Nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body‘s need
If the body gets too much energy, it will store it in form of fat
→ Energy balance = balance of food and activity
 Nutrition
CLINICAL SIGNS OF MALNUTRITION
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

KWASHIOKOR
Form of malnutrition caused by protein deficiency with adequate energy intake,
typically affecting young children
Signs & Symptoms:
• Miserable, irritable, apathetic (showing no interest)
• Muscle wasting
• Stunted growth
• Eyes sunken
• Oedema – water retention legs/belly
• Pot belly
• Dry, flaky skin Poor appetite
 Nutrition
CLINICAL SIGNS OF MALNUTRITION
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
MARASMUS
Form of severe malnutrition characterized by energy deficiency typically
affecting young children
Signs & Symptoms:
• Quiet and inactive
• Loss of muscle mass
• Severe growth failure
• Small wrinkled face (old man)
• No water retention/oedema
• Emaciated (abnormally thin & weak)
• Good appetite
 Nutrition
CLINICAL SIGNS OF MALNUTRITION
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
 Nutrition
LIFESTYLE DISEASES - OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

What is Obesity?
• Excessive amount of body fat
Causes of Obesity?
• Generally caused by over consumption of high energy, fat and sugar food, with
little or no physical activity to burn off the energy thus ends up being stored as
fat in our bodies
 Nutrition
LIFESTYLE DISEASES - OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

• Body Mass Index (BMI)

• BMI: A measure of body composition using a height-weight formula
• BMI is used to give us an idea of whether the client is obese, and the
extent of their obesity
• Formula:
– Body mass index (BMI) = weight in kilograms divided by height in
meters squares
– BMI = kg *You will need to calculate
BMI in your test*
h2
– BMI unit of measurement: kg/m2
 Nutrition
LIFESTYLE DISEASES - OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

Classification:
• In adults, obesity is classified as having a BMI of 30.0 and above

Category BMI
Underweight < 18.5 kg/m2
Normal 18.5 – 24.9 kg/m2
Overweight 25.0 – 29.9 kg/m2
Obesity 1 30.0 – 34.9 kg/m2
Obesity 2 35.0 – 39.9 kg/m2
Obesity 3 > 40 kg/m2
Nutrition
OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
 Nutrition
OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
• LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT
• Exercise
• Healthy eating
• Immune system
• Sleep
• Stress
• Extreme medical techniques:
– Starvation diets
– Gastroplasties
– Jejunoileal bypass
– Jaw wiring
– Intragastric balloons
– Fat excision
– Anti-obesity medication (Suppress appetite)
 Nutrition
OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
• Energy Balance Equation is achieved in three ways:
1. Decrease the number of calories below daily energy requirements
2. Increase energy expenditure above that of daily energy requirements
& maintaining your calorie input
3. Decreasing your calorie intake & increasing energy expenditure
 Nutrition
OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

• To achieve negative energy balance – combination of diet & exercise more

flexible (unbalance energy balance equation to promote weight loss)

• Success – goal setting (target time to lose weight)

– Weight loss per week/ month (healthy eating / allowed cheats etc.)
– Total calories per session / week

• Combination training (resistance & aerobic exercise) promotes fat

catabolism

• Healthy Aim: lose approximately 1-2kg per month/0.25-0.5kg per week

• KEY TO SUCCESS – must become a Lifestyle

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OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION
• Frequency:
– ≥5 d·wk to maximize caloric expenditure
• Time & intensity:
– 30 to 60 min·d to total 150 m·w progressing to 300 min per week of
moderate physical activity
– 150 min of vigorous physical activity; or an equivalent combination of
moderate and vigorous physical activity; performance of intermittent
exercise of at least 10 min in duration
• Type:
– 35% aerobic physical activities that involve the large muscle groups
– 65% resistance training
 Nutrition
OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
DIET PRESCRIPTION
• Focus on a nutrient-dense, low-energy dense diet:
– Include foods that are high in nutrients (including vitamins and
minerals)
– Avoiding an excess intake of high-energy foods
– Inclusion of high fiber, high water content foods (generally lower in
fat) (adds bulk & increases satiety)
– Include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins including low-
fat and nonfat dairy
– Focus on healthy sources of fats
– High fiber, high water content foods
 Nutrition
OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

DIET PRESCRIPTION

• Eating breakfast:
– Include protein – leads to feeling fuller for longer; prevents over-eating later
on in the day

• Timing of intake:
– Consume frequent, small-to-moderate meals throughout the day

– Either: 3 meals + 2-3 small snacks, or, 5-6 small meals

– Exercising/being physically active following eating increases energy

expenditure
 Nutrition
OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

DIET PRESCRIPTION

• Reducing or eliminating any other unnecessary foods/beverages:

– Discretionary calories concept

– Eliminate alcoholic beverages & sugar sweetened beverages

• Reviewing weight loss approach:

– Have realistic expectations for weight loss

– These recommendations should include healthy eating practices that are

sustainable over time while meeting energy demands
 Nutrition
OBESITY
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
DIET PRESCRIPTION
• Reviewing weight loss approach:
– Is this a diet that can be maintained over a long period of time? (Fad and
crash diets for example are typically not sustainable)

– Will this approach meet my nutrient and energy needs?

– Does this plan include a variety of foods and is not overly restrictive? A plan
where the individuals feel as though they are chronically “dieting” or
engaging in restrained intake can result in the development of disordered
eating or diagnosed eating disorders

– Will this plan meet health and immune function needs, as well as
reproductive needs in women?
 Nutrition
EATING DISORDERS
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

• Disordered eating and eating disorders are serious psychological issues that
can have severe effects on physiological and mental health.
• Clinical eating disorders are diagnosable psychiatric conditions including:
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other specified
feeding or eating disorders
• Eating disorders are characterized by disturbance in the way one view’s their
body, and body weight and shape unduly influence thoughts and behaviors.
• Individuals with eating disorders have a preoccupation with food and body
weight and this results in unhealthy behaviors including starvation, binging,
purging, and excessive exercise.
 Nutrition
EATING DISORDERS
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
 Nutrition
ANOREXIA
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

Anorexia is an eating disorder and serious mental health condition.

• People who have anorexia try to keep their weight as low as possible by not
eating enough food or exercising too much, or both. This can make them very
ill because they start to starve.
• They often have a distorted image of their bodies, thinking they're fat even
when they're underweight.
• Men and women of any age can get anorexia, but it's most common in young
women and typically starts in the mid-teen
 Nutrition
ANOREXIA
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
Health risks of anorexia
• Severe health problems associated with malnutrition
• Feeling tired and weak
• Osteoporosis
• Fertility problems
• Loss of sex drive
• Cardiovascular system dysfunction (poor circulation, an irregular heartbeat, low
blood pressure, heart valve disease, heart failure)
• Problems with the brain and nerves (seizures, difficulties with concentration &
memory)
• Kidney or bowel problems
• Weakened immune system
• Anaemia
• Anorexia can also put your life at risk
 Nutrition
BULIMIA
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101
Bulimia is an eating disorder and mental health condition
• People who have bulimia go through periods where they eat a lot of food in
a very short amount of time (binge eating) and then make themselves sick,
use laxatives (medicine to help them poo) or do excessive exercise, or a
combination of these, to try to stop themselves gaining weight
• They often have a distorted image of their bodies and are very critical about
their weight and body shape
• Anyone can get bulimia, but it is more common in young people aged 13 to
17.
 Nutrition
BULIMIA
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

Health risks of bulimia

• Severe health problems associated with not getting the right nutrients, vomiting a lot, or
overusing laxatives
• feeling tired and weak
• dental problems – stomach acid from persistent vomiting can damage tooth enamel
• bad breath, a sore throat, or even tears in the lining of the throat – also caused by
stomach acid
• irregular or absent periods
• dry skin and hair
• brittle fingernails
• swollen glands
• fits and muscle spasms
• heart, kidney or bowel problems, including permanent constipation
• Osteoporosis
Applied Science & Wellness
ASWL101

• Questions