Fathima Febin P.P.: Water Hyacinth: A Promising and Innovative Source For Sustainable Interior

WATER HYACINTH: A PROMISING AND INNOVATIVE
SOURCE FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERIOR
Thesis submitted to
ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE, ERNAKULAM
(Autonomous)
Affiliated to
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY
In partial fulfilment of requirement for the
award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in
HOME SCIENCE (BRANCH B)

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT & INTERIOR DESIGNING
By
FATHIMA FEBIN P.P.

Register No. AM21HRM005
DEPARTMENT OF HOME SCIENCE AND CENTRE FOR RESEARCH
JUNE 2023
WATER HYACINTH: A PROMISING AND INNOVATIVE
SOURCE FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERIOR
Thesis submitted to

(Autonomous)
Affiliated to
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of requirement for the
award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in
HOME SCIENCE (BRANCH B)

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT & INTERIOR DESIGNING
By
FATHIMA FEBIN P.P.

Register No. AM21HRM005
‘Certified as bonafide research work’
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Author Name FATHIMA FEBIN P P
MSc. Home Science

Course of Study
(Branch B) - Resource Management & Interior Designing
Name of Guide Dr. Susan Cherian
Department Home Science & Centre For Research
Acceptable Maximum Limit 20%
Submitted By [email protected]
'Water Hyacinth: A Promising and Innovative Source for

Paper Title
Sustainable Interior'
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Paper ID 761883
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis entitled ‘‘Water Hyacinth; a

promising and innovative source for Sustainable Interior’ is a bonafide
record of research work done by me during the course of study, under the
supervision and guidance of Dr. Susan Cherian, Associate Professor and
Head, Department of Home Science and Centre for Research, St. Teresa’s
College, Ernakulam.
FATHIMA FEBIN P.P.
Place: Ernakulam
Date: 05 - 06 - 2023
DEPARTMENT OF HOME SCIENCE
AND CENTRE FOR RESEARCH
Dr. Susan Cherian

Associate Professor & Head
Phone No. 9446125917
E mail: [email protected]
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled ‘Water

Hyacinth; a promising and innovative source for Sustainable
Interior’ is an authentic record of the original research work
carried out by Ms. Fathima Febin P.P. with Reg. No.
AM21HRM005 under my supervision and guidance during the
academic year 2022-‘23.
Ernakulam Dr. SUSAN CHERIAN

05 - 06 - 2022
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Accomplishment of research work is a golden opportunity for learning

and self development. I consider myself lucky and honoured to have so many
marvellous individuals lead me through in completion of this project.
I thank Almighty in helping me to complete this project successfully and

to submit this project.
I am grateful to Rev. Dr. Sr. Vinitha CSST, Manager, St. Teresa’s

College, Rev. Sr. Emiline CSST, Director, St. Teresa’s College, Dr. Alphonsa
Vijaya Joseph, Principal, St. Teresa’s college, and Dr. Susan Cherian, Head of
Department of Home Science for proving me facilities for smooth conduct of
this study.
My sincere thanks to KIDS (Kottpuram Integrated Development

Society), Kodungallur, for providing the information and guidance for the
study conducted.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Susan Cherian, Associate Professor,

Department of Home Science, who had been an unending source of
encouragement for me during the course of my thesis work.
I feel privileged to express my sincere thanks to all my teachers in the

Department of Home Science, for their help, encouragement, advises and
support. I also express my gratitude to the authorities of St. Teresa’s College
library for granting me the permission to use the library facilities.
I owe a heartfelt gratitude to my parents, family member, friends and all

well wishers for their prayers, timely support and encouragement.
FATHIMA FEBIN P. P.
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION 1-17
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 18-32
3. METHODOLOGY 33-43
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44-69
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 70-74
BIBLIOGRAPHY 75-80
APPENDICES 81-85
LIST OF TABLES
Table no. Title Page no.
4.1 General information of the respondents 46

4.2 Rating of Water Hyacinth Wall Paper 65
4.3 Rating of Water Hyacinth Basket 65
4.4 Rating of Water Hyacinth Tissue box 66
4.5 Rating of Water Hyacinth Multi storage box 66
4.6 Rating of Water Hyacinth Placemat 67
4.7 Rating of Water Hyacinth Décor Accessory 68
4.8 Total scores of products evaluated by homemakers 68
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page no.
no.
3.1 Study Locale 35
3.2 Research Design for Phase 1 Survey 37
4.1 Distribution of Samples according to Age 47
4.2 Family Income 48
4.3 Area of Residence 49
4.4 Material used for purchased indoor accessories 50
4.5 Hand-made accessories used in interiors of respondents 51
4.6 Materials used for making accessories 52

4.7 Awareness of Water Hyacinth Products 53
4.8 Opinion about the advantages of water hyacinth products 54
4.9 Opinion on the limitation of Water Hyacinth products 55
4.10 Interest in Water Hyacinth product development classes 56
4.11 Reason for interest in product development classes 57
4.12 Evaluation score for the products 69

LIST OF PLATES
Page
Plate no Title
No.
2.1 Water Hyacinth Plant 28
3.1 Dried Water Hyacinth – Raw material used 38
4.1 Water Hyacinth Wallpaper 59
4.2 Water Hyacinth Basket 60
4.3 Water Hyacinth Tissue Box 61
4.4 Water Hyacinth Multi Storage Box 62
4.5 Water Hyacinth Place Mat 63
4.6 Water Hyacinth Interior Decor Accessory 64

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Title Page No.
No.
1. QUESTIONNAIRE 81-84
2. EVALUATION PERFORMA 85
ABSTRACT
Water hyacinth has recently become a product of sustainable interiors. There is
rising need for environmentally friendly, socially and commercially successful
sustainable interior design goods as people become more aware of hoe their
activities affect the environment. In many tropical and sub-tropical areas of the
world, water hyacinth is a rapidly growing aquatic plant. It is a resource that may
be collected and weaved into goods like furniture and home decor. It is a flexible,
strong, and environmentally friendly material that can give any interior space a
natural and distinctive feel. Reduce the use of synthetic materials and advance
sustainable principles by using water hyacinth as a component of sustainable
interiors. The methodology used in the study is a baseline survey among 100
samples residing in Ernakulam district. The samples were selected using
convenience sampling technique. The study reveals that all the respondents use
plastic material as interior accessories. Plastic, once hailed as a miracle material,
has now become a nightmare that threatens the very existence of our environment
and jeopardizes the well-being of all living beings. The study echoes the fact that
all the respondents use plastic material as interior accessories. The need for
sustainable products in interior design has become increasingly important in recent
years. As society grows more conscious of environmental issues, there is a growing
demand for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions in all aspects of life, including
interior design. Sustainable products in interior design refer to materials, furniture,
and accessories that are produced and used in a way that minimizes their impact on
the environment. By incorporating sustainable products in interior design, we can
create spaces that not only look beautiful but also contribute to a greener and more
sustainable future. The study concludes ideas and creativity in the sample to design
new products with Water Hyacinth to beautify their interior aesthetically and helps
to reduce the impact caused by using non-bio degradable products in interior by
replacing Water Hyacinth products.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Environmental pollution and global warming is a threat to human life

making it miserable and so that for the future generation. Sustainable interior
design gives emphasis to nature friendly materials which reduces negative
impacts on nature as well as on people and also making people more conscious
about reusing and recycling materials. Sustainable or natural friendly products in
interior enhance and maximize indoor environment quality. Materials like rattan,
bamboo, wicker, coconut shells and even grass are used in interior as construction
material or as decor accessories. Using sustainable products in interior is a trend
which will help in waste minimization and better use of materials.
The increased understanding of how human activity affects the

environment has led to the emergence of sustainable interior design. People are
looking for methods to lessen the impact on environment and encourage more
sustainable practices as they become more conscious of the effects of their
activities already caused in the environment. A design concept known as
sustainable interior design focuses on making interior spaces that are energy-
efficient, ecologically friendly and healthy for the inhabitants. Sustainable
interior design tries to lessen the harmful effects on the environment by
considering the complete lifespan of materials, from manufacturing to disposal.
Sustainable design methods are the need of the hour in the field of interior design
to improve the present state of the environment. In addition to being good for the
environment, sustainable design has a positive effect on people's health and well-
being (Kwok and Sullivan, 2018).
The increased interest in wellness and healthy living is a major aspect

influencing the development of sustainable interior design. Incorporating
elements that support good indoor air quality, natural light, and healthy materials
into sustainable interior design may aid people who are increasingly interested in
creating environments that encourage health and well-being. The growth of
sustainable interior design is a reaction of the public towards the increased
understanding of how human behaviour affects the environment and the desire to
create healthier and ecologically responsible living environments. Designing,
embellishing, and furnishing indoor spaces with an eye towards reducing their
negative effects on the environment and fostering social responsibility is
referred to as sustainable interiors. Thus, sustainable interior design are made
with eco-friendly products, which reduces undesirable impacts on environment
through up-cycling or recycling waste materials which boost up indoor
environment quality.
Additionally, there are now more choices for environmental friendly and
sustainable materials like, bamboo, cork and recycled materials. The objective of
sustainable interiors is to design spaces that are both visually beautiful and
practical while also being healthful, energy efficient and environmental friendly.
Environmental friendly home design include opting for products that are
recyclable, biodegradable and renewable. This comprises recycles and
repurposed materials as well as organic materials and stone. Whenever feasible,
one should use natural illumination and put in energy efficient window insulation.
Water Hyacinth: A Promising and Innovative Source for Sustainable Interior

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Avoid products that contain harmful chemicals, such as formaldehyde and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can cause health problems. Reduce
energy use. Choose products that are durable, reusable and easy to repair. Recycle
and repurpose materials whenever possible and dispose of waste responsibly.
Consider the environmental impact of shipping and transportation. Choose things
that may be recycled or repurposed to reduce waste and stay away from single
use items. Instead of tossing any things you no longer need, donate or sell them.
The trend towards sustainable design as a whole, which first appeared in

the 1970s and picked up steam in the 1990s, is where sustainable interior design
derives its roots. During this time, designers, architects, and other professionals
started to realize how important it was to develop structures and produce goods
that were both socially and environmentally responsible. The launch of the
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification
programme in 1998 was one of the industry's initial turning points towards
environmentally friendly interior design. The United States Green Building
Council (USGBC) created this grading system to provide guidelines for
ecologically responsible building practices and to encourage the use of
renewable resources and energy-saving equipment. With more architects and
designers incorporating sustainable concepts into their work, sustainable
interior design started to take centre stage in the design industry in the early
2000s. Architects, designers, and other industry experts came together for the
first time in 2007 for the Greenbuild International Conference and Expo to
exchange ideas and best practices in sustainable design (Kubba, 2009; Krygiel,
et.al., 2008). Building in the current scenario means building sustainably.
Sustainability is a moral and ethical concern for the environment and future

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generations (Piano, 2007). Building design is a social process, according to
Norman Foster, (2006) which necessitates a knowledge of how people utilize
space and how that relates to environmental responsibility. It also entails
creating structures that are energy efficient and environmentally friendly in their
construction.
Due to its natural and ecological qualities, water hyacinth has recently
become a product of sustainable interiors. There is rising need for
environmentally friendly, socially and commercially successful sustainable
interior design goods as people become more aware of hoe their activities affect
the environment. In many tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world, water
hyacinth is a rapidly growing aquatic plant. It is a resource that may be collected
and weaved into goods like furniture and home decor. It is a flexible, strong,
and environmentally friendly material that can give any interior space a natural
and distinctive feel. Reduce the use of synthetic materials and advance
sustainable principles by using water hyacinth as a component of sustainable
interiors. Additionally, it supports the local communities that cultivate and
weave the plant into goods, generating jobs and money. Due to its
biodegradability and renewability, water hyacinth has the potential to be an
ideal eco-friendly material for interior design (Kamala, et.al., 2018).
Water hyacinth may be collected several times a year without the need
for replanting, making it a very sustainable resource. Water hyacinth is a fast
growing aquatic plant that, given the right circumstances, may quadruple its
biomass in as little as two weeks (Nkansah-Boadu, et.al.,2019). Additionally, it
takes up minerals and contaminants from the water, enhancing its quality and
supporting healthy aquatic habitats. In general, the development of water

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designing
hyacinth as a sustainable interior product is a reaction to the rising need of eco-
friendly and sustainable interior design goods that are socially conscious,
ecologically sensitive, and commercially viable.
Sustainably build green building and green homes are healthier and
comfortable to live in. The emissions of toxins from sustainable building
materials are such less. Water hyacinth, a waterweed or plant which can
completely cover water bodies and wetlands, become a threat to aquatic
ecosystem. Reducing dissolved oxygen levels for fishes, block water flow and
end up being an ideal condition for mosquitoes to spread. This can cause a
serious problem to aquatic lives. Rapid growths of water hyacinth also affect
the agricultural land and associated water sources. This could result in affecting
agricultural food production.
Depending on population size and density, the aquatic plant; water

hyacinth can have either good or negative effects on aquatic environments.
However, excessive populations of water hyacinths can obstruct sunlight and
lower water oxygen levels. Reduced habitat and food supplies may have adverse
effects on aquatic plants and animals, including fish. In addition to obstructing
rivers and reducing water flow, dense populations of water hyacinth can also
cause flooding and other issues.
In the afflicted areas, efforts are being undertaken to manage and reduce
water hyacinth populations using techniques including hand removal, biological
management, and the application of pesticides. To stop the spread of water
hyacinth and make sure it doesn't impact the ecosystem, it's crucial to properly
dispose of it. Overall, water hyacinth may have both beneficial and detrimental

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effects on aquatic environments, thus it's critical to regulate its population to
prevent it from becoming a concern for the environment. A powerful greenhouse
gas that contributes to climate change, methane, may also be released during the
breakdown of water hyacinth. On the positive side, aquatic creatures like fish and
crustaceans can find a home and food in water hyacinth. Young fish can also find
cover and protection from its floating leaves and roots, helping to maintain
healthy populations.
In order to reduce the problems caused by water hyacinth and to minimize

their abundance and uncontrolled growth in the water bodies many research
studies are conducted and found that it can be used to feed buffalo, cattle and
swine. It is used even for land filling. An innovative idea to control the growth of
this macrophyte is to it use as sustainable product in interior. Using water
hyacinth as sustainable source will provide inexpensive and environmentally
friendly products such as wallpaper, non-load bearing partition walls, baskets and
so on. These also help from spending considerable money for de-weeding water
hyacinth. In order to create high-quality, functional products that satisfy
consumer needs while maintaining the sustainability and biodegradability of the
source material, the development of products from water hyacinth necessitates an
interdisciplinary approach, involving the integration of design, engineering, and
material science (Kamala, et.al., 2018).
Some ways water hyacinth can be used in sustainable interior design are
chairs, couches, and tables may all be made out of water hyacinth. It is a strong
and portable material that can give any interior area a natural feel. Storage bins
out of water hyacinth that you can use to organise things like toys, magazines,
and towels. They serve as a greener substitute for plastic storage containers. To

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provides a warm and natural lighting effect; water hyacinth can be weaved into
the fabric. It is a distinctive and environmentally friendly replacement for
conventional lampshades made of synthetic materials. Water hyacinth may be
used to cover walls in a rustic, textured manner. Any interior area may benefit
from the addition of nature because it helps to calm and relax people. Reduce the
usage of synthetic materials and advance sustainable design principles by using
water hyacinth as a sustainable interior product that will reduce climate change
which is the most pressing threat to whole species (Hansen, et.al., 2012).
As people become more conscious of how their activities affect the

environment and strive to incorporate more sustainable practices into their
everyday lives, their views towards sustainable interiors are shifting. People are
increasingly demonstrating a preference for ecologically conscious interior
design goods that are made using sustainable practices and resources. They are
looking for goods that are environmentally friendly over their whole existence,
created from renewable resources, biodegradable, or recyclable materials.
Furthermore, there is a growing need for pleasant, healthy living environments
that support wellbeing. Sustainable interiors may help meet this demand by
adding elements that support good indoor air quality, natural light, and healthy
materials.
Due to perceived increased prices, a lack of knowledge or comprehension

of sustainable design concepts, and a dearth of sustainable items on the market,
some customers are still reluctant to adopt sustainable interior design practices.
Many individuals do not understand or have a limited understanding of
sustainable design ideas, which prevents them from realising the promise of
sustainable design to address urgent environmental issues. A significant obstacle

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to the broad adoption of sustainable design principles is this ignorance (Liu, et
al., 2020). However, it is anticipated that views towards sustainable interiors will
continue to change and improve as sustainable design practices and materials
become more widely available, cheap, and accepted. Future demand for
sustainable interiors is anticipated to be driven by the growing awareness of the
need to protect the environment and encourage sustainable practices, making
them a more and more attractive option for customers who are concerned about
their environmental effect.
Sustainable water hyacinth products can contribute to environmental

protection in a number of ways such as reducing the usage of synthetic materials.
Sustainable water hyacinth products can take the place of synthetic materials,
which are frequently made using non-renewable resources and add to pollution
and waste. We may lessen the negative effects of our consuming habits on the
environment by employing water hyacinth as a sustainable resource. It gives
support for local communities. By using sustainable water hyacinth products,
communities may benefit from the collection and weaving of the plant into goods,
which generates jobs and revenue. This may support the social and economic
well-being of the local communities where the plant is gathered. Water hyacinth
is a resource that may be gathered again each year without the need for replanting.
It grows quickly. This can support the sustainable use of natural resources and
help ease the strain on other natural resource. The ability of water hyacinth to
absorb nutrients and contaminants from the water, so enhancing water quality and
promoting healthy aquatic habitats, makes it a very sustainable material. Water
hyacinth removal from streams also lowers the chance of erosion and flooding.
To lessen carbon footprint and contribute to climate change mitigation by

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utilising sustainable water hyacinth goods. Because water hyacinth is a carbon-
neutral substance, neither its production nor its disposal results in the emission of
greenhouse gases.
The usage of synthetic materials is decreased, local people are supported,

natural resources are conserved, aquatic habitats are improved, and our carbon
footprint is decreased due to the use of water hyacinth sustainable goods.
Depending on how they are created, made, and sold, water hyacinth goods may
be market-oriented. Products made from water hyacinth might capitalize on the
market's growing desire for sustainable goods in recent years.
Products made from water hyacinth should satisfy customer requirements

and preferences while also addressing environmental and social issues in order to
be market-oriented. This implies that water hyacinth goods have to be created
utilising high standards of quality, dependability, and aesthetic appeal, as well as
environmentally friendly production techniques and local economic
development. Products made from water hyacinth may be advertised as
environmentally friendly, sustainably produced, and socially responsible. This
might appeal to customers who are concerned about their influence on the
environment and want to make more sustainable decisions. They can also be
marketed as different and one-of-a-kind, displaying the inherent beauty of the
material and the skill of the craftspeople that make them.
Products made from water hyacinth need to be priced fairly and promoted
skillfully if they are to succeed on the market. This can entail working together
with shops and designers that uphold comparable principles and are dedicated to

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sustainability, as well as reaching out to potential clients via social media and
other marketing methods.
Water hyacinth products can be market-oriented if they are created,

manufactured, and distributed with an emphasis on social responsibility, quality,
and sustainability. Water hyacinth goods may be a competitive and profitable
alternative in the interior design industry by appealing to the rising need for
sustainable products. The use of the internet for communication, buying and
selling transactions, and information distribution to create enterprises supports
the development of these home-based businesses (Sianturi, et.al., 2019).
Depending on the location and the intended audience, different levels of

knowledge may exist about water hyacinth items used in interior design. People
may be more familiar with water hyacinth as a sustainable product in interior
design in locales where it is easily accessible and often utilised. People might not
be as aware of its application in interior design in other locations where it is less
prevalent. Eichhornia crassipes, a kind of water hyacinth, is a crucial component
of the aquatic ecology. It has previously been shown that water hyacinth is a very
promising plant with enormous potential for wastewater treatment. It has been
discovered that the water hyacinth has potential for usage as paper, organic
fertiliser, biogas generation, human food, fibre, and animal feed (Jafari, 2010).
However, there has been a rise in interest in environmentally friendly interior
design in recent years, and water hyacinth items have become a popular option.
Homeowners, architects, and interior designers are increasingly looking for
environmentally friendly, socially responsible sustainable materials.

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As a result, water hyacinth goods for interior design are now more widely
available and promoted, especially in environmentally friendly and sustainable
product categories. As a sustainable material option for interior design, water
hyacinth has benefited from this increased awareness. As people become more
aware of their environmental impact and strive to make more sustainable
decisions, there is a growing interest and awareness in sustainable design
practises and materials, including water hyacinth. This is true even though the
level of awareness about water hyacinth products in interior design may vary.
Campaigns for education and awareness can raise people's understanding

of water hyacinth as a sustainable product. This may be accomplished by
promoting the advantages of employing water hyacinth and other eco-friendly
materials in interior design through social media, advertising, and educational
programmes. We can support the promotion of sustainable and ecologically
responsible choices by raising people's understanding and awareness of
sustainable design principles and materials.
There are various ways that sustainable interior design may support
urbanisation and economic growth. Sustainable interior design techniques can
lead to work in the manufacturing, design, and construction sectors. For instance,
the usage of environmentally friendly materials like water hyacinth may provide
local weavers and craftsmen work to harvest, prepare, and weave the material
into furniture and home decor. This in turn may support local economic growth
and the establishment of viable livelihoods. Sustainable interior design
techniques may minimise waste, increase energy efficiency, and assist preserve
natural resources. By easing the burden of resource depletion and environmental
harm, this can reduce costs and promote economic growth. Creative and inventive

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design solutions are frequently used in sustainable interior design techniques,
which can stimulate new company ventures and encourage entrepreneurship. For
instance, using recycled materials like cardboard or plastic bottles may stimulate
the development of innovative product ideas and manufacturing techniques,
opening up new business prospects and promoting economic growth.
Using sustainable interior design techniques may also draw tourists to

metropolitan areas, boosting the local economy. Travellers looking for
environmentally friendly and ethically responsible tourist experiences are
becoming more and more interested in sustainable architecture and design. Urban
regions may draw more tourists and bring in more money for the
neighbourhood’s small businesses and the general economy by supporting
sustainable interior design techniques. By fostering job possibilities, protecting
the environment, stimulating creative design ideas, and fostering tourism,
sustainable interior design may support economic growth and urbanization.
Urban regions may foster long-term economic growth and development while
simultaneously promoting social and environmental sustainability by using
sustainable interior design practices.
Interiors that are not sustainable can provide a number of risks to both
human health and the environment. Indoor air pollution may be caused by non-
sustainable interiors because they release volatile organic compounds and other
dangerous substances into the air. This may result in headaches, allergies,
allergies, and other health concern. Interiors that are not environmentally friendly
may include hazardous substances including lead, asbestos, and formaldehyde.
Serious health issues, such as cancer and neurological abnormalities, can be
brought on by exposure to these compounds. Construction and renovation waste

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can be significantly increased when non-sustainable interiors are used. This
garbage may wind up in landfills, causing pollution and environmental damage.
Non-sustainable interiors may also be energy inefficient, which would result in
greater energy costs and more greenhouse gas emissions. This has the potential
to harm the ecosystem and cause climate change. In order to build non-
sustainable interiors, immoral methods may be used, such as forced labour or the
exploitation of weaker groups of people. This may exacerbate societal inequality
and unfairness.
Overall, interiors that are not sustainable may be harmful to people's

health, the environment, and society at large. Adopting environmentally friendly
interior design methods can lessen these risks and advance a healthier and more
sustainable future.
A variety of aesthetic ideas that are in line with peoples' desires for beauty
and elegance may be found in sustainable interiors, which also encourage
environmental sustainability and social responsibility. Natural materials like
bamboo, cork, and water hyacinth are frequently used in sustainable interior
design because they give the room a feeling of warmth and authenticity. These
materials frequently have distinctive textures and organic hues that may provide
a restful mood. Sustainability may also be incorporated into interior design
through the use of minimalist concepts, which prioritize longevity, utility, and
simplicity. Clean lines, neutral hues, and uncluttered areas are common
characteristics of minimalist interiors, which provide a feeling of serenity and
order. Up cycled and reused materials can be used in sustainable interior design
projects. These materials give the room a distinctive and eclectic feel. Reclaimed

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wood and salvaged metal are examples of up cycled materials that may give a
place personality and history while minimizing waste.
Design that emphasizes the relationship between nature and human

welfare is known as "biophilic design," and it may be incorporated into
environmentally friendly designs. Natural light and other aspects of nature, which
foster a sense of serenity and tranquilly are frequently seen in biophilic interiors.
Biophilic environments can have a variety of positive effects on both physical
and mental health, such as boosting productivity, lowering stress levels, and
enhancing air quality (Kellert and Calabrese, 2015). Overall, environmentally
conscious interior design may provide a variety of aesthetic ideas that appeal to
people's need for beauty and elegance while simultaneously advancing social
responsibility and environmental sustainability. People may build rooms that are
both lovely and responsible, supporting a healthier and more sustainable future,
by embracing sustainable interior design ideas.
The usage of water hyacinth as a sustainable product in a variety of

industries, including interior design, has been the subject of several research
investigations. It has been demonstrated that using natural components in interior
design enhances general well-being, increasing occupant happiness and
productivity (Huang, et. al., 2020).
Water hyacinth is a nutrient-rich plant that may be fed to animals including

sheep, goats, and cattle. It is the perfect feed for animals because of its high
protein and low fibre content. Water hyacinth may be utilized to create bio-fuel
through a procedure known as anaerobic digestion. The generated biogas may be
utilized to produce heat, power, or even fuel for vehicles. Also, to provide a rich

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fertilizer for plants, water hyacinth can be composted. It is the perfect component
for compost due to its high nitrogen concentration and low carbon level. Water
hyacinth is well renowned for its ability to effectively remove toxins from water
bodies through bioremediation. As a result of its roots absorbing heavy metals,
nutrients, and other impurities from the water, the water's quality is increased and
pollution is decreased.
It is crucial to carefully assess the water hyacinth's possible drawbacks,

including its invasiveness and potential damage to nearby ecosystems. In order
to make employing water hyacinth in interiors a sustainable and ethical decision,
suitable management and harvesting practices must be in place. For usage in
interior design, water hyacinth may be a sustainable and eco-friendly material. It
is a quickly renewable material that may be utilized to make a range of goods,
including textiles, furniture, and wall coverings. Compared to synthetic materials,
items made with water hyacinth are more environmentally friendly since they are
recyclable and biodegradable. Additionally, by giving artisans and entrepreneurs
a means of livelihood, the use of water hyacinth in interior design may benefit
the community as a whole.
1.1. Relevance of the study:
Water hyacinth grows quickly and profusely, making it a readily available

and renewable resource. Because of this property it creates a menace to the
waterbodies and environment. Reducing the quantity of water hyacinth by using
it as a raw material for interior accessories will lessen its detrimental effects on
the environment. Utilizing this facility for environmentally friendly products
lessens the need for finite resources and promotes a circular economy. Products

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designing
made from water hyacinth can benefit society and the economy, predominantly
in areas where the plant is common. It can aid in the creation of revenue and
enduring livelihoods by giving local businesses and craftspeople opportunity.
Fibres from water hyacinths have a distinct visual appeal that makes them suited
for a variety of interior applications. The biodegradability of water hyacinth, in
contrast to manufactured materials, lessens the environmental effect of its life
cycle. Using water hyacinth in interior design also lowers the carbon emissions
brought on by conventional production methods and materials. The awareness on
the significance of environmental conservation through sustainable practices of
making water hyacinth-based sustainable items into interiors encourage and
fosters a more sustainable way of living and urges people to make thoughtful
decisions. The discussion of water hyacinth-based interior items is in line with
the increasing focus placed on sustainability, the circular economy and the need
to solve environmental problems. It presents a chance to produce interior items
that are visually beautiful, useful, and ecologically beneficial while enhancing
ecosystems and communities. Thus, the study accentuates development of
interior accessories from water hyacinth.
1.2. Aim of the study:

• The study is conducted to understand the scope of water hyacinth as a
promising and innovative source for sustainable interior designing.
1.3. Objectives of the study:
• To understand types of materials for accessories used in interiors.
• To find out opinion from homemakers regarding water hyacinth products.
• To develop water hyacinth accessories for making interior more
sustainable.
• To assess the quality of appearance of the developed products.

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1.4. Concepts used in the study
Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes): Water hyacinth is a free-floating

perennial flowering aquatic plant found in water bodies which is considered as a
pest due to its aggressive growth.
Accessories: Accessories in interior are items that add beauty and comfort in
interiors.
Sustainable interior: Designing, embellishing, and furnishing indoor spaces

with an eye towards reducing their negative effects on the environment and
fostering social responsibility is referred to sustainable interiors.
Biophilic Designing: The type of designing in which the connectivity between

natural environment and occupant are maximized through the use of nature and
its elements.
Carbon footprint: A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases

(including carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by human activities.

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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Researchers have found that using water hyacinth in interiors has several
benefits. It is an eco-friendly material that is biodegradable and renewable. It has
the potential to create a unique and aesthetic appeal in interior spaces. It can be
used in various forms, providing versatility in design. Eco-friendly building
materials and energy-saving design strategies may lower waste production and
carbon emissions while also enhancing occupant quality of life. To create a
constructed environment that is healthier and more sustainable, designers must
use sustainable practices and include environmentally friendly materials into
their designs. The literature pertaining to the study on ‘Water Hyacinth; a
promising and innovative source for Sustainable Interior’ is discussed under
the following heading:
2.1. Pros and Cons of Water Hyacinth
2.2. Water Hyacinth: A Promising and Innovative Raw Material for

Interior Designing
2.3. Water Hyacinth Diverse Products for Interior

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designing
2.1. Pros and Cons of Water Hyacinth
The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a free-floating macrophyte

that is regarded as the most poisonous weed in the world due to its ability to grow
quickly, adapt to a variety of environmental factors, and efficiently absorb
nutrients. These qualities lead to the vast range of uses for phytoremediation that
water hyacinth has (Ting, W. H. T., et.al.2018). Due to its affordability,
environmental friendliness, and sustainability, phytoremediation has been
suggested as an alternative to other traditional physiochemical and biological
approaches to treat wastewater with high ammoniacal nitrogen concentration.
In Nigeria, small and medium-sized businesses are a significant

contributor to the pollution of water resources. A few of these pollutants include
heavy metal contamination, suspended sediments, and biological oxygen
demand. Traditional treatment techniques, including chemical precipitation, don't
offer long-term fixes since the contaminants are simply transported from the
waste water to a sludge residue that is dumped in landfills. Eventually, the
contaminants contaminate freshwater supplies by making their way there.
In Lagos, a coastal city in Nigeria, water hyacinth is a toxic species that

grows quickly and readily clogs waterways, posing major difficulties for
irrigation and navigation. This can be collected and applied to the sustainable
treatment of some industrial wastewaters in accordance with the fundamental
principles of sustainable development.
The efficacy of water hyacinth in the treatment of wastewater is examined.

The average removal of pollutants was found to be 53.03%, 64.41%, 65.4%,
47.22%, 94.67%, and 30.30% for total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical

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oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate-nitrogen, cadmium, and
iron, respectively, after a simple 5-week experiment in which water hyacinths
were planted in wastewater samples obtained from three different industries. For
cadmium, copper, and iron, the average Biocentration Factors (BCF) were
583.83, 734.41, and 2982.95, respectively (Ajayi, et.al. 2012).
Due to its alluring look and aesthetic value in the environment, water
hyacinth was first introduced as an ornamental crop in several nations more than
a century ago. Due to their capacity to adapt to a variety of fresh water
environments and their involvement with human activities, the flowers
unfortunately turned into invasive species. They were viewed as a substitute to
fossil fuels in the twenty-first century since numerous studies discovered they
could transform their content into fuel energy for less money and were
acknowledged as an environmentally beneficial product. Since that water
hyacinth is one of the species with the quickest rate of growth, its biomass has
the potential to replace traditional fossil fuels and become a possible renewable
energy source within the next ten years. (Rezania, et.al. 2015).
Water hyacinth is a well-known invasive species that mainly endangers

the foundations of sustainability. Since the process must be carried out over time,
the cost of controlling these invasive plants is high, and many Southern African
nations are ill-prepared for this liability. Notwithstanding this obstacle, water
hyacinth may be exploited to extract important resources that have both
commercial and environmental benefits. The definition, identification, and
matching of costs and benefits are where the control and utilisation approaches
diverge visibly. The current research makes an attempt to address the productive

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designing
usage of water hyacinth by quickly assessing the body of available literature,
which was then analysed using meta-analysis. The study makes the case that the
economic viability of control techniques, which are used to determine the
economic worth of water hyacinth, primarily rely on assumptions whose
dependability and sustainability are in doubt, meaning restrictions on the use of
this kind of control methods. Yet, because the costs and advantages of using water
hyacinths can be quantified, they are subject to changes in temporal value and
sensitivity analysis to potential changes in cash flows. Some academics have
urged for the inclusion of other utilization options in the context of these
comments, with biogas being cited as the most practical choice due to its ability
to diversify the energy mix, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance water
quality. Given these findings, the purpose of this article is to further the adoption
of biogas technology by contributing to policy and research conversations on the
financial understandings of the material recovery from water hyacinth. These
opinions are considered in relation to the sustainable development goals (SDGs)
as a whole (Ilo, et.al. 2020).
Circular economy methods to resource usage that are available inside the
community can enhance rural communities' adaptive capacity to become more
resilient to environmental shocks (Rijke, et.al., 2021). A microeconomic model
based on the valorization of water hyacinth is proposed, utilising a circular
economy approach, in order to win the passionate support of rural communities
impacted by the invasion of water hyacinth. In terms of how the community
handles issues linked to water hyacinth, this approach seeks to be a pro-
environmental behavioural change catalyst. The achievement of environmental
objectives would ensure that the advantages outweigh the costs and continue to

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be morally viable throughout time. The circular micro-economic model is seen
to be an effective environmental push towards sustainable water hyacinth
management because it has a defined environmental goal that focuses on a
community's potential advantages (Harun, et.al. 2021).
According to some published research, integrated technologies and good

management may be an effective solution, and water hyacinth could go from
being viewed as a noxious aquatic weed to a valuable resource that can be used
in bioremediation to remove excess nutrients from eutrophic waterbodies at a low
cost. Low-cost, effective equipment and the production of value-added items
from biomass from water hyacinths may be important system integration and
innovation factors. All effective and sustainable management practices for the
water hyacinth must simultaneously provide some form of social and economic
value, as well as benefit the environment, in the socioeconomic and ecological
sphere of global development (Yan, et.al. 2017).
The water hyacinth invasion has a significant impact on the rural residents
impacted, especially those whose livelihoods depend on water bodies, such as
fishing and riparian communities (Enyew, et.al. 2020; Honlah, et.al., 2019;
Segbefia, et.al., 2019). A water hyacinth invasion has detrimental effects on the
hydrology and environment, which then have socioeconomic effects since it
interferes with people's everyday lives and health. Local rainfall events may be
affected by the disruption of the hydrological water balance caused by the
increase in evapotranspiration relative to surface evaporation in the infected
regions. Water hyacinth obstructions in rivers will cause reduced water flows,
which will encourage sedimentation, deoxygenation, and degradation of water
quality. On lakes, weed canopies cut down on sunlight. This worsens other related

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water quality issues such as water turbidity and temperature fluctuation. As a
result of all these occurrences, fish and other aquatic creature populations decline
as their habitat becomes less hospitable. Instead, because the plant contains a
diversity of different species, disease vectors like snails and mosquitoes will
multiply (Harun, et.al. 2021).
Limited access to waterways caused by dense weed mats causes tensions
amongst the impacted populations for access to watercourses. Water hyacinth
flies with the wind because it is buoyant and unanchored. This is particularly
disruptive to fishermen since it makes boat navigation more difficult, delays
fishing preparation, and causes tangled fishing nets and other equipment damage
(Segbefia, et.al., 2019). The lake's overgrown water hyacinth makes it difficult
for fishermen to take their boats and fishing equipment, which lowers their catch
rates. The abundance of water hyacinth reduces the amount of soluble oxygen in
the water and prevents sunlight from entering the water, both of which contribute
to the drop in fish populations. The decaying water hyacinth can clog irrigation
channels in the fields, preventing farmers from harvesting the maximum amount
of rice, and eliminating them would be expensive (Maulidyna et.al., 2021).
The aggressive spread of floating water hyacinth has long been a source
of conflict in Thailand and other tropical countries. Because to their ever-growing
population, water hyacinth pollution and flow restriction are frequent in many
rivers. Water hyacinth removal from rivers, which essentially entails removing
the plants from the rivers and discarding them elsewhere, is the current answer to
this problem (Keawmanee, 2015).
The organisations and people in the Basin have suffered because of water
hyacinth. Negative social effects, such as a shortage of clean water, a rise in

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vector-borne illnesses, community movement, social strife, and difficulties
reaching water sources, have been identified by surveys. Reduced fish catches,
higher transportation costs, challenges with electricity production and water
extraction, fewer tourists, obstruction of irrigation canals, and environmental
effects like deteriorating water quality, water loss through evapotranspiration,
siltation, increased risk of flooding, and a decline in the diversity of aquatic life
have all had significant economic effects that Basin communities can easily
perceive (Mailu, 2001).
Eichhornia crassipes, an invasive water hyacinth, has the potential to

threaten Lake Tana and the ecosystem services it provides. Its expansion is
presently controlled by abstraction (manual removal), however problems with
mat disposal and pool creation still exist. The purpose of this study was to
evaluate the possible impacts of water hyacinth and how it is managed on both
human health and water quality. Open water, habitats covered in water hyacinth,
and habitats free of water hyacinth had their biotic and abiotic data gathered.
From 45 sites, a total of 3673 invertebrates from 21 families were gathered. The
most numerous family, accounting for 37.2% of all families, was Culicidae,
followed by Unionoidae (19.4%) and Sphaeriidae (8.1%). Water hyacinth cleared
environments had considerably greater densities of anopheline and culicine
larvae (p 0.05). Water hyacinth-covered habitats had considerably greater water
conductivity and total dissolved solids (p 0.05). In conclusion, biotic
communities and water quality suffered as a result of the water hyacinth invasion.
The physical removal of water hyacinth created an excellent environment for the
growth of mosquito larvae. Therefore, merging mosquito larvae control strategies

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designing
with water hyacinth management practises should assist to reduce the region's
potential risk of experiencing an epidemic of malaria (Gezie, et.al. 2018).
For Lake Tana in general and the fishermen in particular, water hyacinth
poses a serious danger. Effects of water hyacinth vary on the size of the invasion,
the usage of the impacted water body, and the measures employed for managing
it. The survival of subsistence fishermen may be in jeopardy if the spread of this
aquatic invasive plant continues at current rate since water hyacinth significantly
lowers fishing efficiency. Without a well-planned and implemented preventative
strategy, the growth of water hyacinth might harm not just the safety of the local
community's residents and fishers, but also the lake's capacity to maintain itself.
Due to the water hyacinth invasion of Lake Tana, the local population is in danger
of losing its source of income from fishing (Asmare, 2017)
Water hyacinths have altered the composition of the plant communities.

The fast growth of water hyacinth reduced the amount of sunlight reaching the
environment, which ultimately resulted in species extinction. The study will aid
in creating strategies for the responsible management of natural resources and
offer valuable advice for preserving the short- to medium-term ecological balance
in wetlands that are comparable (Lahon, et.al. 2023).
2.2. Water Hyacinth: A Promising and Innovative Raw material for Interior
Designing
Water Hyacinth is used in interiors as different products developed by

researcher. A composite constructed of water hyacinth fibre (WHF) and utilised
polyurethane foam (PUF) based on palm oil was created as a novel stiff sound-

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designing
absorbing material. With mesh sizes ranging from 80 to 20, the NCO index was
set to 100 and the WHF concentration to 1%wt. Investigations were done into the
PUF composite's mechanical characteristics, morphology, flammability, and
sound absorption coefficient (SAC). The compression strength of the PUF rose
from 0.33 to 0.47 N/mm2 when the WHF size was decreased from 80 to 20.
Additionally, using tiny fibres reduced the PUF composite's pore size, which
enhanced the material's flammability and sound absorption. A PUF composite
with a WHF mesh size of 80 and a SAC value of 0.92 was a workable sound-
absorbing material. PUF made from both discarded palm oil and water hyacinth
might therefore be a potential green substitute material for applications requiring
sound absorption (Sukhawipat, et.al. 2022).
Several handicrafts use water hyacinth as a source of raw materials

(Maulidyna,, et.al., 2021) such as Household accessories Baskets, tissue holder,
coasters, placemats, and tray box. And in interior Carpet, table and chair set,
lamp, wall clock and rope. Stems from water hyacinths are large and flexible,
making them easy to cut and weave. In addition to the stem, dried water hyacinth
petioles are also used to create vases, coasters, mats, shoes, sandals, belts, wallets,
and other types of handcraft in nations like Indonesia and the Philippines (Patel,
2012). Water Hyacinth biomass may be expertly turned into long-lasting,
beautiful furniture and crafts (Jafari, 2010). Following research, Water Hyacinth
insulating boards have proven to be beneficial in the building industries. Due to
its dependable physical characteristics, fibre boards constructed with Water
Hyacinth fibre are also suitable for use as interior walls and low-cost roofing
material. (Salas-Ruiz, et.al., 2019; Ndimele, et.al., 2011).

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designing
Boxes and envelopes are made of paper manufactured from Water
Hyacinth stem. The fibre can be used with waste paper or jute to improve the
quality of Water Hyacinth paper (Rahmawati, et.al., 2018). This paper can be
used in interiors as wallpaper. The rope made of Water Hyacinth may clearly be
used in this way, but it can also be used to make a variety of other things, like
mat, bins and baskets (Jernelöv, 2017) (Rezania, et.al. 2015).
The use of natural fibres as reinforcement materials in the building sector

has attracted attention. Examples include water hyacinth fibre, banana fibre,
hemp, kenaf, jute, barley, bagasse, cattail, coir, cotton, date, durian, elephant
grass, flax, palm, pineapple, reed, rice, sansevieria, sisal, sunflower and bamboo.
Particularly abundant and simple to cultivate are bananas and water hyacinths.
The aquatic weed species known as the water hyacinth plant (Eichhornia
crassipes) belongs to the Pontederiaceae family. They cause the damage of rivers
and water pollution by growing very quickly, spreading swiftly throughout the
whole river, and floating on the water's surface. Banana plants are widespread
and thrive best in warm climates. Banana and water hyacinth fibres have both
drawn more attention recently. Typically, the lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose
matrix hold hollow cellulose fibrils from the water hyacinth and banana plants,
respectively, together. It contains around 60%–70% cellulose, 40% lignin, and
20% hemicellulose, respectively. Materials' tensile strength and capacity to
absorb moisture can be provided by cellulose and hemicellulose, while lignin
offers biodegradation resistance. Additionally, the thickness, density, porosity,
stiffness, resistance, conductivity, and air permeability of plant fibres are among
the microstructures and features that most influence their mechanical and thermal
properties. As a result, each type of natural rubber has unique properties and may

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designing
be used for various industrial purposes. We investigated the use of banana and
water hyacinth fibres as reinforcing components in concrete (Niyasom, et.al.
2021).
Furniture made of Water Hyacinth is good for environment since the

earth is given nutrients when old furniture is disposed. On the other hand, after
being continuously heated by the sun, plastic ware gradually releases toxic gases
into the atmosphere. (Rossi, et al, 2016).
It has been generally accepted to employ water hyacinth in the

production of furniture, exhibitions, and displays, as well as interior design. The
water hyacinth's suppleness makes it simple and enjoyable to handle in novel
ways since it readily adopts the shape of whatever item it is attached to. Because
of this, it may be used in relation to the form-follows model. Philosophy of
function. It would be fair to deal with both of the current environmental hazards
deftly in ways that mitigate their negative effects on the environment as part of
environmental sustainability (Sianturi, et.al., 2019).
*Source: https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/eichhornia-crassipes/
Plate 1: Water Hyacinth Plant

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designing
2.3. Water Hyacinth: Diverse Products for Interior
In many of the tropical nations, the rapid growth of floating water hyacinth
has long been a cause of strife. Water hyacinth pollution and flow restrictions are
widespread in many rivers due to their constantly expanding population. The
current solution to this issue is removal of water hyacinth from rivers which
effectively means taking the plants out of the rivers and throwing them
somewhere else. The issue continues over time since they are merely band-aid
fixes, as was already mentioned. My approach is to transform allegedly "natural
rubbish" into marketable commodities that might provide revenue for rural Thai
people. The stretchy but sturdy qualities of water hyacinth are well recognised
and may be used to create eco-friendly fabrics (Keawmanee, 2015).
Because of its quick spread into new regions of freshwater bodies and
rapid development, water hyacinth is regarded as the worst aquatic weed in the
world. The feasibility of utilising water hyacinth as a raw material for compost
and handmade paper manufacture in Bangladesh was looked at. With a liquid to
solid ratio of 7:1, potassium hydroxide was used for potash pulping at various
alkali concentrations (8–12%) for two hours at 145 °C. Hydrogen peroxide was
used to bleach the pulp, and the brightness, tear index, and tensile index of
bleached and unbleached pulps were compared using the corresponding TAPPI
criteria. Compost was created by combining the generated black liquor with water
hyacinth, kitchen bio-waste and straw. The compost's qualities were evaluated
using the techniques that have been published. Indicating a considerable impact
of bleaching on the quality of water hyacinth paper, the brightness, tensile index,
and tear index of bleached hand sheets were found to be 37.2%, 49.2 N m/g, and
6.79 m.Nm2/g, respectively.

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designing
The nitrogen and potassium content of the bio-waste compost were
dramatically boosted by the addition of black liquor. Thus, WH may be utilised
as a raw material for creating handmade paper, and the by-product of the
manufacturing process can be added to compost to enhance its nutritional value.
To reduce the water hyacinth infestation in water bodies, such a cottage industry
of green water hyacinth goods might be formed. This technology may also
provide new potential sustainable living options (Islam, M. N., et. al. 2021).
Water Hyacinth ac be turned into biofuels, many techniques have been

researched in the energy sector. Water hyacinth has mostly been examined as a
substrate for the generation of biogas; however, when the weed is combined with
other biomass resources (anaerobic co-digestion processes) such cow dung and
elephant grass, fresh rumen waste, or alone, some encouraging results have been
observed. It has also been demonstrated that both untreated and pretreated water
hyacinth may produce bioethanol. The synthesis of biohydrogen from water
hyacinth has also recently been studied, with encouraging findings. There have
also been reports of the fabrication of briquettes from water hyacinth for
industrial (combustion) and home (cooking) scales; in the latter instance, it was
essential to combine water hyacinth with other materials (coal or wood) to create
sufficient combustion parameters (Román, S., et.al. 2020).
Study carried out by Phaisarntantiwong and Suwanakeree (2018) to

develop product designs for working women's and men's attire and accessories.
The methods employed were based on a descriptive investigation of the basketry
structure found in Thailand's central area. Water hyacinth and cotton were
blended in a 30:70 ratio to create the cloth used in the design. In order to create a

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designing
new handbag with a distinctive design for women, the 4P Marketing Strategy
concepts, natural colour applications, and product development were all used.
As bio-thermoplastic polymers are biodegradable, eco-friendly, and

nontoxic, they are currently often employed as reinforcement for natural fibres of
various types in matrix materials. The usage of synthetic materials manufactured
by humans may be reduced by using natural fibres, which are also one of the
sustainable resources for creating lightweight composites. In this opinion, using
waste bio fibre as reinforcement in bio-based composites for environmentally
acceptable semi-structural applications. Waste fibres from water hyacinth plants
were extracted, characterized, and used to make bio epoxy-based eco-friendly
composites from fibres that had undergone chemical treatment.
Eichhornia crassipes, sometimes known as water hyacinth, is an aquatic

perennial invasive plant. Initially, water hyacinth fibres were evaluated using a
variety of methods, including chemical analysis, X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier
transform infrared, Thermogravimetric analyser and like. Casting is used to
create the bioepoxy-based composites that re reinforced with raw, NaOH and
saline treated Water Hyacinth fibres. The composite specimens were then
subjected to tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, thermal, dynamic and surface
morphological testing. This work established water hyacinth fibres potential for
usage as a reinforcing material in bioepoxy composites to create totally bio-based
environmentally acceptable structures (Sumrith, et.al. 2020).
To combat the depletion of energy resources and to meet the rising global
demand for energy, this objective is crucial. The dried biomass may also be made
into briquettes, which are ideal as a co-firing agent in coal power plants, as an

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designing
alternative to fuel energy. So, in the future, the production of briquettes from
compacted biomass leftovers may reduce the need for coal to provide more
energy. The other use of water hyacinth is as a soil supplement for sandy soil,
which can enhance the soil's hydro-physical and chemical properties and provide
growing crops with a variety of nutrients. The potential of water hyacinth to bio
remediate, or remove contaminants from home and industrial waste water
effluents, has also attracted interest (Rezania, et.al. 2015).
Water hyacinth, known for its rapid growth and ability to flourish in water
bodies, offers an exciting opportunity for interior designing. Its fibrous stems and
vibrant foliage can be transformed into beautiful and eco-friendly products. This
plant may be utilised as the primary ingredient in the creation of a wide range of
handicrafts, including wallets, chairs, tables, sandals, purses, and baskets.
Additionally, water hyacinth may be used to make organic fertilisers and biogas.
With proper treatment, water hyacinth may clean up contaminated water brought
on by heavy metal pollution. In other words, water hyacinth has both positive and
negative economic effects. The survival of this aquatic ecosystem depends on the
proper management of this species (Maulidyna, A., et.al., 2021).

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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research methodology deals with the objective of a research study, the

method of defining the research problem; the type of hypothesis formulated the
type of data collected and the methods used for collecting and analyzing the data.
Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a
field of study. In the modern world, polluted with non-bio degradable materials
that causes environmental problems, use of ecofriendly products as far as possible
becomes a necessity for rejuvenating the environment. Water hyacinth found in
tropical and sub-tropical regions; a harmful species in many areas due to its
invasiveness and capacity to interfere with ecosystems and human activities. To
reduce its detrimental effects, it is crucial to regulate and control its growth
carefully. The study on ‘Water Hyacinth: A Promising and Innovative Source
for Sustainable Interior’ aims to develop sustainable interior design products,
evaluate and educate home makers about the importance of sustainable products.
The methodology adopted for the study comprised of three phases as

follows:-
3.1. Phase I: Household Survey to find out types and materials used for interior
accessories
3.2. Phase II: Development of interior accessories with Water Hyacinth
3.3. Phase III: Evaluation of the Water Hyacinth products developed

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designing
3.1. Phase I: Household Survey
To gather the data material and type of accessories used in interior, a

baseline survey in online mode, called e-survey is conducted. Online surveys are
practical for both participants and researchers, offering a quick and affordable
approach to gather an extensive amount of data (Hosseinzadeh, et.al., 2019),
regardless of place or time zone, from a broad range of people (Williams and
Arthur, 2017).
To evaluate and understand the awareness about sustainable interior

design and negative impacts of types materials used as interior accessories, an
online survey is being conducted among hundred homemakers.
The survey comprised of following steps:
3.1.1. Study Locale

3.1.2. Selection of Sample
3.1.3. Selection of Tool
3.1.4. Collection, Consolidation and Analysis of the Data
3.1.1. Study Locale

The area selected for the study is urban and rural areas of Ernakulam
district, Kerala. Because of the fact that Ernakulam has a rich network of
backwaters, and has been declared as National waterways by central government
of India. Water bodies in the area are currently overflowed with water hyacinth,
which is problematic for tour operators, fishermen, and boaters and serves as a
breeding ground for mosquitoes. This is a menace in Ernakulam district.

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designing
Figure: 3.1 - Study Locale
3.1.2. Selection of Sample

Sample size of the study consist of 100 individuals. Sampling technique
adopted for the study is convenience sampling. A non-probability sampling
technique called convenience sampling includes choosing research participants
who are willing and accessible. Also, there are certain practical and convenient
benefits. Convenience sampling is a useful and effective technique for gathering
information from participants who are readily available, which can help
guarantee an excellent response rate (Creswell, 2014).

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designing
3.1.3. Selection of Tool
The major focus of each study is the tool selection. The necessary
information that is essential for the study has been gathered using a well
constructed questionnaire. A questionnaire is essentially a tool used to gather
data, including demographics, views, and other information, about the study topic
from participants. This basic structured questionnaire gives general information
regarding the awareness and knowledge about sustainable interior designing and
bout using water hyacinth as excellent source for sustainable products.
Questionnaire developed as the tool for the study which include a set of the
structured questions to collect the general information, information pertaining to
‘Water Hyacinth: A Promising and innovative source of Sustainable Interior
designing’ is provided in Appendix 1.
3.1.4. Collection, Consolidation and Analysis of the Data

The questionnaire was provided online in Google form. The data received
was consolidated and tabulate with the help of software and keenly speculated
with proper statistical tools. The tools that considered are percentiles and graphs.

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designing
SELECTION OF AREA: ERNAKULAM
SELECTION OF SAMPLE: Sample

size100
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
Convenience sampling
SELECTION OF TOOL: Online

questionnaire
COLLECTION, CONSOLIDATION
AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA:
Google forms
Figure: 3.2
Research Design for Phase 1 Survey

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designing
Recent researches have revealed that water hyacinth may be converted

into a sustainable product development material, offering an alternative to
conventional materials that might have negative environmental effects. Phase II
of the study includes development of various interior accessories using water
hyacinth. The study attempts to develop six handmade products, which include
both functional and decorative accessories used for decorating home interiors.
The products that demonstrate the potential for creative and sustainable
responses to environmental problems include water hyacinth wall paper, basket,
tissue box, multi storage box, placemat and décor accessories. Raw materials
used for all the products were water hyacinth dried and processed.
Plate 2: Dried Water Hyacinth – Raw material used

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designing
Methodology for developing these water hyacinth interior accessories is
given below:-
3.2.1. Water Hyacinth Wallpaper

3.2.2. Water Hyacinth Basket
3.2.3. Water Hyacinth Tissue Box
3.2.4. Water Hyacinth Multi Storage Box
3.2.5. Water Hyacinth Place Mat
3.2.6. Water Hyacinth Interior Decor Accessory
3.2.1. WATER HYACINTH WALLPAPER
Beautiful spatial effects are produced by using natural materials in interior

design. The surface of this interesting wallpaper is made up of water hyacinth
plant parts. Each and every metre of this gorgeous wallpaper is distinct because
to its observable natural structure. The inherent grain of the material gives beige,
brown and ochre colour life, and in an interior, they harmonise wonderfully with
dark wood furniture. These materials may also be chemically dyed to
complement the interiors.
Material Required: Water Hyacinth stem (dried and flattened), Baking

material.
Making Process: Water Hyacinth wall paper can be made by a backing material
is often put to the water hyacinth which can be paper or fabric in order to make
the wallpaper robust and long-lasting after the flattened water hyacinth are
bonded together. You may use a number of materials, including paper or fabric,
to create this background.

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The water hyacinth wallpaper is completed with a protective coating once
the backing has been placed to make it more long-lasting and water-resistant. The
wallpaper is then prepared for installing. The resulting wallpaper is eco-friendly,
durable, and visually striking, making it a popular choice for interior design.
3.2.2. WATER HYACINTH BASKET
Amazing, authentic and comfy designs have evolved throughout time.

Water hyacinth, a plant commonly found in lakes, rivers, and other bodies of
water worldwide, is used to weave a distinctive basket. This basket may serve as
storage, a decorative element, and a treasure for craft enthusiasts who value finely
crafted items. A sturdy item with a contemporary design to take care of daily
needs. It may be washed and dried quickly.
Materials Required: Water Hyacinth stalks dried in sun.
Making Process: Leaves are separated from cleaned and sorted water hyacinth.
These stems are dried in enough sunlight. These dried stems are woven into
sheets. There are variety of different woven patterns to choose from. These sheets
are shaped to desired design of basket and stitched or glued together. Products
dyes and ornaments can also add to enhance its appearance.
3.2.3. WATER HYACINTH TISSUE BOX
Sustainable and innovative tissue box made of water hyacinth can make
an eco-friendly fashion statement in the interior at the same time these are durable
and sturdy. This exquisite artistry is perfect to add to the decor
Materials Required: Water hyacinth, Cotton fabric, base board.

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Making Process: Dried water hyacinth stem is flattened and glued on the base
board. These board are the folded into desired shape here, the tissue box can be
opened to refill the tissue paper and also the opening on the top to take the tissue
out these opening is made prior to gluing of water hyacinth. The inside of the box
is made smooth by fixing cotton fabric. Externally this can be finished with
coating or clear lacquer.
3.2.4. WATER HYACINTH MULTI STORAGE BOX
Storage box of different size can be made out of water hyacinth. This hand
crafted box can be used as gift box, storage box and utility etc. these boxes are
finished with coating of clear lacquer foe easy maintenance, use dry soft cloth to
clean this product. It is an excellent choice to accessorise vanity and living room
decor.
Materials Required: flattened water hyacinth stem, cotton fabric, base board
Making Process: The foundation board is covered with a flattened and glued
dried water hyacinth stem. Here, the board is folded into the required form. The
tissue box may be opened to replenish the tissue paper, and there is an aperture
on top that allows you to remove the tissue. Cotton cloth is fixed inside the box
to provide a smooth interior. This may be completed outside with a coat of clear
lacquer. The making process is similar to that of tissue box.
3.2.5. WATER HYACINTH PLACE MAT
Place mat can be beautifully handcrafted out of water hyacinth. The

natural tone and texture will add a touch of warmth and rustic charm to home and
interior space.

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Materials Required: Water hyacinth
Making Process: The water hyacinth stem are dried a woven to the desired
measurement. The edges of the mat are neatly secured by weaving technique and
sewing it down or also can be glued. The mat can of different shape like square,
rectangle, oval or circle.
3.2.6. WATER HYACINTH INTERIOR DECOR ACCESSORIES
Decor accessories using water hyacinth to enhance the look of the

interior, and to develop eco-friendly products. Accessories in the interior are
made of plastic or other synthetic materials can be replaced by natural and
sustainable products like this.
Materials Required: Dyed water hyacinth stem, Resin and hardener, wooden
frame of size 15cm X 15cm X 5cm.
Making Process: The wooden frame is placed over silicone moulds; it will help
in removing the resin after the setting time.
The resin is prepared by mixing hardener and pours resin to the wooden frame.
Water hyacinth pieces are added after the first layer of resin. The second layer is
added on the top of water hyacinth and allowed to set for 24 hours to cure. Cover
the mould with box or plastic container to keep hair and other dust particles from
resin while it dries. De-mould the cured resin, the leaked out epoxy can be cut
out to the shape of frame.

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3.3. Phase III: Evaluation of the Water Hyacinth products developed
The evaluation comprises of the following steps:
3.3.1 Development of the Evaluation Performa
3.3.2 Evaluation of the Water Hyacinth Products
3.3.1 Development of the Evaluation Performa
The evaluation performa helps the evaluators to evaluate the

effectiveness and viability of the product. By ensuring that the finished product
satisfies both corporate and customer objectives, a well-designed product
assessment process may offer insightful information about consumer wants and
preferences (Mohammed and Abdullah, 2017). For this, an evaluation performa
was developed by the researcher in five point scale. The score accredited is 1 -
poor, 2 - fair, 3 - good, 4 - very good, and 5 - excellent. On the basis of this scale,
the score of each product is calculated and analysed. The products were evaluated
based on its appearance, creativity and Usefulness. The evaluation performa
developed for the assessment of water hyacinth products is given in Appendix 2.
3.3.2 Evaluation of the Water Hyacinth Interior Accessories
For the purpose of evaluation a panel of 10 homemakers were

constituted. The panel evaluated the products with help of evaluation performa
and awarded scores. The awarded scores were collected and tabulated and given
in Chapter IV: Results and Discussion.

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Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Water hyacinth products made from or utilizing this aquatic plant, known
for its rapid growth and adaptability. Water hyacinth has attracted interest
recently as a sustainable and eco-friendly material for a range of applications,
including interior design and home decor. The long, strong, and flexible fibres of
water hyacinth may be used to weave and create a wide range of products, from
furniture and wall coverings to home accessories and decor. Products made from
water hyacinths offer distinctive and organic aesthetics, bringing a touch of
organic charm to interior settings. Additionally, using water hyacinth as a
material encourages sustainability because it is biodegradable, abundant, and
frequently derived from populations that are invasive or overabundant and can
affect ecosystems. In addition to improving the aesthetic appeal of places, the
usage of water hyacinth products is in line with the rising trend towards
environmentally friendly and sustainable design.
The study on ‘Water Hyacinth; a promising and innovative source for

sustainable interior’ was conducted to promote the sustainability in interiors and
create awareness about sustainable interior products developed from water
hyacinth. The study also aims in discussing the pros and cons of water hyacinth
in the environment. Different accessories and decor items are produced from

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water hyacinth stem, which is a sustainable alternative for plastic or synthetic
products.
The study was conducted in three phases and the results of the study is
presented accordingly.
accessories
4.3. Phase III: Evaluation of the Water Hyacinth interior accessories developed
accessories
The study sample consist of 100 homemakers. The research method used to
select the sample was convenient sampling method. The tools used for research is
online questionnaire. The data was collected by converting the questionnaire to google
form and circulating through WhatsApp. The result obtained is consolidated tabulated
and presented below.
4.1.1. General information of the respondents
General information of the respondents is very crucial in studies

conducted in various fields. General information collected for the study includes
age, family income, area of residence – whether rural or urban. The data
consolidated, tabulated and presented in Table 4.1.

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Respondents
Particulars N=100 %
1 Age (in years)
● Below 30 87 87%
● 31-50 9 9%
● Above 50 4 4%
2 Family income per month
● Below Rs. 10,000 15 15%
● Rs. 10,001- Rs. 30,000 45 45%
● Rs. 30,001- Rs. 50,000 20 20%
● Above Rs. 50,000 20 20%
3 Area of residence
● Rural 70 70%
● Urban 30 30%
Table 4.1. General information of the respondents
The table gives general information about the respondents. A total of 100
homemakers responded to the questionnaire conducted as part of this study. The
table highlights that out of the selected sample, eighty seven percentage aged
below thirty years old, nine percentages between thirty one years and fifty years
old, only four percentages were above fifty years old. The study shows that
fifteen percentage of the respondents have monthly income below Rs.10,000,

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monthly income of 45% of the respondents ranges from Rs. 10,001 to Rs. 30,000,
twenty percentage have income ranges between Rs. 30,001 and Rs. 50,000 and
another twenty percentage above Rs. 50,000. Respondents are from various part
of Ernakulam district. Majority of the respondents (70%) are from rural side of
Ernakulam district, remaining 30% is from Urban area.
4.1.2. Age of the Respondents
The age of the respondents is one of the most important characteristics

to speculate views and ideas about the problem. The rise in numerical of the age
gives an idea of maturity of the respondent. The age of respondents are classified
as follows:
AGE
Below 30 31-50 Above 50
4%
9%
87%
Figure 4.1. Distribution of Samples according to Age

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From the above pie chart, it is evident that majority (87%) of the
respondent are below thirty. This age group consists of young homemakers. Nine
percentages of the respondents are in between the age of thirty one to fifty and
only 4% of the respondents are above the age of fifty.
4.1.3. Family Income
Distribution of respondents according to their family income is given in

figure 4.2.
20% 15%
Below Rs. 10,000
20% Rs. 10,001- Rs. 30,000

45% Rs. 30,001- Rs. 50,000
Above Rs. 50,000
Figure 4.2: Family Income
The respondents vary according to their family income. 15% of the

respondents have monthly income below Rs.10,000, monthly income of 45% of
the respondents ranges from Rs. 10,001 to Rs. 30,000, 20% have income ranges
between Rs. 30,001 and Rs. 50,000 and another 20% above of the respondents
were Rs. 50,000.

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4.1.4. Area of Residence of the Respondents
According to area of residence of the respondents they were

classified and given in Figure 4.3.
Rural Urban
Figure 4.3: Area of Residence
The study comprised of majority of the respondents (70%) from rural side
of Ernakulam district, remaining 30% of the respondents is from urban area of
Ernakulam district.
4.1.5. Materials used for purchased indoor accessories
The material with which purchased interior accessories were made is found
out and presented in figure 4.4.

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Mud / Clay
Ceramics
Recycled materials
Glass
Fabric
Plastic
Wood
Metal
0 20 40 60 80 100
Figure 4.4: Material used for purchased indoor accessories
There various types of material with which purchased interior accessories

were made. They are plastic (100%), wood (88%), fabric (44%) metal (42%)
ceramic (42%) recycled material (36%), glass (28%) and mud/clay (16%). The
study reveals that all the respondents use plastic material as interior accessories.
Plastic, once hailed as a miracle material, has now become a nightmare that
threatens the very existence of our environment and jeopardizes the well-being
of all living beings.
4.1.6. Hand-made accessories used in interiors by the respondents
Various hand-made accessories and decor items used in the interiors of the
respondents where found out and presented in Figure 4.3.

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60
50
40
30
20
10
4.5: Hand-made accessories used in interiors of respondents
Hand-made accessories and decor items used in the interiors by the

respondents include containers for indoor plants (52%), pen stands (40%), wall
hangings (38%), storage baskets (22%), door mats (18%), table mats (20%),
macramé products (12%), flower vases (11%), quote boards (9%) and kitchen
accessories (8%).
4.1.7. Materials used for making accessories
Raw materials used for making the hand-made accessories are also equally
important. The disposal and waste management of these accessories can be
unsustainable and effect the environment. Certain materials used for making
accessories are listed below:

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Materials used for making accessories
50
46
35
32
28
18
13 13
4 4
Fig 4.6: Materials used for making accessories
The study shows that around fifty percent of the respondents use wood as
the raw material for making accessories. 46% of respondent use cotton fabric and
cotton as the material. Jute and coir are frequently used in interiors, 35% and
32% responded. Wicker and rattan materials are least responded materials of the
list, i.e. four percent of responders. Twenty eight percent responders use bamboo
as a material for making interior accessories.
4.1.8. Awareness of Water Hyacinth products
Water hyacinth is a flexible and renewable material that has gained

attention recently as an innovative solution for eco-friendly interiors. It is an
aquatic plant that grows swiftly in warm climates and may be harvested for a
number of purposes, such as textiles, furniture, and home decor. As a sustainable
material, water hyacinth provides a variety of advantages over traditional
materials. It is environmentally friendly, renewable, and biodegradable.

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Awareness of Water Hyacinth products
47
53
Fig 4.7: Awareness of Water Hyacinth Products
From the above chart it has been seen that more than half of the respondents
(53%) are aware of products developed from Water Hyacinth. The rest 43% of
the respondents were unaware about water hyacinth and its contribution to
interior designing.
4.1.9. Opinion regarding the advantages of water hyacinth products
Water bodies in the district Ernakulam is more and many of them are
infested by water hyacinth. It is important to acquire information about the
respondent’s opinion about the advantages of water hyacinth products. The graph
provided below (Figure: 4.8) will provide an insight on the level of their
awareness on the advantages of the topic.

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Respondents opinion about advntages of Water
Hyacinthproducts
Other Harm the water

2% eco system
1%
Reduce waste
generation
20%
Eco-friendly
45%
Sustainable
home decor
18%
Cost
effective
14%
Fig 4.8: Opinion about the advantages of water hyacinth products
The study indicates that around 45% of the respondents think the products
are eco-friendly. 20% of the respondents shows us that these products reduce
waste generation, white 18% are in the opinion that it will be a sustainable home
decor. 14% opines that Water Hyacinth products are cost effective, two percent
says that it may have other advantages and one percent says it may harm the
water eco system.
4.1.10. Opinion on the limitation of Water Hyacinth products
Entrepreneurs and product developers show and create many programs

for promotion of the products. Still there are some limitation for these products,
in the opinion of the respondents. These limitations include lack of technical

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know-how, non-availability of the materials, lack of time, lack of space required
to make these products and lack of creativity.
lack of creativity
lack of space
lack of time
non-availability of the materials
lack of technical know-how
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Fig 4.9: Opinion on the limitation of Water Hyacinth products
The above given diagram reveals that 37% of the respondents says that
they are unaware of the techniques used in making of the water hyacinth
products. 28% of the respondents complaints about the lack of time while 18%
of the respondents complaints on lack of space. 14% of them says about non-
availability of raw materials and 4% express lack of creativity.

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4.1.11. Interest in Water Hyacinth product development classes
Opinion of the study about their interest in attending the product

development classes from water hyacinth matters in the study of sustainable
products development from water hyacinth. Sustainable interior products are
preferred by people nowadays due to the environmental problems. Products
developed from water hyacinth are eco-friendly and it is also beneficial to aquatic
ecosystem. Figure 4.10 express the interest of the respondents regarding
attending water hyacinth product development classes.
Yes No
26%
74%
Fig 4.10: Interest in Water Hyacinth product development classes
From the above chart it has been seen that majority of the respondents is
interested in product development class from Water Hyacinth. To specifically
understand around seventy four percent of the individual are interested in these
classes and twenty six percent are not interested in Water Hyacinth product
development classes.

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4.1.12. Reason for interest in product development classes
The studies show that majority of the respondents are interested in product
development classes from Water Hyacinth, the reason for their interest varies.
The study provided below gives us an idea on the reason for respondent’s interest
in product development classes.
To start an
Care about enterprise
environment 8%
20%
To increase
creativity
To observe 22%
trends
13%
To learn new
skills
37%
Fig 4.11: Reason for interest in product development classes
The study reveals that 37% of individuals are interested to learn it as a

new skill. 22% respondents use it as an opportunity to increase their creativity.
While 20% have the interest because of the mindset of care about environment.
13% percent is to observe the trends and 8% are interested to learn product
development classes from water hyacinth to start an enterprise.

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Water hyacinth brings a unique and natural touch to interior spaces. Its
fibrous stems and vibrant foliage offer a visually appealing and organic aesthetic.
Its long, flexible stalks can be woven into intricate patterns, creating stunning
furniture pieces, lamps, baskets, and other home decor items. The natural texture
and warm tones of water hyacinth bring a sense of serenity and earthiness to any
living space. By incorporating these accessories into our interiors, we can infuse
our homes with a touch of nature, creating a harmonious and sustainable living
environment.
Incorporating water hyacinth accessories can create a harmonious blend

of nature-inspired elements within the living environment. Water hyacinth offers
versatility in terms of its applications. It can be woven into various interior
accessories such as furniture, home decor items, baskets, lampshades, wall
coverings, and more. Its pliability and durability make it suitable for a wide range
of design styles and functions.
The six decorative accessories developed by the researcher using water
hyacinth for the study is given below:
1. Water Hyacinth Wallpaper
2. Water Hyacinth Basket
3. Water Hyacinth Tissue Box
4. Water Hyacinth Multi Storage Box
5. Water Hyacinth Place Mat
6. Water Hyacinth Interior Decor Accessory

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Plate 4.3: Water Hyacinth Wallpaper

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Plate 4.4: Water Hyacinth Basket

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Plate 4.5: Water Hyacinth Tissue Box

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Plate 4.6: Water Hyacinth Multi Storage Box

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Plate 4.7: Water Hyacinth Place Mat

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Plate 4.8: Water Hyacinth Interior Decor Accessory

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4.3. Phase III: Evaluation of the Water Hyacinth products
After the product development the products are analysed and valued by 10
homemakers with the help of Evaluation Performa. The data collected were
consolidated, analysed and presented as follows:-
4.3.1. Assessment of Water Hyacinth Wall Paper
Qualities Appearance Usefulness Creativity
Rating by panel
44 42 44
members
Table 4.2 Rating of Water Hyacinth Wall Paper
While assessing Water Hyacinth Wall Paper, from above graph it is clears
that the panel of homemakers had given forty four score out of fifty for both
appearance and Creativity. In the criteria usefulness it is to be improved.
4.3.2 Assessment of Water Hyacinth Basket
Rating by panel
50 49 50
members
Table 4.3 Rating of Water Hyacinth Basket

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Water Hyacinth Basket is most rated product. The panel members given a
score of fifty for the appearance of the basket, and the creativity. The usefulness
of the basket is scored forty nine. From the above table the assessment is clear
that panel members are impressed by the product.
4.3.3 Assessment of Water Hyacinth Tissue box
Rating by panel
49 49 48
members
Table 4.4 Rating of Water Hyacinth Tissue box

From the table given above we are arriving at a conclusion that Water
Hyacinth tissue box also have a good scale of rating. For appearance and
usefulness it has a score of forty nine. Forty eight is the score given for the
creativity of the product. Therefore the product is to be made more creatively.
4.3.4 Assessment of Water Hyacinth Multi storage box
Rating by panel
48 48 46
members
Table 4.5 Rating of Water Hyacinth Multi storage box

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Panel of Homemakers has rated forty eight for the appearance and
usefulness of Storage box. The creativity of the box is given forty six. Pane
members think that there is scope of improvement in developing the product. The
qualities like appearance, usefulness and creativity needed improvement.
4.3.5 Assessment of Water Hyacinth Placemat
Rating by panel
47 47 48
members
Table 4.6 Rating of Water Hyacinth Placemat
The table given above has the information about the rating and score given
to Water hyacinth Placemat. The rating shows that the creativity of the product is
forty eight out of fifty. Forty seven is the score given to the Appearance and
Usefulness. The appearance of the place mat needed alteration and improvement
according to the assessment of score given by the homemakers.

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4.3.5 Assessment of Water Hyacinth Décor Accessory
Rating by panel
46 46 48
members
Table 4.7 Rating of Water Hyacinth Décor Accessory
Water Hyacinth Décor Accessory has the score of forty six for the
appearance and usefulness. Forty eight is given to the creativity of the product.
The appearance and usefulness of Water Hyacinth Décor according to rating of
homemakers need improvement. The panel members are impressed with the
creativity of the product.
Water Wall Basket Tissue Multi Placemat Decor

hyacinth paper box storage box accessory
products
Total
score
130 149 146 142 142 140
(150)
Table 4.8 Total scores of products evaluated by homemakers

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Product Evaluation score
149
146
142 142 140
130
Water Basket Tissue Multi Placemat Decor

Hyacinth Box storage accessory
wall box
paper
Fig 4.12: Evaluation score for the products
From the above results it is evident that the maximum score is for basket
made of Water Hyacinth. Specifically it scored one hundred and forty nine out
of one fifty. Tissue box score one forty six. Multi storage box and placemat have
one forty two, while décor accessory scored one forty by the homemakers. To
the lowest score one thirty is given to Water hyacinth wall paper. The majority
of the homemakers were impressed by the products especially the baskets and
tissue box.

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Chapter 5
summary AND conclusion
We live in a world where sustainability and eco-friendliness have become

crucial considerations in every aspect of our lives. From the food we eat to the
products we use, people are increasingly seeking options that are environmentally
conscious. In this context, water hyacinth emerges as a remarkable solution for
replacing interior accessories which cause harm to environment.
The results obtained from the study on ‘Water Hyacinth: A Promising

and Innovative Source for Sustainable Interior’ is consolidated and given in
following points:-
1. The study is conducted to understand the scope of water hyacinth as a

promising and innovative source for sustainable interior designing.
2. Objectives of the study is to understand types of materials for
accessories used in interiors, to find out opinion from homemakers
regarding water hyacinth products, to develop water hyacinth
accessories for making interior more sustainable and to assess the
quality of appearance of the developed products.
3. The methodology adopted for the study comprised of three phases-
• Phase I: Household Survey to find out types and materials used
for interior accessories
• Phase II: Development of interior accessories with Water Hyacinth
• Phase III: Evaluation of the Water Hyacinth products developed

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4. The area selected for the survey is urban and rural areas of Ernakulam
district.
5. Sample size for the survey consist of 100 individuals.
6. Tool used for the study is a well constructed questionnaire as Google
form
7. Age group of the study consists of young homemakers. Majority
(87%) of the respondent are below thirty. Nine percentages of the
respondents are in between the age of 31 to 50 and only 4% of the
respondents are above the age of fifty.
8. 15% of the respondents have monthly income below Rs.10,000,

monthly income of 45% of the respondents ranges from Rs. 10,001 to
Rs. 30,000, 20% have income ranges between Rs. 30,001 and Rs.
50,000 and another 20% above of the respondents were Rs. 50,000.
9. There various types of material with which purchased interior

accessories were made. They are plastic (100%), wood (88%), fabric
(44%) metal (42%) ceramic (42%) recycled material (36%), glass
(28%) and mud/clay (16%).
10. The study reveals that all the respondents use plastic material as
interior accessories. Plastic, once hailed as a miracle material, has now
become a nightmare that threatens the very existence of our
environment and jeopardizes the well-being of all living beings.
11. Hand-made accessories and decor items used in the interiors by the
respondents include containers for indoor plants (52%), pen stands
(40%), wall hangings (38%), storage baskets (22%), door mats (18%),

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table mats (20%), macramé products (12%), flower vases (11%), quote
boards (9%) and kitchen accessories (8%).
12. The study shows that around fifty percent of the respondents use wood
as the raw material for making accessories. 46% of respondent use
cotton fabric and cotton as the material. Jute and coir are frequently
used in interiors, 35% and 32% responded. Wicker and rattan materials
are least responded materials of the list, i.e. four percent of responders.
Twenty eight percent responders use bamboo as a material for making
interior accessories.
13. More than half of the respondents (53%) are aware of products
developed from Water Hyacinth. The rest 43% of the respondents
were unaware about water hyacinth and its contribution to interior
designing.
14. The study indicates that around 45% of the respondents think the
products are eco-friendly. 20% of the respondents shows us that these
products reduce waste generation, white 18% are in the opinion that it
will be a sustainable home decor. 14% opines that Water Hyacinth
products are cost effective, two percent says that it may have other
advantages and one percent says it may harm the water eco system.
15. 37% of the respondents says that they are unaware of the techniques
used in making of the water hyacinth products. 28% of the
respondents complaints about the lack of time while 18% of the
respondents complaints on lack of space. 14% of them says about non-
availability of raw materials and 4% express lack of creativity.

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16. 74% of the individual are interested in the Water Hyacinth product
development classes.
17. Reason for their interest is that, 37% of individuals are interested to
learn it as a new skill. 22% respondents use it as an opportunity to
increase their creativity. While 20% have the interest because of the
mindset of care about environment. 13% percent is to observe the
trends and 8% are interested to learn product development classes
from water hyacinth to start an enterprise.
18. Raw material selected for the product development is dried water
hyacinth
19. They six product developed from water hyacinth are Wallpaper,
Basket, Tissue Box, Multi Storage Box, Place Mat and Interior Decor
Accessory
20. Maximum score is for water hyacinth basket, it scored 149 out of 150.
Tissue box score 146. Multi storage box and placemat have 142, while
décor accessory scored only 140. The lowest score 130 is given to
Water hyacinth wall paper.
CONCLUSION
The need for sustainable products in interior design has become increasingly
important in recent years. As society grows more conscious of environmental issues,
there is a growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions in all aspects of
life, including interior design. Sustainable products in interior design refer to
materials, furniture, and accessories that are produced and used in a way that
minimizes their impact on the environment. By incorporating sustainable products in

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interior design, we can create spaces that not only look beautiful but also contribute
to a greener and more sustainable future. Hence the study highlights the need for eco-
friendly, bio degradable water hyacinth products which promote healthier indoor air
quality.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
• The study helps to reduce the impact caused by using non-bio degradable
products in interior by replacing Water Hyacinth products
• The study will inculcate ideas and creativity in the sample to design new
products with Water Hyacinth to beautify their interior aesthetically.
FUTURE PLANS ON THE PROJECT
• To develop and sell the new Water Hyacinth products developed

• Provide consultation for those who are interested to develop Water Hyacinth
products
• Publish paper based on the study.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abdullah, A. H., & Mohammed, S. S. (2017). Evaluating new products

development process in the food industry. Journal of Agribusiness
Marketing, 4(2), 62-78. doi: 10.1515/jabm-2017-0004
Ajayi, T. O., & Ogunbayo, A. O. (2012). Achieving environmental sustainability
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APPENDIX 1
QUESTIONNAIRE TO ELICIT INFORMATION REGARDING

TYPES AND MATERIALS OF INDOOR ACCESSORIES USED
1. Name:
2. Phone no:
3. Age
a) Below 30
b) 31-50
c) Above 50
4. Family income per month

a) Below 10,000
b) 10001-30,000
c) 30,001-50,000
d) Above 50,000
5. Type of residence
a) Urban b) Rural

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6. Handmade accessories used in interior
a) Storage baskets
b) Door mats
c) Place mats/ Table mats
d) Macramé products
e) Quote boards
f) Pots for Indoor plants
g) Pen stands
h) Flower vases
i) Others if any..................
7. Materials used for making accessories
a) Jute
b) Coir
c) Wood
d) Bamboo
e) Wicker
f) Rattan
g) Linen(fabric)
h) Cotton
i) Twine
j) Yarn
k) Others if any..............

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designing
8. Material for other accessories used in interior
Metal
Wood
Plastic
Fabric
Glass
Recycled materials
Any other (specify)………………………………………………………
9. Have you heard of water hyacinth products?

a) Yes b) No
10. In your opinion what are the advantages of water hyacinth products?
a) Eco friendly
b) Cost-Effective
c) Sustainable house decor
d) Reduce waste generation
e) Any other specify …………………………………………..
11. Limitations of water hyacinth products?
a) Higher initial cost
b) Availability
c) Inconvenience
d) Any other specify …………………………………………..

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designing
12. Are you interested in product development classes on water hyacinth?
a) Yes b) No
13. If yes, Reason for interest

a) To start an enterprise
b) To increase creativity
c) To learn new skill
d) To observe trends
e) Care about environment
f) Any other specify …………………………………………..

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designing
APPENDIX 2
EVALUATION PROFORMA FOR EVALUATING
WATER HYCINTH PRODUCTS
TOTAL SCORE
Appearance
Sl.
Usefulness
Creativity
No. WATER HYCINTH PRODUCTS
1 Water Hyacinth wall paper
2 Basket
3 Tissue box
4 Multi storage box
5 Placemat
6 Décor accessory
NB : Kindly assess the decorative accessories in 5 point scale as given below:
Key: -
Excellent - 5 points
Very good – 4 points
Good – 3 points
Satisfactory – 2 points
Poor – 1 point.

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designing

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WATER HYACINTH: A PROMISING AND INNOVATIVE

SOURCE FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERIOR

HOME SCIENCE (BRANCH B)

FATHIMA FEBIN P.P.

DEPARTMENT OF HOME SCIENCE AND CENTRE FOR RESEARCH

SOURCE FOR SUSTAINABLE INTERIOR

ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE, ERNAKULAM

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

HOME SCIENCE (BRANCH B)

FATHIMA FEBIN P.P.

‘Certified as bonafide research work’

SIGNATURE OF HEAD OF SIGNATURE OF

ST.TERESA'S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) ERNAKULAM

Author Name FATHIMA FEBIN P P

MSc. Home Science

Name of Guide Dr. Susan Cherian

Department Home Science & Centre For Research

Acceptable Maximum Limit 20%

'Water Hyacinth: A Promising and Innovative Source for

Submission Date 2023-06-05 12:35:43

Signature of Student Signature of Guide

* This report has been generated by DrillBit Anti-Plagiarism Software

I hereby declare that the thesis entitled ‘‘Water Hyacinth; a

FATHIMA FEBIN P.P.

Dr. Susan Cherian

This is to certify that the thesis entitled ‘Water

Ernakulam Dr. SUSAN CHERIAN

Accomplishment of research work is a golden opportunity for learning

I thank Almighty in helping me to complete this project successfully and

I am grateful to Rev. Dr. Sr. Vinitha CSST, Manager, St. Teresa’s

My sincere thanks to KIDS (Kottpuram Integrated Development

I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Susan Cherian, Associate Professor,

I feel privileged to express my sincere thanks to all my teachers in the

I owe a heartfelt gratitude to my parents, family member, friends and all

Chapter No. Title Page No.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 18-32

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 44-69

5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 70-74

Table no. Title Page no.

4.1 General information of the respondents 46

4.6 Materials used for making accessories 52

4.9 Opinion on the limitation of Water Hyacinth products 55

4.10 Interest in Water Hyacinth product development classes 56

4.11 Reason for interest in product development classes 57

4.12 Evaluation score for the products 69

2.1 Water Hyacinth Plant 28

3.1 Dried Water Hyacinth – Raw material used 38

4.1 Water Hyacinth Wallpaper 59

4.2 Water Hyacinth Basket 60

4.3 Water Hyacinth Tissue Box 61

4.4 Water Hyacinth Multi Storage Box 62

4.5 Water Hyacinth Place Mat 63

4.6 Water Hyacinth Interior Decor Accessory 64

Environmental pollution and global warming is a threat to human life

The increased understanding of how human activity affects the

The increased interest in wellness and healthy living is a major aspect

Water Hyacinth: A Promising and Innovative Source for Sustainable Interior

The trend towards sustainable design as a whole, which first appeared in

Water Hyacinth: A Promising and Innovative Source for Sustainable Interior