AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048

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Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

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Analogical reasoning in architecture

Sara Raed Majeeda* and Basim Hasan Al-Majidia

a
Department of Architecture, University of Technology, Iraq, Baghdad.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: The concept of Analogy varies with the number of basic inputs and the difference in the influence of the
basic inputs affecting their composition. In its general concept, architecture has two aspects related to the
Received 27 March 2019
nature of the formation of analogue thinking: the first is its physical entity, which reflects the visual and
Received in revised form 19 April 2019
visual values and the connection to the formal aspect, and the conceptual one related to the intellectual
Accepted 06 May 2019 aspect and the nature of its composition , Through the mutual influence between the reality of the external
Keywords: entity and the nature of the ideas that man tries to reach, the research attempts to explore the concept of one
Analogyical reasoning of the necessities of the doctrines and the architectural movements in the production of architecture
Analogy represented by analogue thinking The problem of research is based on [the need for a clear and specific
knowledge in the definition of the concept of analogue thinking as a design strategy and mechanisms for
form
the production of modulation according to analogue thinking at the level of form, structure and function in
function the products of global architecture] Solving the research problem by selecting a set of global samples. In
this research, it is assumed that analogue thinking is an integral part of the analogy as a strategy and that to
achieve analogue thinking, the products must be content within the reference, A number of different global
samples with different time periods have been designed to be based on the strategy of analogue thinking,
the variation in the construction period and the variation in their design characteristics in terms of Formal,
functional and structural. This diversity and diversity of material production in the process of tracing the
purpose of the research in particular. In addition, from which these samples can be applied to apply the
concepts derived from the theoretical framework to achieve the hypothesis of research. The research aims
at building a comprehensive framework for the analogy strategy and revealing its role in the formation of
the architectural products, crystallizing a measurement tool for the analogy achieved as a method of thinking
and its impact on the continuity of the architectural products and applying it to the architecture to be the
reference of evaluation of architectural projects, whether in competitions or the academic field. That
analogue thinking depends on the transition of mind by incorporating more than one idea to form the creative
product achieved in reality, indicating the difference in the work of the analogy from the other creative
channels where analogue play plays a role in the creation and the bringing of unusual ideas, approach to
creative design and that man deals with architecture intellectually before the process of production is
configurable.
© 2019 University of Al-Qadisiyah. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Humans tries to achieve the goals of conscious thinking by reflecting on and metaphors is profound in terms of qualitative values rather than
everything he has produced throughout his history on Earth. We can return quantitative ones. Which allows for the establishment of creative
each product to the idea. Analogy thinking through analogies, metaphors relationships between the present and the past. The characteristics used to

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +964(0)7702060626.

E-mail address: [email protected](Sara)

https://doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v12i1.590
1998-4456/© 2019 University of Al-Qadisiyah. All rights reserved.
 SARA R. MAJEEDA , BASIM H. AL-MAJIDIA /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048 39

redefine reality rather than simply decorating the language, but to provide the analogy is persuasion, that is, a rhetorical technique that makes speech
a real transition to architecture, although not directly as a building tool, is a acceptable in the mind of the recipient, that is, the presence of a dialogue
good tool for analysis and investigation in particular. The research problem between a sender and a future seeking to Create the mind of the latter so
was "the need for a clear and specific knowledge in the definition of that it is able to act [28, p3]. Analogy is a central concept in human
Analogyical reasoning as a design strategy and mechanisms for the perception and creative thinking [27, p22 / 24]. They refer to clear
production of modulation according to Analogyical reasoning at the level relationships between theoretical logic, cognitive processes, long-term
of form, structure and function in the products of global architecture." The memory recall, classification and relationships between analogy and
research aim was to build a theoretical framework for the strategy of analogy. For example, [17, p34] is displayed on the coordinate design area
Analogyical reasoning and detection Its role in the continuity of the thought where the axes are: "common relationships" and "attributes" [22, p12[ The
of architectural products, and the development of a measuring tool for the analogy of the spatial domain of metaphor and metaphor is as follows:
analogy achieved as a way of thinking and its impact on the formation of "Analogy elements and structural and structural analogy, while metaphors
architectural products and applied to the architecture to be a reference in extend the spectrum of relational analogy at one end, and the analogy
the evaluation of architectural projects, whether in competitions or the appearance on the other" Theoretical logic, cognitive processes and
academic field, The research took descriptive analytical approach in the memory retrieval are the result of structural and structural relationships and
construction of a theoretical framework that can be adopted as an analytical common characteristics in order to diversify and enrich semantic and
system to study and extrapolate Analogyical reasoning through four parts. persuasive levels through the centrality of cognition and creative thinking.
The first part deals with the concept of analogy exposed. The most
important theories and opinions behind the production, which reflect the 2.1.1. Types of Analogy:
different motives and reasons involved in the composition, the second part
aims to complete the analytical system in the exploration of the intellectual The idea of analogy in the creation and progress of science, whether
thinking of multiple meanings and what term in the midst of the through induction or extrapolation, contributed to the formation of general
composition of the previous intellectual process of the process of physical laws resulting from the recognition of symmetry in relations between
reality production, which concluded research in identified based on successive objects. Analogy applications are widely used in the theory of
different architectural propositions in fact the theoretical and practical, analogy and are used in analogy synthesis. The qualities required. Dr. Taha
including the access to the third part, which is the research design and then Abdulrahman summed it up in four categories: The totality analogy
the fourth part application results and conclusions and recommendations. between the two: the two things that share all the attributes: what is required
of them, and what is permissible and what is impossible. Partial analogy: It
2. Conceptual Framework of the Concept of Analogy establishes between the two things which share the same characteristics, so
that one thing has the same characteristics as another, and another recipe
In order to identify the most important definitions of the concept of analogy for the departure of the other, [the principle of participation in certain
and connections, will be in this part to clarify the concept of analogy qualities without limitation.] The general self-analogy: is established
conceptual framework includes the contents of the Arabic and foreign between the two ideals, ie, the two things that share the subjective [or
dictionaries and then the definition of conventional analogy to the analogy psychological] characteristics without the occasional (or moral) qualities.
architecture. According to Taha Abdul Rahman 4, the speakers come out of the self-
attributes that are based on the analogy, what they call the [characteristics
2.1. The Linguistic and Normative Connotation of The Analogy of the public] such as occurrence and presence and the ground, because
such qualities may be shared by differentiated.
The concept of Analogy came in several pictures according to the Self-analogy: It is established between the two extremes, that is, between
dictionaries and sources that touched on the concept in an analogy way: the the two things that share the most characteristic characteristics. These
name of the verb is analogy to the same: an analogy actor is analogy characteristics necessitate the identification of the relations between them,
]11,p40[ Ibn Mandur says: "This is like him and like him, as it is narrated with their order, making some more general, some middle, some more
and likened. Ibn Bari said: As for the analogy, it is only in those who agree specific.
... The analogy is analogy to saying, "[2, p. 12], the analogy between The most important characteristics are those that bind all qualities and are
features such as two things, which can be based on any comparison and is not binding on others, and the middle is the one that binds others and is
a form of thinking which implies one thing to be analogy to another in a required of others. The most common ones are those that are binding on
certain respect, based on the analogy known between Things in Other Sides others and are not necessary from others. [14, p. 15-47], prudent is the most
[Cambridge1972, p220] From the above it is noted that the concept of powerful source of creative ideas in architectural design. And distinguished
analogy refers to the analogy and equality between the features of two three analogy categories: the morphological-visual-structural-philosophical
things compared to the properties that are used to explain the principle or analogy, together with Philippe Steadman 2008, which identified two
idea, also known as: "the process of replacing the voice of another voice distinct types of interpretation on the two analogy: visual [appearance -
under the influence of a third voice close to him in the word or sentence , composition] First to [directly analogy] [mirror] and indirectly indirect
And can be expanded to include the interaction of two consecutive voices [placing the object in place] [38, p201.]
resulting in one voice different from them "[19, p217] It is also known as
"adaptive adaptations of sound while adjacent to other sounds", and Ahmed 2.2. Thinking and Analogy:
Mukhtar Omar said: "Converting phonemes are either identical or partially
identical." The symmetry or symmetry is the union of two things in a Thinking is one of the most difficult processes in which the human mind
species, They are identical, but they do not share a analogy understanding, has to understand and thus define. The reason why man's thought in many
]4, p. 26] Aristotle considered in his book "Public Speaking that the goal of of the physical and vital processes around him is trying to understand some
40 SARA R. MAJEEDA , BASIM H. AL-MAJIDIA /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048

of them and still tries to understand others. In these cases he thinks of [16, p70], It is observed that Analogyical reasoning is to think of two
something outside of him When you are at the top of a mountain, knowing entities to arrive at a suggested qualitative description of these ideas that
who is at the bottom of the mountain is better than knowing you and your are connected to the production of innovative ideas and to find aspects of
ability to gather more information about it, Trying to understand the symmetry and dealing with the goal where problems can be solved by
thinking process employs the thinking tool to understand itself and to Analogy systems of Analogyical reasoning
understand what it needs to look at from outside or above it [13, p. 2], the
intellectual source is the process of higher biological directed in the brain, 3.1. Analogy Sources of Analogyical reasoning:
shared by the implementation of the brain thinking tool Which deals with
some of the stored and received by the moment of thinking of information The architectural designer and critic is concerned both with the ideas and
and experiences, convictions and trends, and participate in the the architectural forms designed, as the architectural forms are different
implementation of nerve impulses and electrical currents, the treatment is from each other in the extent to which they are achieved for certain
in a kind of lower processes such as comparison, contrast, analysis, purposes, which is a standard for the period in which this effect was born
synthesis, classification and arrangement and express the human feelings in or that , These standards are crystallized and determined by the theory of
body language has Is expressed by a word, a book, or a sermon, and may architecture, Some of them considered the [good] architectural form to
turn into behavior that is opposed to systematic or planned behavior aimed express their assigned function, and many forms were characterized at the
at reaching the result that led to the process of thinking. beginning of the twentieth century according to this criterion Some of them
Thinking is the source of every human act. It is an expression of a living considered the architectural form as a text analogy to the language text that
experience, a language that enables the expression of emotions and self- carries a coded message using previously known architectural elements and
consciousness. It does not matter if it is joyful, sad, tender or direct, thin or used in the writing of these texts. New architectural forms were also
violent, romantic or funny. To convey something to others is to express a distinguished according to this criterion. Some of them focused on the
living experience, in terms of its ability to explore its paradoxes and potential of the building material in shaping its forms Architectural
dilemmas, feeding it back to experience, to example, to question and to Formation Which: (Analogys: Which is based on the relationship between
think, if we find a new role to think about what is the engine of craft, Metaphors: Which is based on innovative relations between the two,
philosophical consideration [12, p. 28] , The concept of analogy and Essences: Which are based on determining the origin of phenomena and the
Analogyical reasoning builds a bridge between unfamiliar concepts and most fundamental aspects of functional needs, concepts Programmatic:
earlier information for learners to help them create a new knowledge Which is based on operational functional needs ,ideals: Which depend on
structure specific to abstract concepts. Any problem that seems strange and universe values]23,p223,253].
unfamiliar can be understood if it is thought through analogy and
representation. Helps to explain the highly abstract relationships such as the 3.2. Analogy Thinking and Design Process:
atom and the solar system. It also facilitates learning by building
relationships between the interactions. Thus, the interactions are an The design process goes through the flow of information along with ideas
effective tool in facilitating the process of building the knowledge of the but at different levels and design is a set of ideas and events and the
individual on the basis of concepts that Flag and previous knowledge architectural mind searches in memory to find elements and components
available. that match the needs of the problem , And compensate for the lack of
information through the various references, the designer can achieve a wide
3. The Concept of Analogyical Reasoning : range of goals through the design idea, and different projects vary these
objectives or change the value resulting from the achievement and hence
The term symmetry is used to illustrate a particular idea, problem, or show the levels of application of the architectural idea as follows:
solution by finding an example of a common problem in order to arrive at  Function Level.
a suggested qualitative description of the problem of these interrelated  The space level.
ideas. This helps to test the problem more clearly by identifying analogy  Movement level.
elements among analogy models through which Access to a new style of  Level of formation.
solution. Abdalmutallab shows that 80% of the innovative ideas originated  The level of relationship with the environment.
in Analogyical reasoning. The writers borrow their ideas from life, events, The talk of a classification of ideas may be difficult as the way of thinking
television, advertisements, children and headings, as we see in mechanical and expressing it is clearly different from one person to another, but there
systems [10, p. 10] Reference to the source is the objective of the analogy, is a link between each group of ideas that makes it a doctrine and direction
and Analogyical reasoning generally assumes that if two states or objects analogy to it in its general framework and characteristics are driven to say
are known to be identical in some respects, they are likely to be identical to that this idea follows him or not and here The relationship of analogy to
each other. The Analogyical reasoning between the terms is based on an thinking of three levels [formal, functional and structural] is evident at the
understanding of these terms,The relationship between terms together and level of architectural design. The types of architectural ideas may be
Analogyical reasoning is a reflection of two entities [source, rule and classified as follows:
objective] by comparing them by finding analogy and dealing with one goal The planning idea: This idea is reflected in the overall planning of the
in relation to the way they deal with another source [source or base] [18, project as a whole to appear in the buildings and coordination of the
p13], Baker stated that the problems can be solved by three systems: relationship and bonding of the blocks, usually in multi-building projects
inductive, inductive, and Analogy reasoning; Analogyical reasoning is one or projects that require open areas with specific spaces and this idea is a
of the strategies used in problem solving where it takes a solution from the general idea mostly include type or more of the following ideas mentioned.
source and transfers it to the target [problem] using analogy may be a Technical idea: This idea deals with the core of the design problem directly
strategy or context by connecting the familiar to Uncommon [new problem] through its solution in a purely technical manner, and using the means of
 SARA R. MAJEEDA , BASIM H. AL-MAJIDIA /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048 41

technology and innovations. It should be noted here that it can not be said
that this idea is a design idea unless it affects the design directly, The goal
is to design a product that solves a problem, not a problem for any design,
but it is ultimately dry and expansive so it is also best to combine it with
another kind of ideas to give it a soul.
The Philosophical Concept: The philosophical approach is one of the Technical idea
most powerful intellectual schools and has the ability to convey general
concepts. At the same time, it may lead to disdain of the idea, especially
when the philosophy becomes a novel with several chapters. The strength
of this type of ideas is reinforced by the multiplicity of ideas and their links
with the project and its components. It is also necessary to mention here the
need to move away from the surface in the translation of the idea and the
search for the dimensional dimensions of its contents [35, p30].
Inspirational idea: Each line of the lines gives a different impression in The planning idea Inspirational idea
the brain and when combined together in a stereoscopic shape, a general
suggestion is formed that translates into the brain in a certain way
(happiness, hope, sadness, balance, disturbance, etc.). Aspects of the
project to search for the desired inspiration and starting from the same
project, where it analyzes the components of the project and express them
in forms of relevance. It can be said here that this type of ideas is often used
with another type, because it does not ensure the delivery of the side of
inspiration in a uniform manner for all.
The symbolic idea: It is very analogy to the idea of inspiration, but does
not depend on the meaning inspired by the line and the interpreter of the Impressionist idea
brain receptor, but depends on the link of the shape of the project through
some of the usual symbols such as the food dish link to the restaurant, or
bank paper bank and so on. In primary forms or lines should not reflect the
basic form of the element but symbolize it.
Impressionist idea: It is a very superficial idea and a lot of criticism, and
it can be said that it does not require a high amount of knowledge and does
not need to develop where a project-related element is captured and falls on
the project's current form as it is, It is not clear here that this type of thinking Abstract idea
has failed.
abstract idea: Here the designer to quote a specific element and be of a
symbolic or inspirational nature, but not only contrary to the design, but
enters the process of abstraction to finally get a new form serves the
distribution of blocks required according to the studies of the project, and
the strength of this idea if the introduction The philosophical aspect of the
process of abstraction itself.
Structural idea: The construction idea is often derived from the abstraction
of a structure in nature, used to solve the problem of construction but in a
unique way, it can be argued that this idea is a branch of the abstract idea Structural idea
[34, p2] show in Fig. 1.
Figure 1. shows the types of architectural ideas (40)

3.2.1. Analogy thinking and design construction:

Analogy thinking and formal construction: The architectural form has
The architectural form is subject to many different elements and trends that elements that the product of architecture can deal with in order to
control the process of its production. These elements can be classified as understand the different production formula in order to avoid many of the
functional or structural dimensions. Some of them may also be included negatives resulting from the exclusion of this intellectual stage from
under the influence of psychological factors and values of society with thinking. The form has two important characteristics. The first is to
conceptual dimensions related to the person's ideas and the nature of the determine the design approach that architecture takes to achieve its
influences, There are four major features in which the architectural form products, By adding another function [expressive, symbolic, and semantic]
can be seen as presented by Ahu Gurler in a paper entitled "Domineering to the products, in the case of the analogy of the noun in the determinants
and Promise Patterns". These features are: and function, the products from the source is more acceptable and
 Formal features. performance than the products that achieves the function of protection only.
 Functional features Functional aspects. It is clear that the main engine is the intellectual or conceptual dimension.
 Structural features. The idea includes all that is related to mental activity and what includes the
 Psychosocial features(Socio-psychological aspects) [24, p99] . arrangement of things that lead to unknown as a tool for thinking [1, p. 55],
42 SARA R. MAJEEDA , BASIM H. AL-MAJIDIA /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048

or is the intellectual content and the sum of the ideas of the human mind as somewhat general to the architectural functions, applicable to buildings of
a whole takes its privacy from the contact with the cultural and social almost all kinds such as judging usable space, their relation to occupied site
environment that we deal with. The way of thinking contributes to several space retention or heat loss, and acceptance of daylight affecting the surface
facts that are part of reality [6, p. 12] The individual in his life m Life itself area of walls and ceiling. The forms of buildings correspond to each other
as long as it is still alive and the human is only a series of series of ideas [43, p7], and may be to express specific functions that may be related to the
turn to human behavior, including the crystallization of human personality, size, shapes and relative disposal of rooms, the placement of doors,
through the crystallization of these ideas crystallize personality, the ideas windows, and playgrounds. With these Specialized uses include: theaters,
rely on those generators that the mind when receiving an event where the railway stations, office buildings and at the same time [26, p54].
event is crystallized In the unconscious to an idea in the subconscious until Analogy thinking and structural construction: These are positive and
the emergence of a new idea or a certain event in the new appearance, and negative relationships: the positive is the presence of the meaning or the
the human is only a set of ideas that control the behavior, and analytical information of the thing and the negative is the meaning that is formed
psychology on the principle of practical analysis of psychological ideas and through the new relationships that are formed by any information added to
acquired in the psychological and traumatic event through which The p Z it through its presence in the new context and relations And in the case of
that idea generated by psychological stress, the mind and heart can be borrowing a certain form and design of the idea on the basis of that is
synonymous in the sense of ideas and feelings is a mix between the heart referred to the forces of tension and pressure in the human body sometimes
and mind [13, p. 23]. indicates that the depth of the analogy between the source and the objective,
Analogy thinking and functional construction: It is about functional or the nature of symmetry taken in the process of emitter Of, the extent of
purposes during the process of Analogyical reasoning, as it matches the the analogies related to the depth of the source and target [22, p23[, The
suitability of animals and plants in their environment. It is linked to the production of the architectural form is done according to general and vague
performance of the Analogy process and its anatomical analogies related to intellectual conditions that include the behavior of the Architect and what
the state of analogy in function but necessarily analogy in structure and should be the architecture on the other hand. This process may be
anatomical position between different organisms and architecture. [42, p45] characterized by different concepts and different ideologies such as the
is in contrast to the symmetry that points to the analogies between spirit of the place or the spirit of the times or the higher Types and other
organisms As structures and anatomy, structures that appear symmetry are concepts that do not represent themselves Clear things may differ in terms
called homogeneous structures may be analogy in structure and appearance of understanding and application from time to time and from place to place
but perform different functions. On the other hand, structures analogy to according to the Architect understanding of the role of the cultural and
analogy structures and analogy structures and homogeneous structures of social environment and his theoretical and intellectual commitment to life.
evolutionary origin are called anatomical analogies in which the anatomical
structures [or behavioral qualities] exist between two objects not connected 4. Literature Review:
to the same functions and in Gothic architecture are clearly observed the
use of analogy parts Of anatomical organisms, and of analogy kinds of After the previous were put forward concepts related to analogue thinking
environmental analogies examine the relationship between some organic and analogy in several aspects will be in this axis to complete the launch of
body functions and image or form; and to show a analogy relationship apply specialized studies for the purpose of using them with the previous axes in
between some functions of buildings, and their forms. These were the design of the research will be clarified through the following scheme:

Table 1. Shows the previous studies and the most important vocabulary to which they were addressed
Studying What the study addressed Object of the study
The study dealt with the process of the effectiveness of architectural design, with
a series of scenes or successive intellectual snapshots, and away from the doctrine
of correlative psychology, which adopts a method based on the interpretation of
the process of thinking about the associations between the concepts and the
Rowe, P., G., Design is an effectiveness that depends on a
behavioral doctrine that establishes a catalyst model, The study determines the
1987 set of scenes related to the process of thinking
possibilities of the intellectual production of the designer through a process of
rotation that includes the evaluation and evaluation of the big idea. The study
focuses on the fact that the intellectual production mechanisms of the designer
often take the form of Readers and analogy
The study presents the differences of architectural products resulting from the
use of analogue thinking between the stylist and the expert. It consists of four
functions: examples of the source of the evaluation, selection of the source of the
field and design of a bus station. The results indicate significant differences
among the participants regarding the safety of classifications. The results showed The difference between the use of analogue
Ozgu Ozkan and
a significant relationship between the level of experience and selection of thinking between the novice designer and the
Fehmi Dogan, -
participants from the source categories, the reasons cited for their selection, the expert based on knowledge and mental jumps
2012
type of analogy that was created between the source and the objective and to produce analogies
concluded that experts prefer "mental jumps" while students prefer to copy
literally sources. Design Problem The results of the pilot study are reported to
have investigated whether students of different levels of architectural education
and expert architects differ from each other in the way they are used analogy to
 SARA R. MAJEEDA , BASIM H. AL-MAJIDIA /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048 43

a particular design task and goals related to symmetry, Which arise between
sources and target ranges and compared with other analogy research
The study presents the correlation between analogy understanding or lack of
understanding and its relation to design by comparing the analogies between two
concepts. Extraction and transfer of knowledge from one concept to another
allows designers to develop design concepts that analogue reasoning plays a key
role in creative design, and then transfer analogy strategies to develop design
solutions. The research objective is to gain a better understanding of the process
The relationship between analogy
An Inductive of analogue thinking in nature-inspired biomimetic forms. The inductive
understanding or misunderstanding and its
Approach- approach to the perception of analogue thinking behind biological design and the
relation to design by comparing the analogies
Hyunmin Cheong- description of the biological text have been used. Phenomena that contain causal
between two concepts. Extraction and transfer
2014 relationships are more likely to be useful for analogies of design problems.
of knowledge from one concept to another
Causal relationships often explain how functions are achieved by behaviors. She
focused on the analogies between two concepts and analogue reasoning through
simulated forms of nature and the use of an inductive approach to the perception
of analogue thinking behind dynamic design. Through creative thought, between
the functions of objects and take advantage of the system inherent in the bio-
design principle of growth and its use in architecture
This paper presents a methodology for identifying relevant design elements for
compiling new structural designs using previous design situations and
corresponding solutions. The study is a reflection of the observation that
engineers use relevant experience when solving new problems, the methodology
is the application of transformational analogy, a form of analogue thinking has
The use of previous design cases and their
been developed a model system to implement the methodology, the utilization of
solutions for planning the installation of new
the expert knowledge-based system techniques. Where the experience and
designs A popular way to use experience to
knowledge of the designer as the resource faces a new design task, experience
solve new problems is to develop an expert
that can only be accumulated over a long period of practice. This paper proposes
system that contains an appropriate
Mary Lou Maher- a methodology using previous design situations and solutions to plan the
representation of relevant expertise in the
2015 installation of new designs. A popular way to use experience to solve new
form of inference which becomes the basis of
problems is to develop an expert system that contains an appropriate
inspiration rules and touched on two analogy
representation of relevant expertise in the form of inference that becomes the
types of transformative analogy
basis of inspiration rules and refers to two analogy types of analogy
transformations and thought steps in building
transformational derivational analogies and steps Thinking about building the
the past Solutions can be retrieved
past The solutions can be retrieved and modified in order to build derivative paths
towards solutions to new problems. The transformative analogy concerns only
the definitions and solutions of the problem and ignores the thinking processes
that lead to these solutions in this The situation requires a new storage solution
to the problem in memory for later use
The study examined the effect of analogies on the design process in the academic
milieu through a historical view indicating that man over the ages uses the
formative manipulations even implicitly in his artistic and architectural activity
for a motive that may be religious, symbolic or mental, and may be unconscious
[p. 7.2] The richest source for creating ideas in architecture has been used by
Design is likewise the richest source for
many architects at one time or another in their practical lives as well as the
creating analogy ideas on the design process
psychological significance of the pleasure they receive [p. 9]. The study also
Safo ,2008 in the academic milieu through a historical
examines the importance of the designer's self-role in the process of creating the
view indicating that man over the ages uses
architectural form to stimulate and generate ideas and derive architectural forms
the formative manipulations
from the other side [p. 14]. The analogy study deals with the design products of
the architectural study students as one of the important design strategies in the
architectural design process, Composition and Derivation [p. 10], where the
study dealt with the relationship between the designer and the analogy and
explain the causes and sources of analogy
The study examined the concept of analogy as the process of linking cases from
one domain to the other [objective] by establishing relationships or
representations of designs that share at least one function or behavior [p1]. The
study also focused on analogue correlation and retrieval of human cognition How Analogy represents the process of linking
the problem occurs Where previous research has shown that multiple cases from one domain [source] to another
Linsey—2014 representations facilitate logical reasoning by retrieving effective manipulations [goal] by establishing relationships or
and the novel stored in long-term designers' memory ]p12], and many examples representations of designs that share at least
of innovative systems and products based on analogy can be found in practice one function or behavior
Such as products inspired by nature and living organisms [p3]. This study has
shown methods and methods such as design, analogy techniques, and the need
for methods to understand creative cognition in innovation. The study also
44 SARA R. MAJEEDA , BASIM H. AL-MAJIDIA /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048

emphasized the preference to refer to different fields of knowledge,

characteristics, experiences, Difficulty in networking ]p5] The study dealt with
design methods by means of analogy and sources of inspiration. They differ in
form and answer direct questions that allow exploration of analogy categories
with inspiration from the natural world and development of analogy solutions,
abstractions of functional models and flows and explore analogy areas by
redesigning the problem.

After looking at a range of architectural ideas and exploring the most problem. A group of vocabulary, the mechanisms of employing analogue
important concepts and in-depth aspects that were put forward in the thinking: [mechanisms of functional and conceptual intellectual systems,
previous axes, the research reached the most important aspects of the mechanisms of formal and structural physical systems] and as in Table 2.
concept which established the conceptual framework for the research include:
 SARA R. MAJEEDA , BASIM H. AL-MAJIDIA /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048 45

5. practical study: be absolutely beautiful through its suitability. That purpose, with its
expressive, symbolic and aesthetic aspects and values, the idea was
After reviewing the knowledge presented to the strategy of analogue similar to that of man. Man is a social being that includes society and
thinking based on thought and drawing the comprehensive theoretical society. He is the one who brings about the reconstruction of the land.
framework of the strategy and defining its vocabulary, the basic From ancient times until today, man is a source of similarity and
requirements for the application of the practical study, which represents the consideration of man. On its body and members, but extends to the
second stage of the solution of the research problem, which include the understanding of the laws inherent in it as an object with a physical body
selection of the vocabulary of application and the formulation of and devices and modes of 3D, [29, p2-3] and will symbolize the sample
hypotheses, To select the methods of measuring the variables and the with the symbol b.
method of measurement, to apply the vocabulary of the frame to the
selected samples and to analyze the data. It is applied to a set of samples Sample code The project / Kauffman Center
chosen for the reasons The comprehensiveness of the vocabulary and its Designer / Safdie Architects
relation to the process of design and the creation of architectural products, c Site / Kansas City
the impact of these a variable directly on the architectural products, most Definition of description
studies took those a variable as a source for the creation of architectural
products, containing these a variable on the values and indicators detailed There is a pair of shell-like shapes containing two halls for the
Performing Arts Center in Kansas by architect Moshe Safdie of Safdie
to ensure the ease of measurement and accuracy. The hypotheses of
Architecture. The Kaufmann Center is made up of stainless steel plates.
research are represented by [analogic thinking is a fundamental and analogy The idea of the project is taken from the sound engineering as it is not
part of a strategy, the multiple analogies that support the same result make taken from the shape The sound waves are transmitted through the
the argument stronger, the more analogy the object becomes. The more material and the form of sound waves in acoustic physics, where the
powerful the products is, the more analogy[ . wave is spread in liquids and gases as a longitudinal wave and it is also
in the air, for example, the sound spreads in the air in such a way that
the pressure of the air periodically, And so on. Therefore, the idea of
Table 3 shows the description of Case studies:
similarity with the method of transmission of sound waves and in line
Sample The project / China Tower with the nature of the project was used as a formality analogy by the use
code Designer / IMB of similar mechanisms intellectually and formally depending on the
sources of intellectual similarities and the idea of strings in the
a Site / China
construction of the structure where the effect of the idea is observed at
the level Formal, functional and structural, and will symbolize the
Definition of description sample with the symbol c [30].

6. Method of Measurement:
Tower Bank of China [abbreviated BOC Tower] is one of the most
exclusive skyscrapers in Hong Kong. The building was tallest in Hong This section specifies the method of measuring the set of variables at the
Kong and Asia from 1989 to 1992, and was the first building outside levels related to the theoretical framework, The method of measuring the
the United States breaking the 305 meter barrier [1,000 feet] [37[ analytical descriptive measurement method is based on the direct reference
The structure adopted in the design of this building is analogy to the to the table according to the selected samples based on the,do not check it
bamboo shoots, which symbolize the means of living and prosperity in if the values are recorded on the table of variables.
terms of analogy with plants, not form, but the idea of construction to The data are analyzed in this case by calculating the percentage of each
form the building. What distinguishes forms of nature simulation variable according to the formula of statistical thinking (model of thinking):
phenomenon of growth with stability and change to adapt to the The intellectual model = (variable value / sum of variables) * 100
environment and represent them in the presence of different formations Mi=[xi/sum xi]*100
The appearance and existence of a fixed and balanced relationship is The variable can be a key in the analogue thinking method depending on
critical, since the truncation of part of the plant may not affect it, and the number of signals obtained and which determines the value of the
the fractured parts have the ability to grow and not disturb the system. percentage if it refers to:
The analogy used is analogy to the intellectual composition using the when getting a [3-6] signal any ratio 50% -100 or It is secondary when it
simulation mechanism of the natural world and symbolizes For the gets [0-3] any signal ratio 0% -49%.
sample with the symbol a . The measurement form for the application of samples can be explained
according to the vocabulary of the theoretical theoretical framework, as
Sample The project / City of Arts and shown in Table 4:
code Sciences Table 4. Shows the analysis of the results
Designer / Felix Candela The
b Site / Spain Secondary The sub- sample sample sample
Main
variable variable c a b
Definition of description variable
1-1-1 ● ○ ●
The city of the arts and sciences in Valencia or Valencia in Spain, 1-1-2 ● ● ○
specifically on the banks of the river Toria or can be said in the course 1-1 1-1-3 ● ● ●
of the river itself caused severe floods changed the course of the river 1-1-4 ○ ● ○
in 1957, and was exploited the rest of the area to build this dazzling city, 1-1-5 ● ● ●
1-2-1 ○ ○ ○
Arts and sciences by the end of 1994 to 2004, and then continued to 1
1-2-2 ● ○ ○
build until the city now covers an area of 350 thousand km for the 1-2-3 ● ● ○
engineers Santiago Calatrava, Felix Candela [9, p. 3], the most 1-2 1-2-4 ● ● ○
important buildings are [eye knowledge] The glass building, if you look 1-2-5 ● ○ ○
1-2-6 ● ○ ○
at it will give you the first glance that it was appointed The idea that the
1-2-7 ● ● ●
composition of what is designed well and suitable for its purpose will
46 SARA R. MAJEEDA , BASIM H. AL-MAJIDIA /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048

6.1. Discussion of Results: The mechanics of physical systems are based on a set of visual systems that
use metaphor, transcription, simulation and visual analogy to organize and
After applying the theoretical framework and measuring the variables in all visualize the stages of analogue design. As they work on the transmission
the selected projects, the results of the application and verification of the and diagnosis of visual features, the mechanisms of similar intellectual
hypotheses of the research will be discussed. In light of the objectives of systems are an essential part of achieving analogy as a strategy by searching
the study and the hypotheses presented, the results will be analyzed: for New solutions from previous ideas and their adoption mainly on the
variables intellectual mechanisms that connect the thought of symmetry
The mechanisms of employing analogue thinking: It refers to the set of with the variables of the design process, and this satisfies the hypothesis
mechanisms and methods used to achieve similarity by thinking, followed that analogue thinking is a fundamental and the same as a strategy.
by designers to analyze and solve design problems and rates of achievement
of these mechanisms are shown in table 5. : 7. Conclusions:

Table 5. Shows the analysis of the results 1. The analogy is a strategy to solve the Design problem and a way of
scientific thinking It draws the similarities and differences between

Percentage
Secondary

The sub-

achieved
variable

variable

variable

the source and the goal to transfer a particular solution or issue from
sample

sample

sample
Main
The

c
b
a

the source to the target, and calls for Analogyical reasoning of the
three main target in different percentages [solve problems, explain to
1-1-1 ● ○ ● 83% others, identify problems] The analogy is a linguistic phenomenon, a
1-1-2 ● ● ○ 66% form of speech to refer two things that are not literally analogy
1-1-3 ● ● ● 100%
1-1 1-1-4 ○ ● ○ 16.6% through symbolism and abstraction. They are analogy as a method or
1-1-5 ● ● ● 100% means of comparison between analogy and differentiated
Percentage characteristics of objects and their purpose is to find a reasonable link
83% 66% 50%
achieve
1-2-1 ○ ○ ○ 33.3% to far-reaching ideas by associating them with ideas Mentally close to
1
1-2-2 ● ○ ○ %66 the purpose of forming new relationships between the things attentive
1-2-3 ● ● ○ 50%
to the creative side ,analogy means a comparison between analogy
1-2-4 ● ● ○ 50%
1-2 1-2-5 ● ○ ● 50% and differentiated characteristics of objects and their purpose is to find
1-2-6 ● ○ ○ 33% a reasonable link to far-reaching ideas by associating them with ideas
1-2-7 ● ○ ● 50%
that are close to the mind in order to form new relationships between
Percentage
achieved
85.7% 42.8% 14.2% things as they perform a comparative and comparative work .
2. Theoretically correlates theoretically with multiple concepts either in
It is noted that the index of the secondary variable, the mechanisms of partial or complementary form with the concept or conceptual
conceptual intellectual systems, is achieved in the samples by 65%. The structure, which indicates diversity in the change of the location of
secondary variable achieved by the systems of formal physical systems is the analogy to other concepts according to the situation and this is in
achieved in the samples by 42.8%, so 65% And greater than 5 is positive, line with the strategic nature of the concept The design using the same
so it is observed from the logical equation products that the mechanisms of as the creator of the creative product depends on the source First refer
the intellectual systems of the same represent a fundamental part in the to the symmetry of any source use of a previous example in another
achievement of similarity as a strategy in which analogue thinking is field or a prior knowledge to solve the new problem .
achieved by searching for ideas of solutions and relying mainly on the 3. The use of analogy on the creation of multi-dependence on the
variables [the mechanisms of analogue thinking, The design process In recipient as a way to create associations between historical and
order to achieve the greatest possible number of similarities and thus modern images and according to their relationships and their links,
achieve intellectual similarity. It is noted that sample B is more widely used both stereotyped and formal, impose imposed public frameworks role
and used for analogue devices using intellectual analogue thinking in symmetry.
mechanisms. This satisfies the hypothesis that [analogue thinking is an 4. Architectural thought is an important medium in achieving analogy
integral part of a similar strategy, The same result makes the argument features that ensure the continuity of architecture over time. These
stronger. The more similar objects are achieved, the more powerful and features are at the level of all or part of the Perception analogy
creative the products is. The more similar [the two] the stronger the flexibility and the force of stripping the previous positions and re-
counterpart. structuring the design within the same scope to achieve the
performance of real action and interactive architecture, To reach
creativity and uniqueness in the formulation of architecture , Analogy
thinking is a paradigm shift in the thinking curriculum if it is able to
simplify the design process and solve architectural problems by using
the previous knowledge to reach the best solutions
5. The concept of Analogyical reasoning refers to several mechanisms
that are used to explain a principle or idea and related to the relations
between logic, knowledge and retrieval based on structural
Figure 2. Shows how much each variable is achieved according to the characteristics of a common structural structure that lead to the
first variable (the mechanisms of employing analogue thinking as a diversity and enrichment of semantic levels of architectural products.
strategy / (source researcher
 SARA R. MAJEEDA , BASIM H. AL-MAJIDIA /AL-QADISIYAH JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING SCIENCES 12 (2019) 038–048 47

6. Analogy thinking is important and necessary in the creative processes take advantage of the enormous possibilities and data of
to produce a design work that leads to real action at the level of Analogyical reasoning to achieve uniqueness in architecture.
perception and innovation is related to the people and their mental  Directing architectural scientific research to study and analyze
memory in the mind as it grows the identity of the architectural all mechanisms related to Analogyical reasoning to generate
products is according to intellectual conditions include the behavior new entries for the design process
of Architect and architecture, on the other hand, Place, age, upper  Encourage Iraqi architects to put forward their ideas and
patterns, theoretical and intellectual synchronization in life expectations for the future of architecture and not to close the
7. Note that man deals with architecture intellectually before the process thinking and try to find alternatives that may stem from the
of production in practice and within two dimensions the first environment and the local reality itself.
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