Differential Equation For IIT JEE

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
PACKAGE
[MATHEMATICS] [DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION]
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Introduction :
An equation involving independent and dependent variables and the derivatives of the dependent vari-
ables is called a differential equation. There are two kinds of differential equation:
1.1 Ordinary Differential Equation : If the dependent variables depend on one independent vari-
able x, then the differential equation is said to be ordinary.
dy dz
for example + = y + z,
dx dx
dy d3 y dy
+ xy = sin x , 3
2 + y = ex ,
dx dx dx
3/2
  dy  2    dy  2 
d2 y dy
k = 1     , y = x + k 1   dx  
dx 2   dx   dx    
1.2 Partial differential equation : If the dependent variables depend on two or more indepen-
dent variables, then it is known as partial differential equation
z 2z  2z  2z
for example y2 y = ax,  0
x y  x2  y2
Order and Degree of a Differential Equation:
2.1 Order : Order is the highest differential appearing in a differential equation.
2.2 Degree :
It is determined by the highest degree of the highest order derivative present in it after the
differential equation is cleared of radicals and fractions so far as the derivatives are concerned.
Note : In the differential equation, all the derivatives should be expressed in the polynomial form
n n n
 dm y  1  dm 1y  2  dy  k
f 1 (x, y)  m  + f 2 (x, y)  m 1  + ........ f k(x, y)   = 0
 dx   dx   dx 
The above differential equation has the order m and degree n1.
Example # 1 Find the order & degree of following differential equations.

1/ 4  dy d2 y 
 6
d2 y  dy     
 dx dx 2 
(i) =  y     (ii) y= e 
dx 2   dx  
 dy d2 y 
(iii) sin  dx  2  = y (iv) ey – xy + y = 0
 dx 
4 6
 d2 y 
Solution. (i)   = y   dy 
 dx 2   dx 
 
 order = 2, degree = 4
d2 y dy
(ii) 2 + = ny  order = 2, degree = 1
dx dx
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d2 y dy
(iii) 2 + = sin–1 y  order = 2, degree = 1
dx dx
d3 y d2 y
(iv) 3 –x +y=0
e dx dx 2
 equation can not be expressed as a polynomial in differential coefficients, so degree is
not applicable but order is 3.
Self Practice Problems :
(1) Find order and degree of the following differential equations.
dy 1  dy d3 y   d5 y 
= n  5  1
  
(i) +y= (ii)  dx dx 3 
dx dy e 
 dx 
dx
2
 dy 1/ 2  d2 y
(iii)    y  =
 dx   dx 2
Answer (1) (i) order = 1, degree = 2 (ii) order = 5, degree = not applicable.
(iii) order = 2, degree = 2
Formation of Differential Equation:

Differential equation corresponding to a family of curve will have :
(a) Order exactly same as number of essential arbitrary constants in the equation of curve.
(b) No arbitrary constant present in it.
The differential equation corresponding to a family of curve can be obtained by using the following
steps:
(i) Identify the number of essential arbitrary constants in equation of curve.
NOTE : If arbitrary constants appear in addition, subtraction, multiplication or division, then we can
club them to reduce into one new arbitrary constant.
(ii) Differentiate the equation of curve till the required order.
(iii) Eliminate the arbitrary constant from the equation of curve and additional equations obtained in
step (ii) above.
Example # 2 Form a differential equation of family of straight lines passing through origin.
Solution Family of straight lines passing through origin is y = mx where’m’ is a parameter.
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy
=m
dx
Eliminating ‘m’ from both equations, we obtain
dy y
= which is the required differential equation.
dx x
Example # 3 Form a differential equation of family of circles touching x-axis at the origin
Solution Equation of family of circles touching x-axis at the origin is
x 2 + y2 + y = 0 ..........(i) where  is a parameter
dy dy
2x + 2y + =0 .........(ii)
dx dx
Eliminating ‘’ from (i) and (ii)
dy 2xy
= 2
dx x  y2
which is required differential equation.
(2) Obtain a differential equation of the family of curves y = a sin (bx + c) where a and c being
arbitrary constant.
(3) Show that the differential equation of the system of parabolas y 2 = 4a(x – b) is given by
2
d2 y  dy 
y 2 +
  =0
dx  dx 
(4) Form a differential equation of family of parabolas with focus as origin and axis of symmetry
along the x-axis.
2
d2 y  dy  dy
Answer (2) 2
+by=0 (4) y = y   + 2xy
2 2
dx 2 dx
  dx
Solution of a Differential Equation:

Finding the dependent variable from the differential equation is called solving or integrating it. The
solution or the integral of a differential equation is, therefore, a relation between dependent and
independent variables (free from derivatives) such that it satisfies the given differential equation
NOTE : The solution of the differential equation is also called its primitive, because the differential
equation can be regarded as a relation derived from it.
There can be three types of solution of a differential equation:
(i) General solution (or complete integral or complete primitive) : A relation in x and y satisfying
a given differential equation and involving exactly same number of arbitrary constants as order of
differential equation.
(ii) Particular Solution : A solution obtained by assigning values to one or more than one arbitrary
constant of general solution.
(iii) Singular Solution : It is not obtainable from general solution. Geometrically, General solution
acts as an envelope to singular solution.
4.1. Differential Equation of First Order and First Degree :

dy
A differential equation of first order and first degree is of the type
+ f(x, y) = 0, which can also be
dx
written as : Mdx + Ndy = 0, where M and N are functions of x and y.
Solution methods of First Order and First Degree Differential Equations :

5.1 Variables separable : If the differential equation can be put in the form, f(x) dx = (y) dy
we say that variables are separable and solution can be obtained by integrating each side
separately.
A general solution of this will be  f (x) dx =  (y) dy + c, where c is an arbitrary constant
Example # 4 Solve the differential equation (1 + x) y dx = (y – 1) x dy

Solution The equation can be written as -
 1 x   y  1 1   1

 x 
 dx = 
 y 
 dy    x  1 dx =  1  y  dy
n x + x = y – ny + c  ny + nx = y – x + c
xy = cey–x
dy
Example # 5 Solve : = (ex + 1) (1 + y2)
dx
Solution. The equation can be written as
dy
 ( e x  1)dx
1 y2
Integrating both sides,
tan–1 y = ex + x + c.
dy  2 dy 
Example # 6 Solve : y – x = a y  
dx  dx 
Solution. The equation can be written as
dy
y – ay2 = (x + a)
dx
dx dy

x  a y  ay 2
dx 1
 dy
x  a y(1  ay )
dx 1 a 
   
x  a  y 1  ay  dy
n (x + a) = n y – n (1 – ay) + n c
 cy 
n (x + a) = n  1  ay 
 
cy = (x + a) (1 – ay)
where 'c' is an arbitrary constant.
5.1.1 Polar coordinates transformations :
Sometimes transformation to the polar co-ordinates facilitates separation of variables. In this
connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials:
(a) If x = r cos  ; y = r sin  then,
(i) x dx + y dy = r dr (ii) dx 2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2d2 (iii) x dy – y dx = r2d
(b) If x = r sec  & y = r tan  then

(i) x dx – y dy = r dr (ii) x dy – y dx = r 2 sec d.
Example # 7 Solve the differential equation xdx + ydy = x (xdy – ydx)
Solution. Taking x = r cos, y = r sin
x 2 + y2 = r2
2x dx + 2ydy = 2rdr
xdx + ydy = rdr .........(i)
y
= tan
x
dy
x y
dx d
2 = sec2.
x dx
xdy – y dx = x2 sec2 . d
xdy – ydx = r2 d ........(ii)
Using (i) & (ii) in the given differential equation then it becomes
r dr = r cos. r2 d
dr
= cos d
r2
1
– = sin + 
r
1 y
– 2 2 = +
x y x  y2
2
y 1
= c where – = c
x2  y2
(y + 1)2 = c(x2 + y2)
5.1.2 Equations Reducible to the Variables Separable form : If a differential

equation can be reduced into a variables separable form by a proper substitution, then it is
said to be
dy
“Reducible to the variables separable type”. Its general form is = f(ax + by + c) a, b  0.
dx
To solve this, put ax + by + c = t.
dy
Example # 8 Solve = (4x + y + 1)2
dx
Solution. Putting 4x + y + 1 = t
dy dt
4+ =
dx dx
dy dt
= –4
dx dx
Given equation becomes
dt
– 4 = t2
dx
dt
2 = dx (Variables are separated)
t 4
dt
4t 2 =  dx
1 t 1  4x  y  1
 tan–1 =x+c  tan–1   =x+c
2 2 2  2 
 dy 
Example # 9 Solve sin–1   = x + y
 dx 
dy
Solution. = sin (x + y)
dx
putting x + y = t
dy dt
= –1
dx dx
dt dt dt
 – 1 = sin t  = 1 + sin t  = dx
dx dx 1  sin t
dt
 1  sin t =  dx
1  sin t
 cos 2
t
dt = x + c
2
 (sec t  sec t tan t ) dt = x + c
tan t – sec t = x + c
1 sin t
– =x+c
cos t
 sin t – 1 = x cos t + c cos t substituting the value of t
sin (x + y) = x cos (x + y) + c cos (x + y) + 1

dy
(5) Solve the differential equation x2 y = (x + 1) (y + 1)
dx
xdx  ydy ydx  xdy
(6) Solve the differential equation =
2
x y 2 x2
dy
(7) Solve : = ex + y + x2ey
dx
dy
(8) Solve : xy = 1 + x + y + xy
dx
dy
(9) Solve = 1 + ex – y
dx
dy
(10) = sin(x + y) + cos (x + y)
dx
dy
(11) = x tan (y – x) + 1
dx
1 y
Answer(5) y – n (y + 1) = nx – +c (6) x2  y2 + =c
x x
1 x3
(7) – = ex + +c (8) y = x + n |x (1 + y)| + c
ey 3
xy x2
c
(9) e y–x
=x+c (10) log tan 1 = x + c (11) sin (y – x) = e2
2
5.2 Homogeneous Differential Equations :
dy f ( x, y )
A differential equation of the form = where f and g are homogeneous function of
dx g( x, y )
x and y, and of the same degree, is called homogeneous differential equaiton and can be
solved easily by putting y = vx.
  y 2 
y   dy
Example # 10 Solve 2 +   x   1
x    dx
Solution. Putting y = vx
dy dv
=v+x
dx dx
 dv 
2v + (v 2 – 1)  v  x  =0
 dx 
dv 2v
v+x =– 2
dx v 1
dv  v(1  v 2 )
x =
dx v2  1
v2  1 dx
 v(1  v 2
)
dv = –  x
 2v 1
  1  v 2
v

 dv = – n x + c
n (1 + v 2) – n v = – n x + c
1 v2
n .x =c
v
x2  y2
n y =c
x2 + y2 = yc' where c = ec
Example # 11 Solve : (x2 – y2) dx + 2xydy = 0 given that y = 1 when x = 1
dy x2  y2
Solution. =–
dx 2xy
y = vx
dy dv
=v+
dx dx
dv 1 v2
 v+x =–
dx 2v
2v dx
 1 v 2 dv = –
x 
n (1 + v 2) = – nx + c
at x = 1, y = 1  v=1
n 2 = c
 y 2  

 n 1  2  . x  = n2
 x  
2 2
x + y = 2x
5.2.1 Equations Reducible to the Homogeneous form

dy ax  by  c
Equations of the form  .........(1)
dx Ax  By  C
can be made homogeneous (in new variables X and Y) by substituting x = X + h and y = Y + k,
dY aX  bY  (ah  bk  c )
where h and k are constants to obtain, = . .........(2)
dX AX  BY  ( Ah  Bk  C)
These constants are chosen such that ah + bk + c = 0, and Ah + Bk + C = 0. Thus we obtain
dY aX  bY
the following differential equation = .
dX AX  BY
The differential equation can now be solved by substituting Y = vX.
dy x  2y  5
Example # 12 Solve the differential equation =
dx 2x  y  4
Solution. Let x = X + h, y=Y+k
dy d
= (Y + k)
dX dX
dy dY
= ...........(i)
dX dX
dx
=1+0 ...........(ii)
dX
dy dY
on dividing (i) by (ii) =
dx dX
dY X  h  2( Y  k )  5
 =
dX 2 X  2h  Y  k  4
X  2Y  (h  2k  5)
=
2 X  Y  (2h  k  4)
h & k are such that h + 2k – 5 = 0 & 2h + k – 4 = 0
h = 1, k = 2
dY X  2Y
 = which is homogeneous differential equation.
dX 2X  Y
Now, substituting Y = vX
dY dv
=v+X
dX dX
dv 1  2v
 X = –v
dX 2v
2v dX
 1 v 2 dv = X
 1 3 
  2( v  1)  2(1  v )  dv = n X + c
1 3
n (v + 1) – n (1 – v) = n X + c
2 2
v 1
n = nX2 + 2c
(1  v )3
( Y  X) X 2
= e2c
( X  Y )3 X 2
X + Y = c(X – Y)3 where e2c = c1
x – 1 + y – 2 = c (x – 1– y + 2)3
x + y – 3 = c(x – y + 1)3
Special case :
a b
Case - 1 In equation (1) if  , then the substitution ax + by = v will reduce it to the form in
A B
which variables are separable.
dy 2x  3 y  1
Example # 13 Solve =
dx 4x  6y  5
Solution. Putting u = 2x + 3y
du dy
=2+3.
dx dx
1  du  u 1
  2 =
3  dx  2u  5
du 3u  3  4u  10
=
dx 2u  5
2u  5
 7u  13 dx =  dx
2 9 1

7 1.du – 7  7u  13 . du = x + c
2 9 1
 u– . n (7u – 13) = x + c
7 7 7
9
 4x + 6y – n (14x + 21y – 13) = 7x + 7c
7
9
 – 3x + 6y – n (14x + 21y – 13) = c
7
Case - 2 In equation (1), if b + A = 0, then by a simple cross multiplication equation (1) becomes
an exact differential equation.
dy x  2y  5
Example # 14 Solve =
dx 2x  y  1
Solution. Cross multiplying,
2xdy + y dy – dy = xdx – 2ydx + 5dx
2 (xdy + y dx) + ydy – dy = xdx + 5 dx
2 d(xy) + y dy – dy = xdx + 5dx
On integrating,
y2 x2
2xy + –y= + 5x + c
2 2
 x2 – 4xy – y2 + 10x + 2y = c where c = – 2c
(C) If the homogeneous equation is of the form :
yf(xy) dx + xg(xy)dy = 0, the variables can be separated by the substitution xy = v.
Solve the following differential equations

 dy  dy
(12) x  y  tan–1 y = x given that y = 0 at x = 1 (13) x = y – x tan
y
 dx  x dx x
dy x  2y  3 dy x  y 1
(14) = (15) =
dx 2 xy3 dx 2 x  2y  3
dy 3x  2y  5
(16) = 3y  2x  5
dx
y 1 y y
Answers (12) x 2  y 2 = e x tan x (13) x sin =C
x
(14) x + y = c (x – y + 6)3 (15) 3(2y – x) + log (3x + 3y + 4) = C

(16) 3x2 + 4xy – 3y2 – 10x – 10y = C
5.3 Exact Differential Equation :

dy
The differential equation M + N =0 ...........(1)
dx
Where M and N are functions of x and y is said to be exact if it can be derived by direct
differentiation (without any subsequent multiplication, elimination etc.) of an equation of the
form f(x, y) = c
dx
e.g. y2 dy + x dx + = 0 is an exact differential equation.
x
M N
NOTE : (i) The necessary condition for (1) to be exact is  .
y x
(ii) For finding the solution of exact differential equation, following results on exact differentials
should be remembered :
xdy  ydx y
(a) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (b) 2 = d  (c) 2(x dx + y dy) = d (x 2 + y 2)
x x
xdy  ydx  y xdy  ydx  1 y  xdy  ydx

(d) = d  ln  (e) = d  tan  (f) = d(ln xy)
xy  x x2  y2  x xy
xdy  ydx  1
(g) 2 2 = d   xy 
x y  
xdy  ydx
Example # 15 Solve : y dx + x dy =
x2  y2
xdy  ydx
Solution. ydx + xdy =
x2  y2
d (xy) = d (tan–1 y/x)
Integrating both sides
xy = tan–1 y/x + c
 x2 2

Example # 16 Solve : (2x ny) dx +  y  3 y dy  0
 
Solution. The given equation can be written as
 dy 
ny (2x) dx + x 2  y  + 3y2 dy = 0  ny d (x2) + x 2 d (ny) + d (y3) = 0
 
 d (x ny) + d (y3) = 0
2
Now integrating each term, we get

x2ny + y3 = c
(17) Solve : xdy + ydx + xy ey dy = 0
(18) Solve : ye–x/y dx – (xe–x/y + y3) dy = 0
Answers (17) n (xy ) + ey = c (18) 2e–x/y + y2 = c
Linear Differential Equation :
A linear differential equation has the following characteristics :

(i) Dependent variable and its derivative in first degree only and are not multiplied together
(ii) All the derivatives should be in a polynomial form
(iii) The order may be more than one
The m th order linear differential equation is of the form.
dm y dm1y dy
P0(x) m + P1(x) m1 + .................... + Pm–1 (x) + Pm (x) y = (x),
dx dx dx
where P0(x), P1(x) ..................Pm(x) are called the coefficients of the differential equation.
dy
NOTE : + y2 sinx = lnx is not a Linear differential equation.
dx
6.1 Linear differential equations of first order :

dy
The differential equation + Py = Q , is linear in y. (Where P and Q are functions of x only).
dx
Integrating Factor (I.F.) : It is an expression which when multiplied to a differential equation converts
it into an exact form.
Pdx
I.F for linear differential equation = e  (constant of integration will not be considered)
 after multiplying above equation by .F it becomes;
dy Pdx Pdx
. e  Pdx + Py . e  = Q. e 
dx
d Pdx
 ( y. e  Pdx ) = Q. e 
dx
 Pdx
 y. e  Pdx =  Q. e C .
NOTE : Some times differential equation becomes linear, if x is taken as the dependent variable, and y as
dx
independent variable. The differential equation has then the following form : dy + P1 x = Q 1.
P1 dy
where P1 and Q 1 are functions of y. The .F. now is e 
dy 3x 2 sin2 x
Example # 17 Solve + 3
y=
dx 1 x 1  x3
dy
Solution. + Py = Q
dx
3x 2
P=
1 x3
3x 2
F = e  P.dx =  1 x3 dx = e n(1 x3 ) = 1 + x3
e
 General solution is
y(F) =  Q(IF).dx  c
sin2 x
y (1 + x 3) =  1 x 3
(1 + x3) dx + c
1  cos 2x
y(1 + x3) =  2
dx + c
1 sin 2x
y(1 + x3) = x– +c
2 4
dy
Example # 18 Solve : x nx + y = 2 n x
dx
dy 1 2
Solution. + y=
dx xnx x
1 2
P= ,Q=
xnx x
1
IF = e  P.dx =  xnx dx = e n(nx ) = n x
e
 General solution is
2
y. (n x) =  x .nx.dx  c
y (n x) = (n x)2 + c
Example # 19 Solve the differential equation

t (1 + t2) dx = (x + xt2 – t2) dt and it given that x = –/4 at t = 1
Solution. t (1 + t2) dx = [x (1 + t2) – t2] dt
dx x t
= t 
dt (1  t 2 )
dx x t dx
  2 which is linear in
dt t 1 t dt
1
1 t   t dt = e–nt = 1
Here, P = – , Q=– IF = e
t 1 t2 t
 General solution is -
1 1 t 
x· =
t 
t
. 
 1 t2 
 dt + c
x
= – tan–1 t + c
t
putting x = – /4, t = 1
– /4 = – /4 + c  c=0
 x = – t tan–1 t
6.2 Equations reducible to linear form

6.2.1 By change of variable .
Often differential equation can be reduced to linear form by appropriate substitution of the
non-linear term
dy
Example # 20 Solve : y sinx = cos x (sinx – y2)
dx
Solution. The given differential equation can be reduced to linear form by change of variable by a suitable
subtitution.
Substituting y2 = z
dy dz
2y =
dx dx
differential equation becomes
sin x dz
+ cos x.z = sin x cos x
2 dx
dz dz
+ 2 cot x . z = 2 cos x which is linear in
dx dx
IF = e 
2 cot x dx
 e 2n sin x = sin2 x
 General solution is -
2
z. sin2 x =  2 cos x. sin x. dx  c
2
y2 sin2x = sin3 x + c
3
6.2.2 Bernoulli’s equation :
dy
Equations of the form + Py = Q.yn, n  0 and n  1
dx
where P and Q are functions of x, is called Bernoulli’s equation and can be made linear in v by
dividing by yn and putting y –n+1 = v. Now its solution can be obtained as in (v).
dy
e.g. : 2 sin x – y cos x = xy3 ex .
dx
dy y y 2
Example # 21 Solve :   (Bernoulli's equation)
dx x x 2
Solution. Dividing both sides by y2
1 dy 1 1
2 dx
  2 ..... (1)
y xy x
1
Putting y = t
1 dy dt
– 
y 2 dx dx
 differential equation (1) becomes,
dt t 1
–   2
dx x x
dt t 1 dt
  2 which is linear differential equation in
dx x x dx
1
IF = e  x
dx
= enx = x  General solution is -
1
t. x =  x 2
. x dx + c
tx = – nx + c
x
= – nx + c
y

dy
(19) Solve : x (x2 + 1) = y (1 – x2) + x2 nx
dx
dy
(20) Solve : (x + 2y3) =y
dx
dy
(21) Solve : x + y = y2 log x
dx
(22) Solve the differential equation

 dy 
xy2   – 2y3 = 2x3 given y = 1 at x = 1
 dx 
 x 2  1
 
Answers (19)  x  y = x n x – x + c (20) x = y (c + y2)
 
(21) y (1 + cx + log x) = 1 (22) y3 + 2x3 = 3x6
Clairaut’s Equation :
The differential equation
dy
y = mx + f(m), ..............(1), where m =
dx
is known as Clairaut’s Equation.
To solve (10), differentiate it w.r.t. x, which gives
dy dm d f (m ) dm
=m+x +
dx dx dm dx
dm d f (m ) dm
x + =0
dx dm dx
dm
either =0m=c ...........(2)
dx
or x + f(m) = 0 ............(3)
NOTE : (i) If m is eliminated between (1) and (2), the solution obtained is a general solution of (1)
(ii) If m is eliminated between (1) and (3), then solution obtained does not contain any arbitrary
constant and is not particular solution of (1). This solution is called singular solution of (1).
dy
Example # 22 Solve : y = mx + m – m3 where, m =
dx
Solution. y = mx + m – m3 ..... (i)
The given equation is in clairaut's form.
Now, differentiating wrt. x -
dy dm dm dm
mx   3m 2
dx dx dx dx
dm dm dm
m=m+x   3m 2
dx dx dx
dm
(x + 1 – 3m2) = 0
dx
dm
=0  m=c ..... (ii)
dx
x 1
or x + 1 – 3m2 = 0  m2 = ..... (iii)
3
Eliminating 'm' between (i) & (ii) is called the general solution of the given equation.
y = cx + c – c3 where, 'c' is an arbitrary constant.
Again, eliminating 'm' between (i) & (iii) is called singular solution of the given equation.
y = m (x + 1 – m2)
1/ 2 1/ 2
 x  1  x  1  x  1 2
y=±    x  1   y=±   (x + 1)
 3   3   3  3
3/2
 x  1 4
y=± 2    y2 = (x + 1)3
 3  27
27y2 = 4 (x + 1)3

dy
(23) Solve the differential equation Y = mx + 2/m where, m =
dx
dy
(24) Solve : sin px cos y = cos px sin y + p where p =
dx
Answers (23) General solution : y = cx + 2/c where c is an arbitrary constant
Singular solution : y2 = 8x
(24) General solution : y = cx – sin–1 (c) where c is an arbitrary constant.
x2  1
Singular solution : y = x 2  1  sin 1
x2
Orthogonal Trajectory :
An orthogonal trajectory of a given system of curves is defined to be a curve which cuts every member of a
given family of curve at right angle.
Steps to find orthogonal trajectory :

(i) Let f (x, y, c) = 0 be the equation of the given family of curves, where 'c' is an arbitrary constant.
(ii) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. x and then eliminate c.
dy dx
(iii) Replace by – in the equation obtained in (ii).
dx dy
(iv) Solve the differential equation obtained in (iii).
Hence solution obtained in (iv) is the required orthogonal trajectory.
Example # 23 Find the orthogonal trajectory of family of straight lines passing through the origin.
Solution. Family of straight lines passing through the origin is -
y = mx ..... (i)
where 'm' is an arbitrary constant.
Differentiating wrt x
dy
m ..... (ii)
dx
Eliminate 'm' from (i) & (ii)
dy
y= x
dx
dy dx
Replacing by – , we get
dx dy
dx
y =  dy x
x dx + y dy = 0 Integrating each term,

x2 y2
 =c  x2 + y2 = 2c
2 2
which is the required orthogonal trajectory.
Example # 24 Find the orthogonal trajectory of y2 = 4ax (a being the parameter).

dy
Solution. y2 = 4ax ..... (i) 2y = 4a ..... (ii)
dx
Eliminating 'a' from (i) & (ii)
dy
y2 = 2y x
dx
dy dx
Replacing by  dy , we get
dx
 dx 
y = 2   dy  x  2 x dx + y dy = 0
 
Integrating each term,
y2
x2 + =c  2x2 + y2 = 2c
2
which is the required orthogonal trajectories.
(25) Find the orthogonal trajectory of family of circles concentric at (a, 0)
(26) Find the orthogonal trajectory of family of circles touching x – axis at the origin.
(27) Find the orthogonal trajectory of the family of rectangular hyperbola xy = c2
Answers (25) y = c (x – a) where c is an arbitrary constant.
(26) x2 + y2 = cx where c is an arbitrary constant.
(27) x2 – y2 = k where k is an arbitrary constant.
Geometrical application of differential equation :
Form a differential equation from a given geometrical problem. Often following formulae are useful to
remember
y 1  m2 2
(i) Length of tangent (LT) = m (ii) Length of normal (LN) = y 1  m
y
(iii) Length of sub-tangent (LST) = (ii) Length of subnormal (LSN) = |my|
m
 dy 
where y is the ordinate of the point, m is the slope of the tangent  
 dx 
Example # 25 Find the nature of the curve for which the length of the normal at a point 'P' is equal to the radius
vector of the point 'P'.
Solution. Let the equation of the curve be y = f(x). P(x, y) be any point on the curve.
dy
Slope of the tanget at P(x, y) is =m
dx
 Slope of the normal at P is
P(x,y)
1
m = –
m
Equation of the normal at 'P'
1
Y–y=– (X – x)
m
Co-ordinates of G (x + my, 0) O G(x+my,0)
Now, OP2 = PG2
x2 + y2 = m 2y2 + y2
x dy x
m=± y  =± y
dx
Taking as the sign
dy x y2 x2
=  y . dy = x . dx  = +  x2 – y2 = – 2
dx y 2 2
x2 – y2 = c (Rectangular hyperbola)
Again taking as –ve sign
dy x y2 x2
=–  y dy = – x dx  =– + 
dx y 2 2
 x 2 + y2 = 2
x2 + y2 = c (circle)
Example # 26 Find the curves for which the portion of the tangent included between the co-ordinate axes is
bisected at the point of contact.
Solution. Let P (x, y) be any point on the curve. B
Equation of tangent at P (x, y) is -
P(
dy x,
Y – y = m (X – x) where m = y)
dx
is slope of the tangent at P (x, y).
 mx  y 
Co-ordinates of A  , 0  & B (0, y–mx)
A
 m 
P is the middle point of A & B
mx  y
 = 2x  mx – y = 2mx
m
dy
 mx = – y  x=–y
dx
dx dy
 + y =0  nx + ny = nc
x
 xy = c
Example # 27 Show that (4x + 3y + 1) dx + (3x + 2y + 1) dy = 0 represents a hyperbola having the lines x + y =
0 and 2x + y + 1 = 0 as asymptotes
Solution. (4x + 3y + 1) dx + (3x + 2y + 1) dy = 0
4xdx + 3 (y dx + x dy) + dx + 2y dy + dy = 0
Integrating each term,
2x2 + 3 xy + x + y2 + y + c = 0
2x2 + 3xy + y2 + x + y + c = 0
which is the equation of hyperbola when h2 > ab &   0.
Now, combined equation of its asymptotes is -
2x2 + 3xy + y2 + x + y +  = 0
which is pair of straight lines
1 1 3 1 1 9
 =0  . . –2.
2.1  + 2 . –1. – =0
2 2 2 4 4 4
2 2
 =0  2x + 3xy + y + x + y = 0
 (x + y) (2x + y) + (x + y) = 0  (x + y) (2x + y + 1) = 0
 x+y=0 or 2x + y + 1 = 0
Example # 28 The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of
the point of contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and which passes
through (1, 1)
Solution. Let P (x, y) be any point on the curve
Equation of tangent at 'P' is -
Y – y = m (X – x)
mX – Y + y – mx = 0
 y  mx 
 
Now  2  = x
 1 m 
y2 + m2x2 – 2mxy = x2 (1 + m2)
y 2  x 2 dy
 which is homogeneous equation
2xy dx
Putting y = vx
dy dv dv v2  1
=v+x  v+x =
dx dx dx 2v
dv v 2  1  2v 2 2v dx
x
dx

2v
 v 2
1
dv = –
 x
y 2
n (v 2 + 1) = –n x + n c x  2  1 = c
x 
Curve is passing through (1, 1)
 c=2 x2 + y2 – 2x = 0
*****
EXERCISE - I
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Degree & Order, Differential equation formation
A-1. Find the order and degree of the following differential equations -
2 3 2 4
 d2 y   d3 y  3
(i)   +  dy  + y4 = 0 (ii)   + d y +  dy  = y
 dx 2   dx   dx 3  dx 3  dx 
   
 dy   dy  1
(iii) sin–1   = x + y (iv)   +y=
 dx   dx  dy
dx
5/2
d3 y
d2 y   dy  2  d3 y
(v) 3
–x +y=0 (vi) 1     x
e dx dx 3
dx 2   dx  
d2 y  dy 
(vii) 2 = sin  x  
dx  dx 
A-2. Identify the order of the following equations, (where a, b, c, d are parameters)
(i) (sin a) x + (cos a) y =  (ii) y2 = 4a ex+b
   
(iii) n (ay) = bex + c (iv) y = tan   ax  tan   ax  + c ebx+d
4  4 
A-3. Form differential equations to the curves

(i) y2 = m (n2 – x 2), where m, n are arbitrary constants.
(ii) ax2 + by2 = 1, where a & b are arbitrary constants.
(iii) xy = ae–x + bex
Section (B) : Variable separable, Homogeneous equation, polar substitution
B-1. Solve the following differential equations
dy 1
(i) (1 + cosx) dy = (1 – cosx) dx (ii) – x sin2x = x log x
dx
dy dy x(2nx  1)
(iii) 1  x 2  y 2  x 2 y 2 + xy =0 (iv) 
dx dx sin y  y cos y
B-2. Solve :
dy dy
(i) = sin(x + y) + cos(x + y) (ii) + ex–y + ey–x = 1
dx dx
x dx  y dy 1 x2  y2
(iii) 
x dy  y dx x2  y2
B-3. Solve :
(i) x2 dy + y(x + y) dx = 0, given that y = 1, when x = 1
dy y y
(ii)   sin 
dx x x
 y  y   y  y  dy
(iii)  x cos   y sin  y –  y sin   x cos  x =0
 x
   x   x
  x
  dx
dy y 2  2 xy  x 2
B-4. Find the equation of the curve satisfying  and passing through (1, –1).
dx x 2  2xy  y 2
Section (C) : Linear upon linear, Linear diff. eq. & bernaullis diff. eq.
C-1. Solve :
dy
(i) = y tanx – 2sinx (ii) (1 + y + x 2y) dx + (x + x 3)dy = 0
dx
dy dy
(iii) (x + 3y2) = y, y > 0 (iv) (1 + x2) + 2xy = cosx
dx dx
C-2. (a) Find the integrating factor of the following equations

dy dy
(i) (x log x) + y = 2 log x (ii) = y tan x – y2 sec x, is
dx dx
 p . dx
(b) If the integrating factor of x(1 – x 2) dy + (2x 2 y – y – ax 3) dx = 0 is e , then P is equal to
C-3. Solve :
dy 4x  6y  5
(i) (2x – y + 1) dx + (2y – x – 1) dy = 0 (ii) = 3y  2x  4
dx
(iii) (2x + 3y – 5) dy + (3x + 2y – 5) dx = 0
Section (D) : Exact diff. eq. , Higher degree differential equation and clairut's form
D-1. Solve :
dy
(i) y(x2y + ex) dx = ex dy (ii) x + y = x2y4
dx
dy y2  x
(iii) 2y sinx dy + (y2 cosx + 2x) dx = 0 (iv) 2 =
dx xy  y
D-2. Solve
d2 y dy d3 y d2 y 1
(i) = (ii) =8 satisfying y(0) = , y (0) = 0 and y2(0) = 1.
dx 2 dx dx 3 dx 2 8 1
Section (E) : Geometrical and physical problems

E–1. Identify the conic whose differential equation is (1 + y2) dx – xydy = 0 and passing through (1, 0). Also find
its focii and eccentricity
E–2. If a curve passes through the point (1, /4) and its slope at any point (x, y) on it is given by y/x – cos2(y/x),
then find the equation of the curve.
E-3. (i) The temperature T of a cooling object drops at a rate which is proportional to the difference
T – S, where S is constant temperature of the surrounding medium.
dT
Thus, = –k (T – S), where k > 0 is a constant and t is the time. Solve the differential equation
dt
if it is given that T(0) = 150.
(ii) The surface area of a spherical balloon, being inflated changes at a rate proportional to time t. If
initially its radius is 3 units and after 2 seconds it is 5 units, find the radius after t seconds.
(iii) The slope of the tangent at any point of a curve is  times the slope of the straight line joining the
point of contact to the origin. Formulate the differential equation representing the problem and
hence find the equation of the curve.
E-4. Find the curve such that the distance between the origin and the tangent at an arbitrary point is equal to the
distance between the origin and the normal at the same point.
E-5. Find the curve such that the ordinate of any of its points is the geometric mean between the abscissa and
the sum of the abscissa and subnormal at the point.
PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
Section (A) : Degree & Order, Differential equation formation
3/2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  
A-1. The order and degree of the differential equation r = are respectively
d2 y
dx 2
(A) 2, 2 (B) 2, 3 (C) 2, 1 (D) none of these
A-2. The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by
y = (C1 + C2) sin (x + C3) – C4 e x  C5 is
(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 3
A-3. The order and degree of differential equation of all tangent lines to parabola x 2 = 4y is
(A) 1, 2 (B) 2, 2 (C) 3, 1 (D) 4, 1
2 1/ 3
 d2 y 
A-4. If p and q are order and degree of differential equation y 2   + 3x  dy  + x 2y2 =sin x, then :
 dx 2   dx 
 
p 1
(A) p > q (B) = (C) p = q (D) p < q
q 2
A-5. Family y = Ax + A3 of curve represented by the differential equation of degree

(A) three (B) two (C) one (D) none of these
A-6. The differential equation whose solution is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2 is (a is a constant)

3 3 2
  dy  2  2   dy  2  d2 y 
2 d y 2

(A) 1      a (B) 1   
  a
 dx 2 
  dx   dx 2   dx    
3 2
  dy   2 
2 d y
(C) 1     a  2  (D) none of these
  dx   dx 
Section (B) : Variable separable, Homogeneous equation, polar substitution
dy
B-1. If = e–2y and y = 0 when x = 5, the value of x for y = 3 is
dx
e6  9
(A) e5 (B) e6 + 1 (C) (D) loge 6
2
B-2. If (x) = (x) and (1) = 2, then (3) equals

(A) e2 (B) 2 e2 (C) 3 e2 (D) 2 e3
dy
B-3. If = 1 + x + y + xy and y (– 1) = 0, then function y is
dx
(A) e (1 x )2 / 2 (B) e(1 x )2 / 2  1 (C) loge (1 + x) – 1 (D) 1 + x
x2  y2
B-4. Integral curve satisfying y = , y(1) = 2, has the slope at the point (1, 2) of the curve, equal to
x2  y2
5 5
(A) – (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D)
3 3
B-5. Solution of differential equation xdy – y dx = 0 represents :

(A) rectangular hyperbola (B) straight line passing through origin
(C) parabola whose vertex is at origin (D) circle whose centre is at origin
B-6*. The solution of x 2 y12 + xy y1 – 6y2 = 0 are

(A) y = Cx 2 (B) x 2 y = C
1
(C) n y = C+ log x (D) x 3 y = C
2
Section (C) : Linear differential equation

dy
C-1. The solution of the differential equation – ky = 0,y(0) = 1, approaches zero when x, if
dx
(A) k = 0 (B) k > 0 (C) k < 0 (D) none of these
dv k
C-2. The solution of + v = – g is
dt m
k k k k
 t mg mg  m t t t mg
m
 mg m
(A) v = ce – (B) v = c – e (C) v e m =c– (D) v e =c–
k k k k
Section (D) : Higher degree differential equation
dn y
D-1*. If y = e–x cos x and yn + kn y = 0, where yn = and kn , n  N are constants.
dx n
(A) k4 = 4 (B) k8 = –16 (C) k12 = 20 (D) k16 = –24
Section (E) : Geometrical and physical problems

E–1. The differential equations of all conics whose centre lie at the origin is of order :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) none of these
E-2. The differential equation for all the straight lines which are at a unit distance from the origin is
2 2 2 2
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
(A)  y  x  = 1 –   (B)  y  x  =1+  
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
2 2 2 2
 dy   dy   dy   dy 
(C)  y  x  = 1 +   (D)  y  x  =1–  
 dx   dx   dx   dx 
E-3. The equation of the curve whose subnormal is constant a is

(A) y = ax + b (B) y2 = 2ax + b (C) ay2 – x 2 = a (D) none of
these
PART - III : ASSERTION / REASONING

1. STATEMENT-1 : The relation y = A sin x + B cos x can be represented by the differential equation
d2 y
+ y = 0.
dx 2
dy 2
STATEMENT-2 : + x tan y = x 2 is tan y = x 2 – c e x / 2 + 2
Solution of sec2 y
dx
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
y2 1 2
2. STATEMENT-1: Solution of (1 + x x 2  y 2 ) dx + y (–1 + x 2  y 2 ) dy = 0 is x –  (x + y2)3/2 + c
2 3
=0
x 1
STATEMENT-2 : Solution of (1 + xy) y dx + (1 – xy) x dy = 0 is n – =c
y xy
STATEMENT-1
STATEMENT-1
3. STATEMENT-1 : The equation of the curve passing through (3, 9) which satisfies differential equation
dy 1
= x + 2 is 6xy = 3x3 + 29x – 6
dx x
2
 dy  dy
STATEMENT-2 : The solution of D.E.    (ex + e–x) + 1 = 0 is y = c1 ex + c2 e–x
 dx  dx
STATEMENT-1
STATEMENT-1
xdy
y
dx y mx 2
4. STATEMENT-1 : The solution of D.E. = mx2 is given by tan–1 = +c
x2  y2 x 2
dy y
STATEMENT-2 : The solution of differential equation + = sin x is x(y + cos x) = sin x + c
dx x
STATEMENT-1
STATEMENT-1
dy dy
5. STATEMENT-1 : Solution of the differential equation y – x = y2 + is y = c (1 – y) (x + 1)
dx dx
dy dy
STATEMENT-2 : D.E. = f(x) . g(y) can be solved by seperating variables. g( y ) = f(x) dx
dx
STATEMENT-1
STATEMENT-1
*****
EXERCISE - II
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Solve the following differential equations.
dy 2y x3 dy
(i) 3 + = (ii) = exy (ex  ey)
dx x  1 y2 dx
dy
(iii) x2 y  x3 = y4 cos x (iv) y y sin x = cos x (sin x  y 2)
dx
1
dy
2. Solve :
dx
=y+  y dx , given y = 1, where x = 0
0
dy
3. Find the integral curve of the differential equation x(1 – xny) + y = 0 which passes through (1, 1/e).
dx
dy
4. If y1 & y2 be solutions of the differential equation + Py = Q, where P & Q are functions of x alone,
dx
Q
  y1 dx
and y2 = y1 z, then prove that z = 1 + ae ,'a' being an arbitrary constant.
5. Let y1 and y 2 are two different solutions of the equation y + P(x) . y = Q(x).
(i) Prove that y = y 1 + C(y2 – y 1) is the general solution of the same equation (C is a constant)
(ii) Find the relationship between the constants  and  such that the linear combination y1 + y2
be a solution of the given equation.
6. Solve the following differential equations.
dy
(i) (x² + y² + a²) y + x (x² + y²  a²) = 0
dx
(ii) (1 + tany) (dx  dy) + 2x dy = 0
7. Find the curve for which sum of the lengths of the tangent and subtangent at any of its point is proportional
to the product of the co-ordinates of the point of tangency, the proportionality factor is equal to k.
8. Find the curve y = f(x) where f(x)  0, f(0) = 0, bounding a curvilinear trapezoid with the base [0, x] whose
area is proportional to (n + 1)th power of f(x). It is known that f(1) = 1
9. Find the nature of the curve for which the length of the normal at the point P is equal to the radius vector of
the point P.
dy x 2  y 2
10. Let c1 and c2 be two integral curves of the differential equation  . A line passing through origin
dx x 2  y 2
meets c1 at P(x1, y1) and c2 at Q(x 2, y2). If c1 : y = f(x) and c2 : y = g(x) prove that f ’(x1) = g’(x2).
11. The perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at any point on a curve is equal to the abscissa of the point
of contact. Find the equation of the curve satisfying the above condition and which passes through (1, 1).
12. Find all the curves possessing the following property; the segment of the tangent between the point of
tangency & the xaxis is bisected at the point of intersection with the yaxis .
13. A curve passing through (1 , 0) such that the ratio of the square of the intercept cut by any tangent off
the yaxis to the subnormal is equal to the ratio of the product of the coordinates of the point of
tangency to the product of square of the slope of the tangent and the subtangent at the same point.
Determine all such possible curves.
PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Single choice type
1. The differential equation of all conics whose axes coincide with the axes of coordinates is of order
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1
dy
2. If y1(x) is a solution of the differential equation + f(x) y = 0, then a solution of differential equation
dx
dy
+ f(x) y = r (x) is
dx
1 r( x )
(A) y ( x)  y1( x ) dx (B) y1(x)  y1( x ) dx (C)  r( x )y 1( x ) dx (D) none of these
dy
3. If y1(x) and y2(x) are two solutions of + f(x) y = r(x) then y1(x) + y2(x) is solution of :
dx
dy dy
(A) + f(x) y = 0 (B) + 2f(x) y = r(x)
dx dx
dy dy
(C) + f(x) y = 2 r(x) (D) + 2f (x) y = 2r(x)
dx dx
dy
4. The value of xlim

y(x) obtained from the differential equation = y – y2, where y (0) = 2 is
dx
(A) zero (B) 1 (C)  (D) none of these
5. The slope of a curve at any point is the reciprocal of twice the ordinate at that point and it passes
through the point (4, 3). The equation of the curve is
(A) x 2 = y + 5 (B) y2 = x – 5 (C) y2 = x + 5 (D) x 2 = y + 5
6. The equation of the curve which is such that the portion of the axis of x cut off between the origin and
tangent at any point is proportional to the ordinate of that point is
(A) x = y (b – a log y) (B) log x = by2 + a
(C) x 2 = y (a – b log y) (D) none of these
(a is constant of proportionality)
3
7. The solution of y dx – x dy + 3x 2 y 2 e x dx = 0 is
x 3 x 3 x 3
(A) y + e x = C (B) y – e x = 0 (C) – y + e x = C (D) none of these
dy 1 y2
8. The solution of + = 0 is
dx 1 x2
(A) sin–1 x, sin–1 y = C (B) sin–1 x = C sin–1 y (C) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = C (D) sin–1x+sin–1 y = C
9. S1 : The differential equation of parabolas having their vertices at origin and foci on the x-axis is a
equation whose variables are separable
S2 : Straight lines which are at a fixed distance p from origin is a differential equation of degree 2
S3 : All conics whose axes coincide with the axes of coordinates is a equation of order 2
(A) TTT (B) TFT (C) FFT (D) TTF
10. The equation of curve passing through (3, 4) and satisfying the differential equation
2
 dy  dy
y   + (x – y) – x = 0 is
 dx  dx
(A) x – y + 1 = 0 (B) x + y + 1 = 0 (C) x – y – 1 = 0 (D) y – x + 1 = 0
11. The solution of the differential equation y 1 y3 = 3y22 is
(A) x = A1y2 + A2 y + A3 (B) x = A1 y + A2
(C) x = A1 y 2 + A2 y (D) none of these
12. The solution of the differential equation (x 2 sin3 y – y2 cos x) dx + (x 3 cos y sin2 y – 2y sin x) dy = 0 is
(A) x 3 sin3 y = 3y2 sin x + C (B) x 3 sin3 y + 3y2 sin x = C
2 3 3
(C) x sin y + y sin x = C (D) 2x 2 sin y + y 2 sin x = C
13. Consider the following statements :
y
S1 : f(x, y) = ey/x + tan is homogeneous of degree zero
x
 x2 2

S2 : Solution of differential equation (2x n y) dx +  y  3 y  dy = 0 is x2 n y + y3 = c
 
2 2 3 3
 x   dy   x   dy 
1        
x dy  y   dx   y   dx 
S3 : Solution of differential equation x2 = 1 +   + + + ..... is
y dx 2! 3!
y2 = x 2 (n x2 – 1) + c .
S4 : A curve which passes through (1, 2) and whose sub-normal at every point is 2, is y2 = 4x.
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3, S4 are true or false
(A) FTFT (B) TTTT (C) FFFF (D) TFTF
More than one choice type

dy 1 y2
14. Solution of the differential equation + = 0 is
dx 1 x2
(A) tan–1 y + sin–1 x = c (B) tan–1 x + sin–1 y = c
1
(C) tan–1 y . sin–1 x = c (D) cot –1 + cos–1 1 x 2 = c
y
15. The solution of (x + y + 1) dy = dx are

(A) x + y + 2 = Cey (B) x + y + 4= = C log y
(C) log (x + y + 2) = Cy (D) log (x + y + 2) = C + y
dy
16. Solution of differential equation f(x) = f 2 (x) + f(x) y + f(x) y is
dx
(A) y = f(x) + cex (B) y = – f(x) + cex
(C) y = – f(x) + cex f(x) (D) y = cf(x) + ex
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMNS

1. Match the following
Column -  Column - 
xdy dy
(A) Solution of y – = y2 + is (p) xy2 = 2y5 + c
dx dx
dy
(B) Solution of (2x – 10y3) + y = 0 is (q) sec y = x + 1 + cex
dx
(C) Solution of sec2 y dy + tan y dx = dx is (r) (x + 1) (1 – y) = cy
dy
(D) Solution of sin y = cos y (1 – x cos y) is (s) tan y = 1 + ce–x
dx
2. Match the following
Column -  Column - 
1
(A) xdy = y(dx + ydy), y(1) = 1 and y(x0) = –3, then x0 = (p)
4
dy
(B) If y(t) is solution of (t + 1) – ty = 1, (q) – 15
dt
y (0) = –1, then y (1) =
1
(C) (x2 + y2) dy = xydx and y(1) = 1 and (r) –
2
y(x0) = e, then x0 =
dy 2y
(D) + = 0, y (1) = 1, then y(2) = (s) 3e
dx x
3. Column – I Column – II
2/3
 d3 y  5dy
(A) The degree of differential equation  3    0 is : (p) 1
 dx  dx
d2 y  dy 
(B) Find degree of x 3 2 – n  x .  +1=0 (q) 2
dx  dx 
dy  2 
3 d y
(C) Order of the differential equation y dx  x  2   xy  cos x (r) 3
 dx 
ax
(D) Order of the differential equation y  , where (s) none
bx  c
a, b, c are arbitrary constants.
PART - IV : COMPREHENSIONS
Comprehension # 1
Differential equations are solved by reducing them to the exact differential of an expression in x & y
i.e., they are reduced to the form d(f(x, y)) = 0
xdx  ydy ydx  xdy
e.g. : =
x y 2 2 x2
1 2xdx  2ydy xdy  ydx  2 2  y  2 2 y

 2 2 =– 2 d  x y  = –d   d  x y   = 0
2 x  y x   x
   x
y
 solution is x2  y2 +
= c.
x
Use the above method to answer the following question (3 to 5)
1. The general solution of (2x 3 – xy2) dx + (2y3 – x 2y) dy = 0 is
(A) x 4 + x 2y2 – y4 = c (B) x 4 – x 2y2 + y4 = c (C) x 4 – x 2y2 – y 4 = c (D) x 4 + x 2y2 + y 4 = c
xdy  y 
2. General solution of the differential equation 2 2
+ 1  2  dx = 0 is
2 
x y  x  y 
y x y
(A) x + tan–1   = c (B) x + tan–1 =c (C) x – tan–1   = c (D) none of these
x y x
y y
3. General solution of the differential equation e dx + (xe – 2y) dy = 0 is
(A) xey – y 2 = c (B) yex – x 2 = c (C) yey + x = c (D) xey – 1 = cy2
Comprehension # 2
dn y dn 1y
In order to solve the differential equation of the form a0 n + a1 + ..... + any = 0, where a0, a1, a2 are
dx dx n 1
constants.
We take the auxiliary equation a0Dn + a1 Dn–1 + ....+ an = 0
Find the roots of this equation and then solution of the given differential equation will be as given in the
following table.
Roots of the auxiliary equation Corresponding complementary
function
1. One real root 1 c 1e 1x
2. Two real and different roots 1 and 2 c 1e 1x  c 2 e  2 x
3. Two real and equal roots 1 and 1 (c1 + c2x) e 1x

4. Three real and equal roots 1, 1, 1 (c1 + c2x + c3x2) e 1x
5. One pair of imaginary roots  ± i (c1 cos x + c2 sin x) ex
6. Two pair of equal imaginary roots  ± i and  ± i [(c1 + c2x) cos x + (c1 + c2x) sin x] ex
Solution of the given differential equation will be y = sum of all the corresponding parts of the complementary
functions.
d2 y dy
4. Solve 2 –2 + y = 0.
dx dx
(A) y = (c1 + c2x)ex (B) y = (c1ex + c2ex) (C) y = (c1x)ex (D) none of these
d2 y
5. Solve + a2y = 0.
dx 2
(A) y = (c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax)eax (B) y = c1 cos ax + c2 sin ax
(C) y = c1 eax + c2 e–ax (D) none of these
d3 y d2 y dy
6. Solve 3 –6 2 + 11
1 – 6y = 0
dx dx dx
(A) y = (c1 + c2 x + c3 x 2)ex (B) y = x (c1 ex + c2 e2x + c3 e3x)
(C) y = c1 ex + c2 e2x + c3 e3x (D) none of these
EXERCISE - III
PART - I : IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (LAST 10 YEARS)
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
dy
1. If y (t) is a solution of (1 + t)  t y = 1 and y (0) =  1, then y (1) is equal to :
dt
1 1 1 1
(A)  (B) e + (C) e  (D)
2 2 2 2
2. An right circular cone of height H and radius R is pointed at bottom. It is filled with a volatile liquid
completely. If the rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the surface area of the liquid in
contact with air (constant of proportionality k > 0) , find the time in which whole liquid evaporates.
dP( x )
3. If P(1) = 0 and > P(x) for all x  1 then prove that P(x) > 0 for all x > 1.
dx
 2  sin x  dy  
4. If y = y(x) and  y  1  = – cosx ; y(0) = 1, then y   is equal to
  dx 2
(A) 1/3 (B) – 2/3 (C) 2/3 (D) – 1/3
x  12  y  3
5. A curve passes through (2, 0) and slope at point P(x, y) is . Find equation of curve and
x  1
area between curve and x-axis in 4th quadrant.
6. The solution y = y(x) of the differential equation (x 2 + y2) dy = xy dx statisfies the conditions
y(1) = 1 and y(x0) = e, then value of x0 is –
(A) 3 e (B) 2(e 2  1) (C) 2(e 2  1) (D) (e 2  1) / 2
7. Suppose y = y(x) satisfies the differential equation ydx + y2dy = xdy. If y(x) > 0  x  R and y(1) = 1, then
y(–3) equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5
8. If length of tangent at any point on the curve y = f(x) intercepted between the point and the x-axis is of length
1. Find the equation of the curve.
9*. A tangent drawn to the curve y = f(x) at P(x, y) cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A and B respectively such that
BP : AP = 3 : 1, given that f(1) = 1, then
dy
(A) equation of curve is x – 3y = 0 (B) normal at (1, 1) is 3y – x = 2
dx
dy
(C) curve passes through (2, 1/8) (D) equation of curve is x + 3y = 0
dx
t 2 f ( x )  x 2 f (t )
10. Let f(x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ) such that f(1) = 1 and tlim
x
= 1 for each x > 0.
tx
Then f(x) is
1 2x 2 1 4x 2 1 2 1
(A) + (B) + (C) + 2 (D)
3x 3 3x 3 x x x
dy 1 y2
11. The differential equation = determines a family of circles with
dx y
(A) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1)
(B) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, –1)
(C) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis
(D) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the y-axis
2
12. Let a solution y = y(x) of the differential equation x x 2  1 dy – y y 2  1 dx = 0 satisfy y(2) =
3
 
STATEMENT -1 : y(x) = sec  sec 1 x  
 6
1 2 3 1
STATEMENT-2 : y(x) is given by y = – 1
x x2
(A) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is True ; STATEMENT-2 is a correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is True ; STATEMENT-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is True, STATEMENT-2 is False
(D) STATEMENT-1 is False, STATEMENT-2 is True
x x
 1  ( f ( t )) 2 dt =
13. Let f be a non-negative function defined on the interval [0, 1]. If
0
 f (t) dt, 0  x  1 and
0
f(0) = 0, then
 1 1  1 1  1 1  1 1
(A) f   < and f   > (B) f   > and f   >
 2 2 3 3  2 2 3 3
 1 1  1 1  1 1  1 1
(C) f   < and f   < (D) f   > and f   <
2
  2 3
  3 2
  2 3
  3
14. Match the statements/expressions in Column - I with the open intervals in Column - II
Column - I Column - II
  
(A) Interval contained in the domain of definition of (p) – , 
 2 2
non-zero solutions of the differential
equation (x – 3)2 y + y = 0
 
(B) Interval containing the value of the integral (q)  0, 
 2
5
 (x – 1)( x – 2) (x – 3)(x – 4) (x – 5) dx
1
  5 
(C) Interval in which at least one of the points of local (r)  , 
8 4 
maximum of cos2x + sinx lies
 
(D) Interval in which tan–1 (sinx + cosx) is increasing (s)  0, 
 8
(t) (– , )
15. Match the statements/expressions given in Column - I with the values given in Column - II
Column - I Column - II
sinx
(A) The number of solutions of the equation xe – cos x = 0 (p) 1
 
in the interval  0, 
 2
(B) Value(s) of k for which the planes kx + 4y + z = 0, (q) 2
4x + ky + 2z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z=0 intersect in a straight line
(C) Value(s) of k for which |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x + 1| + |x + 2| = 4k (r) 3

has integer solution(s)
(D) If y = y + 1 and y(0) = 1, then value(s) of y (n 2) (s) 4
(t) 5
16. Let f be a real-valued differentiable function on R (the set of all real numbers) such that
f(1) = 1. If the y-intercept of the tangent at any point P(x, y) on the curve y = f(x) is equal to the
cube of the abscissa of P, then the value of f(–3) is equal to
x
17. Let f : [1, )  [2, ) be a differentiable function such that f(1) = 2. If 6 f ( t ) dt  3 xf ( x )  x 3 for all x  1,

1
then the value of f(2) is
df ( x )
18. Let y(x) + y(x) g(x) = g(x) g(x), y(0) = 0, x  R , where f(x) denotes and g(x) is a given non-
dx
constant differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is
19. If y(x) satisfies the differential equation y – y tan x = 2x sec x and y(0) = 0, then
 2    2
(A) y    y
(B)   

4 8 2  4  18
   2    4 2 2
y
(C)    y
(D)   
 
3 9 3 3 3 3
  y y
20. A curve passes through the point 1,  . Let the slope of the curve at each point (x, y) be  sec   ,
 6 x x
x > 0. Then the equation of the curve is
y 1 y
(A) sin   = logx + (B) cosec   = logx + 2
x 2 x
 2y   2y  1
(C) sec    log x  2 (D) cos    log x 
 x   x  2
PART - II : AIEEE PROBLEMS (LAST 10 YEARS)

1. The degree and order of the differential equation of the family of all parabolas whose axis is x-axis, are
respectively
(1) 2, 1 (2) 1, 2 (3) 3, 2 (4) 2, 3
–1 dy
2. The solution of the differential equation (1 + y2) + (x – e tan y
) = 0, is
dx
–1 –1 –1
2 tan y
(1) (x – 2) = k e tan y
(2) 2x e tan y
= e +k
–1 –1 –1
(3) x e tan y
= tan–1 y + k (4) x e 2 tan y
= e tan y
+k
3. The differential equation for the family of curves x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0, where a is an arbitrary contant, is
(1) 2(x2 – y2) y = xy (2) 2(x2 + y2) y = xy (3) (x2 – y2) y = 2xy (4) (x2 + y2) y = 2xy
4. The solution of the differential equation y dx + (x + x2y) dy = 0 is-

1 1 1
(1) – xy = c (2) – xy + log y = c (3) xy + log y = c (4) log y = cx
5. The differential equation representing the family of curves y2 = 2c(x + c ), where c > 0, is a parameter ,
is of order and degree as follows-
(1) order 2, degree 2 (2) order 1, degree 3 (3) order 1, degree 1 (4) order 1, degree 2
dy
6. If x = y(log y – log x + 1), then the solution of the equation is
dx
x y y x

(1) log  y  = cy (2) log   = cx (3) x log   = cy (4) y log  y  = cx
  x x  
7. The differential equation whose solution is Ax2 + By2 = 1, where A and B are arbitary constant, is of
(1) first order and second degree (2) first order and first degree
(3) second order and first degree (4) second order and second degree
8. The differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having their centres on the x-axis is-
dy dy dy dy
(1) x2 = y2 + xy (2) x2 = y2 + 3xy (3) y2 = x2 + 2xy (4) y2 = x2 – 2xy
dx dx dx dx
9. The normal to a curve at P(x, y) meets the x-axis at G. If the distance of G from the origin is twice the
abscissa of P, then the curve is a
(1) ellipse (2) parabola (3) circle (4) hyperbola
dy xy
10. The solution of the differential equation = satisfying the condition y (1) = 1 is
dx x
(1) y = log x + x (2) y = x log x + x2 (3) y = xe(x – 1) (4) y = x log x + x
11. The differential equation which represents the family of curves y = c1 e c 2 x , where c1 and c2 are arbitary
constants is
(1) y = y2 (2) y  = y y (3) y.y  = y (4) y.y  = (y)2

12. Solution of the differential equation cosx dy = y(sinx – y) dx, 0 < x < is
2
(1) y sec x = tan x + c (2) y tan x = sec x + c (3) tanx = (sec x + c)y (4) secx = (tanx + c) y
1
8 log(1  x)
13. The value of 
0
1 x2 dx is :
 
(1)  log 2 (2) log 2 (3) log 2 (4) log 2
8 2
14. Let  be the purchase value of an equipment and V(t) be the value after it has been used for t years. The value
dV (t )
V(t) depreciates at a rate given by differential equation = – k(T – t), where k > 0 is a constant and T is
dt
the total life in years of the equipment. Then the scrap value V(T) of the equipment is :
1 kT 2 k( T  t ) 2
(1) T2 – (2)  – (3)  – (4) e–kT
k 2 2
dy
15. If = y + 3 > 0 and y(0) = 2, then y(n2) is equal to :
dx
(1) 7 (2) 5 (3) 13 (4) –2
16. The curve that passes through the point (2, 3), and has the property that the segment of any tangent to it
lying between the coordinate axes is bisected by the point of contact is given by :
2 2
6 x y
(1) 2y – 3x = 0 (2) y = 2 2
(3) x + y = 13 (4)   +   = 2
x 2
  3
 1
17. Consider the differential equation y2dx +  x   dy = 0 . If y (1) = 1, then x is given by :
 y
1 1 1 1
y y y y
2 e 1 e 1 e 1 e
(1) 4 – – (2) 3 – + (3) 1 + – (4) 1 – +
y e y e y e y e
18. The population p(t) at time t of a certain mouse species satisfies the differential equation
dp(t )
= 0.5 p(t) – 450. If p(0) = 850, then the time at which the population becomes zero is :
dt
1
(1) 2 n 18 (2) n 9 (3) n 18 (4) n 18
2
19. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is estimated that the rate of change of production P w.r.t.
dP
additional number of workers x is given by = 100 – 12 x . If the firm employs 25 more workers, then
dx
the new level of production of items is
(1) 2500 (2) 3000 (3) 3500 (4) 4500
******
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1 Section (D)
1 x3 1
PART - I D-1. (i) ex = – + c (ii) = 3x2 + cx 3
y 3 y3
Section (A) (iii) y2 sinx = –x2 + c
A-1. (i) (2, 2) (ii) (3, 2) (iii) 1, 1 (iv) 1, 2 (iv) y2 = –(x + 1) n |x + 1| + c(x + 1) – 1
x
(v) 3, degree is not applicable (vi) 3, 2 D-2. (i) c1e + c2 (ii) 64y = (e8x – 8x) + 7
(vii) 2, degree is not applicable
Section (E)
A-2. (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 2
A-3. (i) xyy2 + (xy1 – y) y1 = 0 E–1. Conic : x 2 – y2 = 1 (hyperbola )
d2 y dy  dy
2 focii : (± 2 , 0), e = 2
(ii) xy 2
 x   y =0
dx dx
  dx E–2. tan y/x = 1 – log x.
d2 y dy T S
(iii) x +2 = xy E-3. (i) = e–kt (ii) r = 4t 2  9 unitss
150  S
dx 2 dx
(iii) y = kx where, k is some constant
Section (B)  tan 1
y
x
E-4. x 2  y 2 = ce
B-1. (i) y = 2 tan x/2 – x + c
x4  c4
x2 1 1 E-5. y2 = or y2 + 2x2nx = cx2
(ii) y =  x sin2x – cos2x + log |logx| + c 2x 2
4 4 8
PART - II
1 1 x2  1 Section (A)
(iii) 1 x 2 + log + 1 y 2 = c
2 1 x2  1 A-1. (A) A-2. (D) A-3. (A) A-4. (D)
(iv) y siny = x2nx + c A-5. (A) A-6. (B)
Section (B)
xy
B-2. (i) log tan  1 = x + c B-1. (C) B-2. (B) B-3. (B) B-4. (A)
 2 
B-5. (B) B-6*. (A,C,D)
(ii) tan–1 (ey–x) + x = c
Section (C)
2 2 2 2 c( x  y) C-1. (C) C-2. (A)
(iii) x  y  1 x  y 
2 2
x y Section (D)
y D-1*. (A,B)
B-3. (i) 3x2y = 2x + y (ii) tan = cx
2x Section (E)
y E–1. (B) E-2. (C) E-3. (B)
(iii) xy cos   = c
x
PART - III
B-4. x+y=0
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5.
Section (C) (A)
C-1. (i) y = cosx + c secx (ii) xy = c – arc tanx
x
EXERCISE # 2
(iii)
y
= 3y + c (iv) y (1 + x2) = c + sinx. PART - I
C-2. (a) (i) |n x| (ii) |sec x| Section (A)
2
(2x  1) x6 2 5 1 4
(b) 2 1. (i) y3 (x + 1)2 = + x + x +c
x(1  x ) 6 5 4
C-3. (i) x2 + y2 – xy + x – y = c (ii) ey = c. exp (ex) + ex  1
3 (iii) x 3 y 3= 3sin x + c
(ii) y – 2x + n (24y + 16x + 23) = c
8 2 c
(iii) 4xy + 3 (x2 + y2) – 10 (x + y) = c (iv) y2 = sin x 
3 sin 2 x
1
2. y = (2ex – e + 1) 3. x(ey + ny + 1) = 1 EXERICSE # 3
3e
5. (ii)  +  = 1
PART - I
Section (B) 1. (A) 2. t = H/k 4. (A)
6. (i) (x² + y²)² + 2a² (y²  x²) = c 5. 4 / 3 6. (A) 7. (C)
(ii) x ey (cosy + siny) = ey siny + C
1 1 y2
Section (D) 8. log + 1 y 2 = ± x + c
y
1 9*. (B, C,D) 10. (A) 11. (C) 12.
7. y = ± n | c(k2x2 – 1) | 8. y = x1/n
k (C)
9. Rectangular hyperbola or circle. 13. (C)
11. x2 + y2 – 2x = 0 12. y² = cx 14. (A) – (p, q, s), (B) – (p, t), (C) – (p, q, r, t),(D) –(s)
15. (A) – (p), (B) –(q, s), (C) – (q, r, s, t), (D) – (r)
2 y/ x  2 y/x
13. x = e ; x =e 16. 9
PART - II 17. Bonus (Taking x = 1, the integral becomes zero,
whereas the right side of the equation gives 5.
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. Therefore, the function f does not exist.)
(C) 18. 0 19. (A,D) 20. (A)
6. (A) 7. (A) 8. (D) 9. (A) 10.
(A) PART - II
11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (A,D)
1. (2) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2)
15. (A,D) 16. (C) 5. (2) 6. (2) 7. (3) 8. (3)
9. (1,4) 10. (4) 11. (4) 12. (4)
PART - III 13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (1) 16. (2)
1. (A) – (r), (B) – (p), (C) – (s), (D) – (q) 17. (3) 18. (1) 19. (3)
2. (A) – (q), (B) – (r), (C) – (s), (D) – (p)
3. (A) – (q), (B) – (s), (C) – (q), (D) – (q)
PART - IV
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (A)
5. (B) 6. (C)

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CLASSROOM STUDY PACKAGE

Example # 1 Find the order & degree of following differential equations.

Self Practice Problems :

(1) Find order and degree of the following differential equations.

Formation of Differential Equation:

Self Practice Problems :

Solution of a Differential Equation:

4.1. Differential Equation of First Order and First Degree :

Solution methods of First Order and First Degree Differential Equations :

A general solution of this will be  f (x) dx =  (y) dy + c, where c is an arbitrary constant

Example # 4 Solve the differential equation (1 + x) y dx = (y – 1) x dy

(b) If x = r sec  & y = r tan  then

5.1.2 Equations Reducible to the Variables Separable form : If a differential

Self Practice Problems :

Example # 11 Solve : (x2 – y2) dx + 2xydy = 0 given that y = 1 when x = 1

5.2.1 Equations Reducible to the Homogeneous form

Self Practice Problems :

Solve the following differential equations

(14) x + y = c (x – y + 6)3 (15) 3(2y – x) + log (3x + 3y + 4) = C

5.3 Exact Differential Equation :

xdy  ydx  y xdy  ydx  1 y  xdy  ydx

Now integrating each term, we get

Self Practice Problems :

(17) Solve : xdy + ydx + xy ey dy = 0

(18) Solve : ye–x/y dx – (xe–x/y + y3) dy = 0

Answers (17) n (xy ) + ey = c (18) 2e–x/y + y2 = c

Linear Differential Equation :

A linear differential equation has the following characteristics :

6.1 Linear differential equations of first order :

Example # 19 Solve the differential equation

6.2 Equations reducible to linear form

Self Practice Problems :

(22) Solve the differential equation

(21) y (1 + cx + log x) = 1 (22) y3 + 2x3 = 3x6

Self Practice Problems :

Steps to find orthogonal trajectory :

x dx + y dy = 0 Integrating each term,

Example # 24 Find the orthogonal trajectory of y2 = 4ax (a being the parameter).

Section (A) : Degree & Order, Differential equation formation

A-3. Form differential equations to the curves

Section (B) : Variable separable, Homogeneous equation, polar substitution

B-1. Solve the following differential equations

C-2. (a) Find the integrating factor of the following equations

Section (E) : Geometrical and physical problems

PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

(A) 2, 2 (B) 2, 3 (C) 2, 1 (D) none of these

A-5. Family y = Ax + A3 of curve represented by the differential equation of degree

A-6. The differential equation whose solution is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2 is (a is a constant)

Section (B) : Variable separable, Homogeneous equation, polar substitution

B-2. If (x) = (x) and (1) = 2, then (3) equals

(A) e (1 x )2 / 2 (B) e(1 x )2 / 2  1 (C) loge (1 + x) – 1 (D) 1 + x

B-5. Solution of differential equation xdy – y dx = 0 represents :

B-6*. The solution of x 2 y12 + xy y1 – 6y2 = 0 are

Section (C) : Linear differential equation

Section (E) : Geometrical and physical problems

E-3. The equation of the curve whose subnormal is constant a is

PART - III : ASSERTION / REASONING