Biology 10th Edition Solomon

Solutions Manual
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Instructor’s Manual for Solomon, Berg, and Martin’s Biology, 10th Edition

7 Energy and Metabolism

Key Concepts
7.1 Energy, the capacity to do work, can be kinetic energy (energy of motion) or potential
energy (energy due to position or state).
7.2 Energy cannot be created or destroyed (the first law of thermodynamics), but the total
amount of energy available to do work in a closed system decreases over time (the second law
of thermodynamics). Organisms do not violate the laws of thermodynamics because, as open
systems, they use energy obtained from their surroundings to do work.
7.3 In cells energy-releasing (exergonic) processes drive energy requiring (endergonic)
processes.
7.4 ATP plays a central role in cell energy metabolism by linking exergonic and endergonic
reactions. ATP transfers energy by transferring a phosphate group.
7.5 The transfer of electrons in redox reactions is another way that cells transfer energy.
7.6 As biological catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of specific chemical reactions. The activity
of an enzyme is influenced by temperature, pH, the presence of cofactors, and inhibitors and
activators.

Learning Objectives
7-1 Define energy, emphasizing how it is related to work and to heat.
7-2 Use examples to contrast potential energy and kinetic energy.
7-3 State the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and discuss the implications of these
laws as they relate to organisms.
7-4 Discuss how changes in free energy in a reaction are related to changes in entropy and
enthalpy.
7-5 Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions, and give examples of how they
may be coupled.
7-6 Compare the energy dynamics of a reaction at equilibrium with the dynamics of a reaction
not at equilibrium.
7-7 Explain how the chemical structure of ATP allows it to transfer a phosphate group and
discuss the central role of ATP in the overall energy metabolism of the cell.
7-8 Relate the transfer of electrons (or hydrogen atoms) to the transfer of energy
7-9 Explain how an enzyme lowers the required energy of activation for a reaction.
7-10 Describe specific ways enzymes are regulated.
 Chapter 7: Energy and Metabolism

Chapter Outline
I. Biological work.
A. Organisms carry out conversions between potential energy.
II. The laws of thermodynamics.
A. The total energy in the universe does not change.
B. The entropy of the universe is increasing.
III. Energy and metabolism.
A. Enthalpy is the total potential energy of a system.
B. Free energy is available to do cell work.
i. Chemical reactions involve changes in free energy.
ii. Free energy decreases during an exergonic reaction.
iii. Free energy increases during an endergonic reaction.
C. Diffusion is an exergonic process.
D. Free energy changes depend on the concentrations of reactants and products.
E. Cells drive endergonic reactions by coupling them to exergonic reactions.
IV. ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
A. ATP donates energy through the transfer of a phosphate group.
B. ATP links exergonic and endergonic reactions.
C. The cell maintains a very high ratio of ATP to ADP.
V. Energy transfer in redox reactions.
A. Most electron carriers transfer hydrogen atoms.
VI. Enzymes.
A. All reactions have a required energy of activation.
i. All enzymes lower a reaction’s activation energy.
B. An enzyme works by forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
C. Enzymes are specific.
D. Most enzymes require cofactors.
E. Enzymes are most effective at optimal conditions.
F. Enzymes are organized into teams in metabolic pathways.
G. The cell regulates enzymatic activity.
H. Enzymes are inhibited by certain chemical agents.
i. Some drugs are enzyme inhibitors.

Research and Discussion Topics

• Insecticides such as Malathion and Parathion act by inhibiting biologically important
enzymes. Investigate the effects of these chemicals on mammalian life.
• Many household items use enzymes. Discuss the action of proteolytic enzymes in laundry
detergents and stain removers, as well as in meat tenderizers.

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Instructor’s Manual for Solomon, Berg, and Martin’s Biology, 10th Edition

• Most animals digest their food by secreting digestive enzymes into a digestive tube
(intestine). Several animals digest, or at least predigest, their food outside of their bodies.
Research and describe the feeding mechanism of flies and spiders. Starfish feed on bivalves,
like mussels, by secreting digestive enzymes into the mussel to kill and predigest it.
Describe the mechanism.

Lecture Enrichment
• Enzymes
Meat tenderizers are enzymes that tenderize the meat by predigesting it. Remind students that
these and nearly all enzymes are proteins, and proteins are denatured by high temperatures.
Therefore, to tenderize an inexpensive cut of meat, you would sprinkle meat tenderizer on the
meat and let it sit for a while. If you put the meat in the oven immediately, the enzyme has no
time to act.

In Siamese cats, an enzyme affects coat color and only is functional in the cooler, peripheral
parts of the body. Therefore, the coat of a Siamese is light in color except at the ends of the
appendages, ears, and tail. In seals, the enzyme, which results in dark pigment in the hair, is
also active only at lower temperatures. At birth, baby seals are born with a white coat, since the
hair was formed while they were in the warm uterus of the mother. After birth, the hair grows
dark in color, as the skin of the seal is relatively cool (it insulated from the core temperature by a
thick layer of blubber).

Suggested Readings
Denny, G. “Enzyme Technology.” Biological Sciences Review. 2000. 12 (5): 26. Discusses the
history and current applications for enzyme technology. Great jump off for discussion of future
biotechnical careers.

Lambert, F. L. “Entropy Sites: A Guide.” 31 August 2006. 12 September 2006.

http://www.entropysite.com. Numerous examples and links of ways to discuss entropy.

Lau, K. (2013). Seeing and feeling how enzymes work using tangible models. American Biology
Teacher, 75(7), 499-501. This article discusses a model that can be used to help students tackle
some misconceptions about enzyme actions.

Leslie, M. “Getting Entropy Right.” Science. 12 March 2004. Discusses Frank Lambert’s entropy
site (see previous entry).

May, P. “Molecule of the Month: Adenosine Triphosphate: ATP.” University of Bristol. 30 June
2004. School of Chemistry. 12 September 2006. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/atp/ atp1.htm.
Provides an easy-to-read overview of ATP and the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to
three biochemists studying ATP.
 Chapter 7: Energy and Metabolism

Stecker, T. & Climatewire (August 2013). New enzyme may lead to cheaper biofuels. Scientific
American Online. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=new-enzyme-may-lead-to-
cheaper-biofuels.

Storey, R. D. “Textbook Errors and Misconceptions in Biology: Cell Physiology.” American

Biology Teacher. April 1992. 54 (4): 200–203. A description of often overlooked or incorrectly
described ideas about enzymes, as well as other concepts of organic chemistry.

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