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    cst181-1 Lecture8

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    This document discusses functions in C programming. It covers reasons to use functions such as breaking complex tasks into subtasks and eliminating duplicated code. It defines different types of functions and discusses function prototypes, definitions, passing variables between functions, and scope of variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating values using functions. Best practices around global variables are also discussed.

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    cst181-1 Lecture8

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    toin4m
    19 views28 pages
    This document discusses functions in C programming. It covers reasons to use functions such as breaking complex tasks into subtasks and eliminating duplicated code. It defines different types of functions and discusses function prototypes, definitions, passing variables between functions, and scope of variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating values using functions. Best practices around global variables are also discussed.

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    This document discusses functions in C programming. It covers reasons to use functions such as breaking complex tasks into subtasks and eliminating duplicated code. It defines different types of functions and discusses function prototypes, definitions, passing variables between functions, and scope of variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating values using functions. Best practices around global variables are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views28 pages

    cst181-1 Lecture8

    Uploaded by

    toin4m
    This document discusses functions in C programming. It covers reasons to use functions such as breaking complex tasks into subtasks and eliminating duplicated code. It defines different types of functions and discusses function prototypes, definitions, passing variables between functions, and scope of variables. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating values using functions. Best practices around global variables are also discussed.

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    CST 181­1

    structured Programming
    Laboratory Session 08
    Home work Assignment
    Reasons to Use Functions

     Break a complex task into subtasks.


     Eliminates duplicating program instructions.
    Functions

     Two types:
    Standard library functions(built­in)
    User defined functions
     Two varieties:
    Those with return values
    (Produces a value that can be assigned to a
    variable.)
    Those with none.
    Functions
    Prototypes of functions
    int main( )
    {
    ..........
    }
    function_1( )
    {
    ...........
    }
    function_2( )
    { .........}
    Functions

     Each function has a unique name and when the


    name is encountered while in execution the
    control of the program is transferred to the
    statement(s) within the function.
     When the function is ended (returns)the control
    is resumed to the next statement following the
    function call.
    Advantages of Functions

     Well designed functions perform a specific and


    easily understood task.
     Complicated tasks should be broken down into
    multiple functions and then each can be called
    in the proper order.
    Function Prototypes
     Using functions in your program requires that you
    first declare the function (the prototype). Later you
    can implement the function.
     The prototype tells the compiler in advance about
    some characteristics(name of the function, return
    type and parameters) of a function.
     A function prototype takes the form:
    type function­name(type argument­1, type
    argument­2, .....);
    Examples for prototypes:
    void exit(int x);
    int kbhit( );
    double power(double x, double y);
     The first function returns no value and it takes
    an integer argument.
     Second prototype returns an integer value and
    has no inputs.
     Third function returns a double value and takes
    two double values.
    Function Definition
     The definition of a function is the actual body of the
    function. It starts with function header, which is the
    same as the function prototype but does not end
    with a semicolon.
     The function prototype and the definition must
    have exactly the same return type, name and
    parameter list.
     Function definition takes the form:
    Return­type function­name(type argement­1, type argument­2, ..... )
    { Statement(s);
    }
    Example For Function

    Following function which accepts an integer as


    the input and returns its square.
    int square(int x)
    {
    int y;
    y = x*x;
    return y;
    }
    Example ­01

     Write a program to calculate the square of


    given integer number.
    Sample Code

    int main()
    {
    int p;
    printf("Enter the number:\n");
    scanf("%d",&p);
    printf("square is %d\n",square(p));
    }
    Example­02

     Write a program to calculate the commission for


    user given sales amount.
    commission = 50000 + 0.10 * sales;
    Sample Code
    Example ­03

     Write a program to calculate the factorial of a


    given number.
    (Use a function to calculate factorial)
    Sample code
    In Class Assignment

     Write a C program to calculate the


    circumference and area of a circle given its
    radius.Implement calculation of circumference
    and areas as separate functions.
    Sample Code
    Passing Variables to Functions

     You can use as many functions as you need in


    your programs and you can call a function from
    another or even from it­self.
     In order to avoid errors when using functions,
    you have to have a clear understanding about
    the mechanism of passing variables from one
    function to another.
    The Scope of a Variable

     A variable has a scope, which determines how


    long it is available to your program (or function)
    and where it can be accessed from.
     Variables declared within a block are scoped
    only to that block; they can be accessed only
    within that block and go out of existence when
    the execution of the block is completed.
    The Scope of a Variable

     A variable declared inside a function is called a


    local variable . Scope of a local variable is
    limited to the function.
     Such variables are not seen by any other
    functions including the main function.
     such as the variable x in Example 01
    The Scope of a Variable

     On the other hand you can also define global


    variables which are accessible from any
    function within the same source file.
     The global variable can be defined within the
    program but anywhere outside function block
    including the main function.
    Global Variable­Example
     For example you can define a global variable
    “discount” as follows:
    #include <stdio.h>
    float discount; //global variable
    float sub_total(float total); //function
    prototype
    int main()
    {
    ....
    Best Practices

     A well written C source code should not have


    any global variables unless they are specifically
    required since an accidental change to a global
    variable may produce erroneous results.
    Excersice

     Predict the output of each printf function in


    Program
    Code
    Thank you!

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