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Pre-20th century

The Ishango bone, a bone tool dating back to prehistoric Africa


Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one
correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was most likely a form of tally stick.
Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones,
etc.) which represented counts of items, likely livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay
containers.[a][4] The use of counting rods is one example.

The Chinese suanpan (算盘). The number represented on


this abacus is 6,302,715,408.
The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from
devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BCE. Since then, many other forms of reckoning
boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth
would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid
to calculating sums of money.[5]

The Antikythera mechanism, dating back to ancient Greece circa 150–


100 BCE, is an early analog computing device.
The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer,
according to Derek J. de Solla Price.[6] It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was
discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera,
between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to approximately c. 100 BCE. Devices of
comparable complexity to the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until the fourteenth
century.[7]
Pre-20th century

The Ishango bone, a bone tool dating back to prehistoric Africa


Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one
correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was most likely a form of tally stick.
Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones,
etc.) which represented counts of items, likely livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay
containers.[a][4] The use of counting rods is one example.

The Chinese suanpan (算盘). The number represented on


this abacus is 6,302,715,408.
The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from
devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BCE. Since then, many other forms of reckoning
boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth
would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid
to calculating sums of money.[5]

The Antikythera mechanism, dating back to ancient Greece circa 150–


100 BCE, is an early analog computing device.
The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer,
according to Derek J. de Solla Price.[6] It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was
discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera,
between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to approximately c. 100 BCE. Devices of
comparable complexity to the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until the fourteenth
century.[7]

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