Image Processing Assignment

NAME: ALEX KIRIMI
ADM/NO:PS15/00013/19
COURSE: MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING
UNIT: DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
TASK: ASSIGNMENT
DATE:17TH MARCH,2023
PHONE:0740731707
1.Discuss the steps used in one-scale wavelet transformation as used in digital

image transformations.
Let x(t) is the signal to be analyzed.
-The mother wavelet is chosen to serve as a prototype for all windows in the process. All the windows
that are used are the dilated (or compressed) and shifted versions of the mother wavelet. There are a
number of functions that are used for this purpose.
-Once the mother wavelet is chosen the computation starts with s=1 and the continuous wavelet
transform is computed for all values of s.
- The procedure starts from scale s=1 and will continue for the increasing values of s, i.e., the analysis
starts from high frequencies and proceed towards low frequencies. This first value of s corresponds to
the most compressed wavelet. As the value of s is increased, the wavelet dilates.
-The wavelet is placed at the beginning of the signal at the point which corresponds to time=0.
-The wavelet function at scale ``1'' is multiplied by the signal and then integrated over all times.
-The result of the integration is then multiplied by the constant number 1/sqrt{s}. This multiplication is
for energy normalization purposes so that the transformed signal will have the same energy at every
scale. The final result is the value of the transformation, i.e., the value of the wavelet transform at time
zero and scale s=1. In other words, it is the value that corresponds to the point tau =0 , s=1 in the time-
scale plane.
-The wavelet at scale s=1 is then shifted towards the right by tau amount to the location t=tau , and the
above equation is computed to get the transform value at t=tau , s=1 in the timefrequency plane.
-This procedure is repeated until the wavelet reaches the end of the signal. One row of points on the
time-scale plane for the scale s=1 is now completed.
-Then, s is increased by a small value. If the one-scale wavelet transform is continuous , then both tau
and s must be incremented continuously. However, if this transform is discrete, then both parameters
are increased by a sufficiently small step size. This corresponds to sampling the time-scale plane.
-The above procedure is repeated for every value of s. Every computation for a given value of s fills the
corresponding single row of the time-scale plane.
-When the process is completed for all desired values of s, the one-scale wavelet transform of the signal
has been calculated.
2.Discuss the gray level transformations in digital image processing.

-Gray level transformations can be used for Image enhancement
Enhancing an image provides better contrast and a more detailed image as compare to non enhanced
image. Image enhancement has applications such as: It is used to enhance medical images, images
captured in remote sensing , images from satellite e.t.c
The transformation function has been given below
s=Tr
where r is the pixels of the input image and s is the pixels of the output image. T is a transformation
function that maps each value of r to each value of s.
-There are three basic gray level transformation.
 Linear
 Logarithmic
 Power – law
Linear transformation
-This transformation includes simple identity and negative transformation.
-In Identity transition, each value of the input image is directly mapped to each other value of output
image. That results in the same input image and output image. And hence is called identity
transformation.
-Negative transformation is invert of identity transformation. In negative transformation, each value of
the input image is subtracted from the L-1 and mapped onto the output image.
In this case the following transition has been done.
s=L–1 –r
since theinput image is an 8bpp image,so the number of levels in this image are 256.
Putting 256 in the equation,then s=255–r
So each value is subtracted by 255 and the result image has shown above. So what happens is
that,the lighter pixels become dark and the darker picture becomes light. And it results in
image negative.
Logarithmic transformations
-Logarithmic transformation further contains two type of transformation. Log transformation and
inverse log transformation.
-The log transformations can be defined by this formula s = c logr + 1.Where s and r are the pixel values
of the output and the input image and c is a constant. The value 1 is added to each of the pixel value of
the input image because if there is a pixel intensity of 0 in the image, then log 0 is equal to infinity. So 1
is added , to make the minimum value at least 1.
-During log transformation , the dark pixels in an image are expanded as compare to the higher pixel
values. The higher pixel values are kind of compressed in log transformation. This result in following
image enhancement.
-The value of c in the log transform adjust the kind of enhancement you are looking for.
-The inverse log transform is opposite to log transform.
Power – Law transformations

-There are two transformation is power law transformations, that include nth power and nth root
transformation. These transformations can be given by the expression:
s=cr^γ
-This symbol γ is called gamma, due to which this transformation is also known as gamma
transformation.Variation in the value of γ varies the enhancement of the images. Different display
devices /monitors have their own gamma correction, that’s why they display their image at different
intensity.
-This type of transformation is used for enhancing images for different type of display devices. The
gamma of different display devices is different. For example Gamma of CRT lies in between of 1.8 to 2.5 ,
that means the image displayed on CRT is dark.
Correcting gamma.
s=cr^γs=cr^1/2.5
The same image but with different gamma values is obtained.

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NAME: ALEX KIRIMI

COURSE: MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING

UNIT: DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

1.Discuss the steps used in one-scale wavelet transformation as used in digital

2.Discuss the gray level transformations in digital image processing.

-This transformation includes simple identity and negative transformation.

In this case the following transition has been done.

Putting 256 in the equation,then s=255–r

Power – Law transformations

The same image but with different gamma values is obtained.

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