Division of City Schools

COMMONWEALTH HIGH SCHOOL

Ecols St. Brgy. Commonwealth,
Quezon City

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

First Semester – SY 2020 – 2021

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

WEEK NO. 2 WORK SHEET NO. 4 QUARTER First Quarter

TOPIC TRUTH AND OPINION

CONTENT STANDARD The learner understands the meaning and process of doing philosophy
PERFORMANCE STANDARD The learner reflects on a concrete experience in a philosophical way
LEARNING COMPETENCY The learners will able to:

1. Distinguish opinion from truth

2. Analyse situations that show the difference between opinion and truth and
3. Evaluate opinions through methods of philosophy.
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ACTIVITY 1:

Read an online news article of a current controversial issue. Turn to comment section below the article, describe the interaction among
the commenters and the kind of comments they post online.

Suggested issues on: 1. No Periodical Exam this school year to prevent distance cheating- DepEd says.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45QZ3RKRZDo

2. Senators, Groups Oppose’ No 13th Month Pay Scenario

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrrOE55WWeg&

3. Senate investigates alleged corruption in PhilHealth

Focus on two or more commenters who are actively exchanging arguments and counter-arguments.

QUESTIONS FOR REFLECTION: looking at the issues suggested now you may answer the following questions on the space
provided.

1. Are the arguments reasonable to you?

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2. Do you agree with these arguments?

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3. Do you think some arguments are downright foolish or simply wrong?

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4. What is your criterion for saying that their arguments or issues are a good one and that arguments are bad?
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READING: Truth and Opinion

Opinion is an statement of Judgement of a person about something in the world for in need a further justification.. On the other hand,
opinions are statement of judgement of a person about something in the world or reality as it appear to us, is further divided into belief and
illusion. Between the two types of opinion, eikasia or illusion, or imagination is considered as the lower type in Plato’s Allegory of the
Cave. However, the judgement does not take them immediately as true. It should always critically examine the opinion and its supporting
arguments. It should also be wary of strongly put arguments but on deep introspection are actually fallacious. To be able to hold credence,
opinions should pass further justification.

An Argument is a group of statements that serve to support a conclusion.

Ex. “ There is no hope in the Philippine government”. This is not yet an argument. It is an expression of an opinion. If the person wants to
convince another person that his opinion is true. Then he must provide reasons to support this claim. So an Argument would like this.
1.“There is no hope in the Philippine government because many officials are corrupt, and Filipino voters continue to elect them.” It is clearly
stated that has two statements (reasons) becomes as a supporting evidence by a person who claims in this argument.
Another similar idea, all Oranges are fruits. All fruits grow on trees. Therefore, all Oranges grow on trees.
In this field or discipline of study, it refers to a Logic, as a branch of philosophy dealing with right thinking/ reasoning or a good
argumentation.
Now, we know from at least from genuine to fake argument and we call it fallacy because it fail to support the conclusion. In like this a new
scenario, this no hope in the Philippine government, because the Philippine is tropical countries. Here, it comes that the supporting
evidence is not a genuine and it becomes a fallacy.

What is fallacy? It is a group of statements that appear to be arguments, but it fails to support the conclusion. On the other hand, it is a
defect in an argument other than its having also a false premises.
 The common description of fallacy as a distorting the truth:
1. Appeal to pity( argumentatum ad missiricordiam)
It is a specific kind to appeal to emotion in which someone tries to win support for an argument o idea by exploiting his or her
opponent’s feeling of pity or guilt.
2. Appeal to Ignorance(argumentatum ad Ignorantiam)
Whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa.
3. Equivocation- this is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but giving the particular word a different
meaning each time. Example: Human beings have hands, the clock has hand, he is drinking from the pitcher of water, he is a
baseball pitcher
4. Composition- this infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of the whole. The reverse of this fallacy is
division
5. Division- one reason .logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of the pats,
6. Against The person (argumentum ad hominem- this fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premise to characteristics or belief of
the person advocating the premise. However in some instances, quest of personal conduct, character, motives, etc., are legitimate
if relevant to the issue.
7. Appeal to force (Argumentum ad baculum)-an judgement where force, coercion, or the threat of force, is given as a justification for
a conclusion.
8. Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad populum)- An argument that appeals or exploits people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and
anchoring on popularity.
9. False cause (post hoc)-Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one. This fallacy ia also
referred to as coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation.
10. Hasty generalization- one commits error if someone reaches an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence. This
fallacy is commonly based on a broad conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small group that falls to sufficiently represent
the whole population.
11. Begging the question (petition principii)-This is a type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or
explicitly in the premise

ACTIVITY 2:

1. List down 2 examples of comments for each fallacies discussed: ad hominen, ad baculum, ad misericordiam, ad populum.
You can get examples from other online news article comment section. Then, which of the 4 falllacious is the most common?
Rank them.
2. Compare the statements written in the news section of a newspaper to the statements written in the editorial or opinion
section. What are some indicators in the statements of opinion writing that show that they are simply expressing their opinion?
What are some indicators in the news item statements that clearly show that they are not simply stating opinion but facts.
3. “Imposing dress codes in school is a restriction of freedom?- Is this an expression of opinion or statement of fact. Will your
answer in this question change if you learn that the person who stated this is an intelligent philosopher? Why do you say so?

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING:

1. Identify and differentiate for the following (4) fallacious :

a. Argumentum ad Hominen (argument against the person)

b. Argumentum ad Baculum (appeal to force)

c. .Argumentum ad Misericordiam ( appeal to pity)

d. Argumentum Ad Populum (Bandwagon Fallacy)

2. Check out other fallacious are commonly used today

JOURNAL ENTRY:

Cite a detail examples of how fallacies are used in daily life. For example, when you watch advertisements based on the popularity of
endorsers, do you tend to buy their product? Did you use the fallacies of ad misericordiam or ad hominem toward others? How?

References:

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person for SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (Core Subject), Brenda B. Corpuz, et. al.,
Lorimar Publishing Inc., 2016.

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person, Senior High School Textbook, Christine Carmela R. Ramos, PhD.

Rex Publishing Inc., 2016

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person for SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (SLMs-Self Learning Modules)

VIBAL Publishing Inc., 2020

Prepared by: Checked by: Approved by:

Teachers in Philosophy Subject MRS. LORELINA G. MORERA DR. DIEGO M. AMID

Head Teacher VI/SHS Focal Person Principal IV