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CHAPTER I – THE MEANING AND  Sum of the phenomena and relationships arising
IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM AND from the travel and stay of non-residents.
HOSPITALITY  Temporary short-term movement of people to
destinations outside to places where they
Network – A complicated interconnection of parts or
normally live.
components. May be independent and competitive;
 Terms of particular activities.
interrelated and inter dependent.
1. The Food and Beverage Component: The public DEFINITION OF HOSPITALITY
looks for food and beverages services everywhere.  Hospitality is derived from the Latin word
There must be food service available for them for ‘hospitare’, which means ‘to receive a guest’
breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks.  Latin root; Hospital, hospice and hostel.
2. The Lodging Component: Lodging involves MEANING OF TOURIST
providing overnight and even long-term service to
guests. Lodging is a place to sleep.  A person who visits a country other than that
in which he usually resides for a period of at
Examples of Lodging Establishments least 24 hours.
Parador – Spanish monastery castle converted to a  Any person visiting a country other than that of
hotel. earning money.

Pension or pensione – a French or Italian home in Classes of Visitors:

which guests are provided with a room and a board.
Tourists – temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours,
Chateau – a French castle or elegant country home whose purpose could be ; leisure such as recreation,
used as a hotel. holiday, health, study, business, religion, sport, family,
mission and meeting.
Ryokan – a Japanese inn.
Excursionists – Visitors staying less than 24 hours in
Hostel – a lodging facility in which inexpensive the destination visited. Not making an overnight stay.
accommodation are provided. Includes cruise traveling.
3. Recreation and Entertainment Component: Elements of Travel:
Entertainment originated from a traditional duties of a
host to entertain their guests. Host has always felt an DISTANCE – Local travel or travelling within a
obligation to attend the needs of his/her guests. Guests person’s home community. It excludes commuting to
are offered different kinds of entertainment. and from work and change in residence.

4. Travel and Tourism Concept: Travel and tourism LENGTH OF STAY AT THE DESTINATION –
are used together as an umbrella, term to refer to those Tourist are temporary visitors who make at least one
businesses that provide primary services to travelers. overnight stay.

Transportation – to make it possible for people to go REDISDENCE OF THE TRAVELER – For business
from one place to another. and research purposes.

Travel Agent - one who sells travel services in a travel PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
agency.
Visiting friends and relatives, business, conventions,
Package – a bundle of related travel services. seminar, meetings, entertainment; sports, personal;
family, medical, funeral and wedding, etc.
Tour Operators – wholesalers who make the necessary
contacts with hotels, airlines etc. The Nature of a Tour

DEFINITION OF TOURISM  Domestic Tourism: travel taken within the

national boarders.
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 International Tourism: movement of people 1. Contribution to the balance of payments

across international boarders. 2. Dispersion of development
 Inclusive tour or package tour: an 3. Effect on general economic development
arrangement in which transport and tourist at an 4. Employment opportunities
all-inclusive price. 5. Social benefits
 Package Tours: individual or group travel. 6. Cultural enrichment
 Independent Tour: tourist buys this product 7. Educational significance
separately. 8. A vital force for peace.
Tourist Product – consist of what the tourist buys. It
is a combination of what the tourist does at the
destination and the services he/she uses during his/her
stay.
Tourist Destination – a geographical unit where the
tourist visits and stays.
 ATTRACTIONS
a. Site Attraction – destination itself has
appeal.
b. Event Attraction – tourist are drawn to the
destination
c. Natural Attraction – mountains, beaches,
climatic features.
d. Man-made Attractions – buildings of
historical or architectural interest’
 AMENITIES OR FACILITIES
suchcommunications and entertainment at the
site.
 ACCESSIBILITY
Having regular convenience of transport.

CHAPTER II – THE HISTORY OF TOURISM

AND HOSPITALITY

CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM AND

HOSPITALTY HISTORY OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

1. The product is brought to the customer. EARLY TOURISM

2. Products of tourism are not used up. Tourism is derived from the Hebrew word ‘torah’ which
3. A labor-intensive industry means studying learning or searching. Trace its ancestry
4. People-oriented in old testament. Early tourism has 2 forms: Travel for
5. A multi-dimensional phenomenon business such as trading and religious travel.
6. Seasonal
7. Dynamic Olympic Games, where held in 776 BC by the Greeks.

IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM AND TOURISM IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD

HOSPITALITY
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 Travel derived from the word ‘travail’. It surplus grain to people. Local Sumerian
became burdensome, dangerous and demanding. Tavern were established, making them the first
Thieves inflicted harm for those who traveled. hospitality business.
No one travel for pleasure. Crusaders and
ANCIENT PERIOD – EARLY TRADERS
Pilgrims where the only ones who travelled.
Travel declined.  In 2000 BC, amount of trade had developed
among the people of the middle east.
TOURISM DURING RENAISSANCE AND
Caravanserai provides food and shelter to
ELIZABETH ERAS
travelers.
 Travel for education become popular in the
EMPIRES: 3000 BC TO 476 AD
16th century. Travel for education was
introduced by the british, renowed universities  3 Significant empires flourished – Egyptian,
where developed. Young men encourage to Greek and Roman. This period is known to
travel to the continent to widen their education. historians as the EmpireEra.
‘Grand Tour’ education for gentlemen. EGYPTIAN EMPIRE
 Pharaoh, Egyptian term for king. The one
who rule the government in 3200 BC in
TOURISM DURING THE INDUSTRIAL
Egyptian Empire. Pyramids or Tombs for
REVOLUTION
Pharaoh, become a tourist attractions that any
 Brought only technological changes, but also people traveled long distances to see.
essential social changes that made travel  Ancient Egyptians were the first to see that
desirable. Working class resort near major food services and lodging should be provided to
industrial centers were created. travelers. First to begin the activity we now
call tourism and hospitality.
MODERN TOURISM - 19TH CENTURY
GREEK EMPIRE
 2 techonological developments; railway and
steam power. Railroads were created not only  Greek civilization began to developed about
for business but for competition. Steam powers 1100 BC. It evolves in the form of independent
provided increased mobility, reliable and city-states. In ancient Greece Inns and taverns
inexpensive transportation. become common. Land and sea travels made
them dominant in Mediterranean region.
THOMAS COOK – ‘Father of the Travel Agency
Their restaurant were often respected and served
Business’
fine food.
MODERN TOURISM – 20TH CENTURY
ROMAN EMPIRE
 WWI brought about many changes that
 Romans constructed elaborate inns along the
influenced the volume of tourism. Railways as
main roads for official couriers of the Roman
means of travel declined with the introduction
Government. These inns were described as “fit
of the motor car. Another outcome of war is the
for a king.” They were the first to established
progress in aircraft technology. There was an
the first restaurant chain.
increase in private car ownership.
 In ancient Persia, large caravan carried
HISTORY OF THE HOSPITALITY IDUSTRY elaborate tents that were used long caravan
routes. These caravan stopped at khans a
ANCIENT PERIOD – THE SUMERIANS combination of stables, sleeping
 Sumerians: a group of people who live in accommodation and fortresses; shelter from
Mesopotamia near the Persian Gulf at about sandstorms and enemies.
4000 BC. Sumerians become prosperous, as well MEDIEVAL PERIOD
as farmers and cattle breeders. They sell their
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 Dark ages, the Roman Catholic Church took Thomas Cook. Founder of the world’s first travel
over the job of feeding and housing travelers. agency. First professional travel agent.
Numbers of inns increased.
J. Willard Marriott. Founded the Marriot Corp.
 During the Renaissance: concerns about table
which has continued to be an important asset to the
manners increased.
hospitality industry.
EARLY MODERN PERIOD
Isadore Sharp. A first generation Canadian. Founder
 Taverns called ‘ordinary’ appeared in of Four Season Regent House, the world’s largest
England, these serve a fixed price, fixed menu hotel chain and a multimillion-dollar global hotel
meal. Coffee and tea began to influence the empire.
culinary habits. Increased in the quality of inns,
Howard D. Johnson. Pioneer of brand leveraging. One
the application of English common law to the
of the first to introduce franchising in the 1930’s, One
hospitality industry.
of the most famous names in the restaurant and hotel
Reintroduction of restaurant for public dinning. business.
 Mails: were an important element in Ray Kroc. Most financially successful of all hospitality
development of the hospitality industry. entrepreneurs. Founded the McDonald’s Corp. a
 Food Service Element: changed dramatically in multibillion-dollar industry.
France, 1765.
Ruth Fertel. Founder of Chris Steak House, the largest
 Boulanger: operated a small business which
upscale restaurant chain in the US. Most successful
sold soups and broths in Paris. They were
woman restaurantuer.
known as restaurant a French word means
‘restoratives’. ORIGIN OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY IN
 Boulanger: is recognized as the first to create THE PHILIPPINES
the French restaurant; an establishment open
to the public with a dining room where a  Tourism in the Philippines began when the
variety of food could bought and consumed. original inhabitants of the country roamed
around in search for food.
THE IDUSTRIAL ERA  Galleons or wooden boats. Sailed between
Mexico and the Philippines during the galleon
 The establishment of railroad station become
trade.
excellent locations for new hospitality business
 1920’s the steamship and the airline pioneers,
in England.
are the ‘China Clipper’ and ‘Manila Clipper’
MODERN PERIOD – 19TH CENTURY brought some passengers to Manila via
Hongkong.
 London: more luxurious hotels began to
 Colorum: unregistered private cars and coaches.
appear. More innovations in hospitality
 American Express International: informally
occurred such as the custom of dining out, better
arranged land tours for foreign travelers.
methods of preserving foods, mass feeding and
 Philippine Tourist and Travel Association
the establishment of ice cream parlor.
(PPTA): In 1952, the first tourism association in
MODERN PERIOD – 20TH CENTURY the Philippines was organized.

 After WWII: There was a rapid development of INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL PATTERNS

hotels and coffee shops.
 Major Travel Flows occur between the United
 1950’s: saw the emergence of fast food
State and Western Europe.
restaurants.
 Heaviest Flow of Air Traffic, into Europe is
 1960’s: fine dining become popular
between New York and London.
 1970’s: new establishment were introduced.
Top 10 Countries Generating International Travel:
PIONEERS IN THE TOURISM AND
United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada,
HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
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Japan, France, Netherlands, Mexico, Switzerland,

Australia

CHAPTER III – THE ECONOMICS OF TOURISM

AND HOSPITALITY
FACTORS THAT FAVOR THE GROWTH OF
TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
THE ROLE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY IN
 Rising disposable income for large sections of ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
the population
Several developing countries have used tourism and
 Increase in discretionary time
hospitality development as alternative to help
 Greater mobility of the population
economic growth.
 Growth in the number of ‘singles’
 Greater Credit availability through credit card 1. There is a continuous demand for international
and bank loans. travel in developed countries.
 Higher educational levels 2. As income in developed countries increases, the
 The growth of the cities demand for tourism and hospitality also increase
 Simplification pf travel through the package tour at a faster rate.
 Growth of multinational business 3. Developing countries need foreign exchange to
aim their economic development.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OCED) : has concluded that tourism and
hospitality provides an opportunity for growth to
countries that are at the intermediate stage of economic
development and require more foreign exchange
earnings.
Tourism and Hospitality is an invisible export which
differs from international trade.
Economic Impact: Tourism outside the destination area
spend on goods and services within the destination;
tourism acts as an export industry by bringing in
revenues from outside sources. Tourism expenditures
also directly increase the level of economic activity in
the host area. Tourism as a means of increase foreign
exchange earnings to produce investment necessary to
finance economic growth.
DIRECT AND SECONDARY EFFECTS
Tourism Expenditures. Received as income by
businesses have a direct effect on the economy.
Direct. Means that the income receives directly.
Indirect/ secondary effect. Means that the money paid
by tourist to business are in, turn, used to pay for
supplies, wages of workers and other items used in
producing the products or direct services.
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Tourism Multiplier. Or multiplier effect, is used to 2. Reduction in company taxation

estimate the direct and secondary effects of tourist
3. Tax holidays (limited period)
expenditures on the economy of a country.
4. Guarantee of stabalization of tax conditions. (for up to
Multiplier. it is used to describe the total effect, both
20 years)
direct and secondary, of an external source of income
introduced into the economy. 5. Grants
COST-BENEFIT RATIO: Those concerned with 6.Subsidies
developing the tourism and hospitality industry,
whether a government or a private individual, would like 7. Loans at low rates of interest.
to know the extent of potential benefits and their costs. 8. Provision of land freehold at nominal or little cost or
Benefits divided by costs equal the cost benefit ratio. at low rents.
UNDESIRABLE ECONOMIC ASPECT OF 9. Free and unrestricted repatriation of all or part of
TOURISM invested capital profits, dividends, and interest subject to
 Higher Prices: Additional demand and/or tax provisions.
increased imports, tourist purchases may 10. Guarantees against nationalization or appropriation.
result in higher prices in a destination area
affecting local residents who would have to pay
more for products and services.
 Economic Instability: Travel is a discretionary
item which is subject to changes in prices and
income or fluctuations that may result in
economic instability.
GROWTH THEORIES
Theory of Balanced Growth: Tourism and hospitality
should be viewed as an important part of a broad
based economy. It states that tourism and hospitality
needs the support other industries. Its objective is to
integrate tourism and hospitality with other economic
activities.
Foreign Exchange:
Theory of Unbalanced Growth: Sees tourism and
hospitality as the spark to economic growth.  Many countries have placed restrictions on
Emphasizes the need to expand demand. spending in order to maximize foreign exchange
earnings.
ECONOMIC STRATEGIES
 They have limited the amount of their own
Import Substitution: imposes quotas or tariffs on the currency that tourists can bring in and take out
importation of goods which can be developed locally. of the destination to ensure that foreign currency
Grants subsidies, grants, or loans to local industries to us used to pay bills in the host region.
encourage the use of local materials. Its objective is to  Tourists may be required to pay bills in foreign
minimize the leakage of money. currency.
 Visitors may be required to show that they have
enough money for their stay before they are
Incentives: permitted to enter the country or they may even
be required to enter with a specified amount of
The most common forms of incentives are: foreign currency for the duration of their visit.
1. Tax exemptions/reductions on imported machineries,
materials etc.
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Support Service: includes specialized services.

Also include basic supplies and services. Provide
goods and services for both the traveler and for
organizations that sell goods ad services directly,
but not exclusively.
Developmental Organization: Different from first
two, since it includes organizations that deal with
tourism development.
TOURISM SUPPLY COMPONENTS:

 Natural Resources: include element in an

area for the use and enjoyment of visitors
such as climate, landforms, terrain, flora,
fauna, bodies of water etc.
 Infrastructure: consists of underground
and surface developmental construction
sand facilities such as highway, airports,
roads and similar tourist service installation.
 Superstracture: is the above ground facility
services such as; airport buildings,
passenger traffic terminals, hotels, motels,
resorts, restaurants, shopping centers,
museums etc.
 Transportation and Transportation
Equipment: include items such as ships,
airplanes, trains, buses, taxi, automobiles
CHAPTER IV – THE TOURISM AND and similar passenger transportation
HOSPITALITY NETWORKS AND SUPPLY facilities.
COMPONENT  Hospitality Resources: include the cultural
wealth of an area which makes possible the
successful hosting of tourist.
Travel Industry. is a tourism and hospitality
Natural Resources: The Natural resources of a
network, which includes both public and private
destination area provide an excellent asset to sell to
sectors.
tourist. The natural scenery is a combination of the
Gee, Choy & Makens (1997): defines the ‘travel general topography. Water plays an important role in
industry’ as “the composite of organization both, forming an attractive landscape.
public and private, that are involved in the
Infrastructure: made up of water systems,
development, production and marketing of products
communication networks, healthcare facilities,
and services to serve the needs of the travelers”
transportation terminals, power sources,
The Direct and Indirect Components of the sewage/drainage areas, streets/highways and security
Tourism Network (Travel Industry) systems.

Direct Providers: include business that ae 1. Water. Sufficient quantity of water is

associated with travel. Business that provides essential. A typical resort requires 350-
services, activities and products that are consumed 400 gallons of water per room per day.
and, or purchased directly by travelers. Represent 2. Power. The important thing to consider
the sectors of the industry that are visible to the are that adequate supply of power is
travelers. available to meet peak load
requirements, that continuity of service
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is assumed and that the type of power TRANSPORTATION: Road, rail, air and water. The
supplied is compatible with that used by cost of reaching the destination and staying there must
the target market of the destination. also be considered.
3. Communication. It is necessary that the
LAND TRAVEL
telephone and/or telegraph service is
available. Taxi and Limousine Service. The taxi driver should
4. Sewage/drainage. Sewer demand if always be courteous and helpful. Hotels can operate by
often placed at 90% of domestic water providing written directions for the tourists to give to
demand. Transmission lines must be the taxi driver.
designed on the basis of maximum peak
demand. Bus Service. Should have large windows, comfortable
5. Healthcare. The type of health care seats, air-conditioning unit and restroom facilities.
facilities provided will depend on the Multilingual services and multilingual tape-recording
number of visitors expected, age, types facilities.
of activities they engage and local Rail Service. Safety record and the convenience and
geographical factors. satisfaction of viewing the scenery from a comfortable
6. Street/highways. The availability of air-conditioned car. The appeal has been further
first-class roads adds greatly to the enhanced by the recent introduction of high-speed
accessibility of a region. trains.
7. Transportation Terminals. The
following are the problems in terminal Air Travel. Porter service, is important at air terminals.
facilities. General, air, rail & bus. The comfort of travelers should always kept in mind.
8. Security. While on vacation, tourist are Large airports provide comfortable and attractive
in an unfamiliar environment. Because waiting areas, as well as information regarding flight
of this, the need for assurance times.
regarding their safety is important.
Sea Travel. Cruise ship have developed into ‘floating
Hospitality Resources. Aims to motivate service resorts’ or ‘floatels’ Demand for sea travel has
providers to the hospitable in dealing tourists. increased and cruises have become popular in recent
Providing more hospitable services will result to more years.
satisfied tourist. Enable service provider to render
SUPERSTRUCTURE
hospitable services, it is necessary to change their
present behavior. Sleeping Accommodation. Range from hotels of
international standards and condominiums to camp
Aspect of Hospitality Training:
grounds and the homes of relative and friends.
 Attitude Toward Self: They and their work
Types of Accommodation:
are important. Their work and their action
towards tourist will reflect this feeling. Host  Hotels: provide facilities that meet the needs of
and hostesses rather than ‘just’ employees, the modern traveler.
their self-image may be raised.  Condominium: an apartment or individual
 Attitude Toward Others: assisted in dwelling unit, owned by an individual but the
developing positive feelings toward fellow management and services are handled by an
employees and tourist. Develop the ability to independent company.
put oneself in the visitor’s place.  Motels or Motor Hotels: provide bedroom,
 Attitude Toward Tourism Industry: A bath and parking to motorist. Usually near the
positive attitude of service providers towards highways.
tourists. To facilitate change in attitude, it is  Inns: Lodging establishments catering to
necessary to raise the level of knowledge of the transients.
individual.  Apartment: Edifices containing several
independent and furnished or semi-furnished
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apartments. Regularly leased to tourist and Restaurants: establishment offering refreshment

travelers for dwelling, on more or less long- and/or meals to the public/
term basis. Offering basic services to its tenants
similar to hotels.
 Paradores: Old convents, monasteries, castle, ,
fortresses converted into hotels by the
government. Operated by a National Tourism
Office.
 Pensions: private or family-operated tourist
accommodations similar to boarding houses or
guest houses. Offer food and lodging to tourist.
Well known for informal family atmosphere.
 Bed and Breakfast Accommodations: provide
a room, bath and hearty breakfast to tourists
and/or travelers. Known as B and B’s. Popular
in Britain, Ireland and the Us.
 Hostels: provide minimal amenities, such as a
bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet and
bathroom. Traveler provide his/her own
bedding. Appeal mostly to young travelers.
 Camp Grounds: appeal mostly to families who
travel recreational vehicles (RVs)
 Health Spas: hotels and resort which cater to
individuals who go to spas and mineral springs
for weight reduction or medical treatment.
 Private Homes: provide lodging to tourist when
accommodations are not available during peak
periods.
HOTEL CLASSIFICATION:
Location: such as city, center, suburban, airport,
highways and resorts.
Type of Guest: such as commercials, convention and
resort.
Price: A more meaningful classification. Such as
economy or budget, standard or midscale, first class or
deluxe.
Star Rating System: often used to classify hotel.

FOOD AND BEVERAGE

 The type of food service provided will be

related to the needs of the tourist.
 Many destination areas have successfully
developed menus which are indigenous to the
area to promote local economy food.