GE E 104

LIVING IN THE
IT ERA
INTRODUCTION TO
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
 The concept of technology has evolved throughout the
years. As the rate of human progress increased, society has
adapted in such a way that technology no longer appeals to
mechanical or electrical systems alone. The term technology
has presently included advancements in communication and
how information is handled, thus enabling governments,
organizations, industries, and common individuals to
improve on their decision-making, business processes, and
everyday living.
 IT VERSUS ICT
 When do we use the term ICT and how
does it differ from IT?
WHAT IS ICT?
 ICT, or Information Communications Technology, is often
used in a more general sense, described as using
computers and other digital technologies to assist
individuals or institutions in handling or using information.
ICT is technology that supports activities involving
information such as gathering, processing, storing, and
presenting data.
 Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 1. BUSINESS - Almost every business uses computers nowadays.
They can be employed to store and maintain accounts, personnel
records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and
reports. They enable communication with people both within and
outside the business, using various technologies, including e-mail.

 2. EDUCATION - Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual

packages, interactive exercises, and remote learning, including
tutoring over the internet. They can be used to access educational
information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books
 Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 3. HEALTHCARE - continues to be revolutionized by computers.
As well as digitized medical information making it easier to store
and access patient data, complex information can also be
analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as
search for risks of diseases. Computers control lab equipment,
heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors.
 4. RETAIL AND TRADE – Computers can be used to buy and sell
products online - this enables sellers to reach a wider market with
low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and
choose delivery preferences. They can be used for direct trading
and advertising too, using sites such as eBay, Craigslist, or local
listings on social media or independent websites.
Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 6. MARKETING - Computers enable marketing campaigns to
be more precise through the analysis and manipulation of data.
They facilitate the creation of websites and promotional
materials. They can be used to generate social media
campaigns. They enable direct communication with customers
through email and online chat.
 7. SCIENCE - Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt
computers as a work tool. In science, computers can be used
for research, sharing information with other specialists both
locally and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing,
analyzing, and storing data.
 Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 8. PUBLISHING - Computers can be used to design pretty much
any type of publication. These might include newsletters, marketing
materials, fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers. Computers
are used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books.
 9. ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT - Computers are now used in
virtually every branch of the arts, as well as in the wider
entertainment industry. Computers can be used to create drawings,
graphic designs, and paintings. They can be used to edit, copy,
send, and print photographs. They can be used by writers to create
and edit. They can be used to make, record, edit, play, and listen to
music. They can be used to capture, edit and watch videos.
 Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 10. COMMUNICATION - Computers have made real-time
communication over the internet easy, thanks to software and
videoconferencing services such as Skype. Families can connect
with audio and video, businesses can hold meetings between
remote participants, and news organizations can interview
people without the need for a film crew.
 11. BANKING AND FINANCE - Most banking in advanced
countries now takes place online. You can use computers to
check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off credit
cards. You can also use computer technology to access
information on stock markets, trade stocks, and manage
investments.
Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 12. TRANSPORT - Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats
are increasingly automated with computers being used to
maintain safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to
drive, fly, or steer. They can also highlight problems that
require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a
failing mechanical part.
 13. NAVIGATION - has become increasingly computerized,
especially since computer technology has been combined
with GPS technology. Computers combined with satellites
mean that it's now easy to pinpoint your exact location.
Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 14. WORKING - From Home Computers have made working
from home and other forms of remote working increasingly
common. Workers can access necessary data, communicate,
and share information without commuting to a traditional
office.
 15. MILITARY - Computers are used extensively by the
military. They are use for training purposes. They are used
for analyzing intelligence data. They are used to control
smart technology, such as guided missiles and drones, as
well as for tracking incoming missiles and destroying them.
Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 16. SOCIAL AND ROMANCE - Computers have opened up many
ways of socializing that didn't previously exist. Social media
enables people to chat in text or audio in real time across large
distances, as well as exchange photographs, videos, and memes.
Dating sites and apps help people to find romance. Online groups
help people to connect with others who have similar interests.
 17. BOOKING VACATIONS - Computers can be used by travelers
to study timetables, examine route options, and buy plane, train,
or bus tickets. They can be used to explore and book
accommodation, whether traditional hotels, or through newer
services, such as Air BnB.
 Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 18. SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE - Computers are increasingly being
combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods.
Computers combined with biometric passports make it harder for people
to fraudulently enter a country or gain access to a passenger airplane.
Face-recognition technology makes it easier to identify terrorists or
criminals in public places. Driver plates can be auto scanned by speed
cameras or police cars.
 19. WEATHER FORECASTING - The world's weather is complex and
depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly changing. It's
impossible for human beings to monitor and process all the information
coming in from satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the
complex calculations that are needed to predict what is likely to happen in
the future.
Applications of ICT (Computers) in
Our Daily Lives
 20. ROBOTICS - is an expanding area of technology which
combines computers with science and engineering to
produce machines that can either replace humans, or do
specific jobs that humans are unable to do.
WHAT IS IT?
 IT, or Information Technology, pertains to the industry that
involves computers, software, networking, and other IT
infrastructures to help relay or manage information
important in modern-day living as seen primarily in large
companies or corporations. Simply put, IT is a subset of ICT
as the technology used n the field of IT aids in the use of
ICT (Wang, 2016)
BREAK DOWN OF ICT
ICT is made up of three words.

INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION and
TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION
 It refers to the knowledge obtained from reading,
investigation, study, or research. Some of the tools that
transmit information are the telephone, television, and
radio.
COMMUNICATION
 It is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process
whereby information is exchanged between individuals
through verbal and non-verbal means.
TECHNOLOGY
 Technology has evolved in ways that has made people’s
daily lives much easier. Technology has made
communication much easier and faster such as through
telephones, fax machines, mobile devices, and internet.
EVOLUTION OF
TECHNOLOGY
 The evolution of technology has always depended on one
thing: the human rationale. Humans tend o think of ways
on how to improve tasks, workloads, or simply day-to-day
activities. The concept of technology started off with the
basic tool.
 Another type of machine that is nowadays considered a
necessity are computers. A computer is an electronic
device operating under the control of instructions stored in
its own memory that can accept data, manipulate the data
according to specified rules, produce results, and store the
results for future use. However, as technology evolves, so
do machines.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 with the evolution of technology, computers have taken a
major role in the last three decades. this is due to the fact
that people have become increasingly dependent on
computers to do their daily task in school, at work, or in
their routines.
 computer have evolved based on the type of components
used in the design. at present, scientists and researchers
 have
Theseidentified based on design,
human computers suitability
were typically and reliability.
engaged in the
calculation of a mathematical expression.
 The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive,
requiring years of training in mathematics.
 The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613,
referring to a person who carried out calculations, or
computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense
History of Computer: Basic
Computing Periods
 Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by
humans, whose job title was computers.
 • These human computers were typically engaged in the
calculation of a mathematical expression.
 • The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive,
requiring years of training in mathematics.
 • The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613,
referring to a person who carried out calculations, or
computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense
until the middle of the 20th century.
 A) TALLY STICKS - a tally stick was an ancient
memory aid device to record and document
numbers, quantities, or even messages
 Invented by King Henry I, medieval England in
around 1100.
 B) ABACUS - An abacus is a mechanical device used to
aid an individual in performing mathematical
calculations.

 • The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.

 • The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was
first used in China in around 500 B.C.
 • It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
 C) NAPIER’S BONES
 • Invented by John Napier in 1614.
 • Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and
calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods
around and placing them in specially constructed
boards.
 D) SLIDE RULE - Invented by William Oughtred in
1622.
 • Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
 • Used primarily for – multiplication – division –
roots – logarithms – Trigonometry
 • Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
 E) PASCALINE
 • Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
 • It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
 • It is too expensive.
t
5 GENERATIONS
OF COMPUTER
 FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER (1946-1959)
 SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959-
1965)
 THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER (1965-1971)

 FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER (1971-

1980)
 FIFTH
GENERATION COMPUTER (1980-
PRESENT)
FIRST GENERATION
(1946-1959)
 The first electronic computer was developed in
1946. designed by J. Presper Eckert and John W.
Mauchly from the University of Pennsylvania and
financed by the United States Army, the Electronic
Numeric Integrator and Calculator(ENIAC) is
considered to be the first-generation computer
SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTER (1959-1965)
 The second generation of computer is the
TRANSISTOR it was used as the interior sections of
computer. Transistors were much smaller, faster,
and more dependable than the vacuum tubes of the
first generation computer. They generated less heat
and consumed less electricity but were still very
costly.
THIRD GENERATION
COMPUTER
(1965-1971)
In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC) that was

used instead if transistors as the interior sections to build the
computer. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and
capacitors that even the full circuit board of a transistors can
be replaced entirely with one chip. This chip made the
computers smaller, unfailing, and effective.
 In this generation, remote processing, time-sharing, and
multiprogramming operating system were used.
Integrated Circuit (IC)

TRANSISTOR
CAPACITOR

RESISTOR
 Integrated Circuit (IC) - An IC can function as
an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, logic gate, computer
memory, microcontroller or microprocessor. An IC is the
fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices.

 Transistor - can act as a switch or gate for

electronic signals, opening and closing an electronic
gate many times per second.
 Resistor - In electronic circuits, resistors are
predominantly used to lower the flow of current, divide
voltages, block transmission signals, and bias active
elements.
 Capacitor - Capacitors are a basic component of electronics
and are an integral accessory to a host of applications. The
most common use for capacitors is energy storage, power
conditioning, electronic noise filtering, remote sensing and
FOURTH GENERATION
COMPUTER
(1971-1980)
 Very Large scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits were used to build
computers. These circuit have about 5,000 transistors and other
circuit elements wit their connected circuits on a single chip known as
the microprocessor.
 These fourth generation computers such as personal computers
became more powerful, dense, reliable, and inexpensive.
 The other application of this microprocessor technology can be used
and applied for pocket calculators, television sets, automotive
devices, and audio and video appliances
FIFTH GENERATION
COMPUTER
(1980-PRESENT)
 In this fifth generation, the VLSI Technology has evolved
into what is called ultra large-scale integration (ULSI)
technology, with the manufacture of microprocessor chips
having 10 million electronic components.
 This generation involves computer intelligence which is
associated with artificial intelligence (AI), natural
language, and expert systems that interpret the means
and practices of producing computers that think like
human beings
 WHAT ARE THE
COMPONENTS OF THE
COMPUTER?
 Input Devices
 MICROPHONE
 KEYBOARD

 MOUSE
 SCANNER

 PC VIDEO CAMERA / WEBCAM

 OUTPUT DEVICE
CRT MONITOR
LCD MONITOR
 KEYBOARD – is the most common input device that accepts letters, numbers and
commands from the user
 MOUSE – lets one select options from on-screen menus. A mouse is used by moving
it on a flat surface, pressing its two buttons (left and right), and scrolling the wheel
that is located between the buttons
 MICROPHONE – allows a user to speak into the computer to input data and
instructions. While there are available stand-alone microphones for computers, most
of the time, user buy a headset-a combination of microphone and earphones.
 DIGITAL CAMERA- allows one to take pictures then transfer the photographed
images to the computer or printer instead of storing the images.
 PC VIDEO CAMERA/WEBCAM – is a digital video camera that enables users to
create a movie or take still photographs electronically. With the PC Video camera
attached to the computer
 SCANNER – converts printed material (such as text and pictures) into a form the
computer can use. There are different types of scanners
 Flatbed scanner
 Hand held or portable scanners
 Artificial Intelligence – is defined as the science of making computers or
machines in general to do things or require intelligence when done by humans
 Automation – is the technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system to
operate automatically.
 Big data – is a term that describes large and complex volumes of data analyzed
for insights to help in making better decisions and more effective strategic plans.
 Blog – is a combination of two words-web and log. It works the same way as pen
and paper would, but the privacy becomes irrelevant given that a blog can be
seen by anyone online
 Communication – is a process in which information is exchanged between
individuals through verbal and non-verbal means.
 Compact disc – a flat, round, portable metal disc.
 Computer – is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate the data according to
specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use.
 Desktop Computer – designed to be placed on a desk, and is typically made up
of a new different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and the
mouse.
 Exploitation – refers to an action of making use of and benefiting from digital
resources such as changing grades by hacking the system,
 Hard Disk – a data storage hardware device that offers a greater storage capacity than a
floppy disk, zip disk, or USB flash drive.
 Information – refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or
research
 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) – refers to technology that supports
activities involving information such as gathering, processing, storing, and presenting data.
 Information Technology (IT) – pertains to the industry that involves computers, software,
networking, and other IT infrastructure that help relay or manage information deemed
important in modern-day living.
 Input device – any hardware component that allows one to enter data or instructions into a
computer.
 Laptop computer – A battery powered computer that is more portable than a desktop,
allowing one to use it Almost everywhere.
 Output devices - Any hardware component that transmits information to one or more people.
 Personal Computer - A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.
 CRT Cathode Ray Tube – a vacuum tube containing an electron gun at one end and a
fluorescent screen called thermionic emission generates a strong beam of electrons.
 LCD Liquid Crystal Display – a flat-panel display that consist of a layer of color or
monochrome pixel arrange schematically.
 LED Light Emitting Diode – a flat-panel display that uses light-emitting diodes for
backlighting.
SYSTEM UNIT
 The system unit is the enclosure composed of the main
elements of a computer that are used to administer data.
This can be referred to as a computer case or tower

STORAGE DEVICES
 A computer can be utilized with only processing, memory,
input, and output devices. To make it very valuable.
 A computer needs a place to hold program files and all related
files when they are not in use.
 The goal of using a storage is to keep data permanently.
WHY COMPUTERS ARE
POWERFUL?
 Computers are powerful for a variety of reasons. They
work with remarkable speed, reliability, consistency, and
accuracy.
 Computers can store large amounts of data and
information also, computers allow users to communicate
with other users or computers.
WHY COMPUTERS ARE
POWERFUL?
 SPEED – In the system unit, operations get done through
electronic circuit. When data, instructions, and information drift
along theses circuits, they travel at incredibly fast speeds.
 RELIABILITY AND CONSISTENCY – The electronic components
in modern computers are dependable because they gave a low
failure rate. The high reliability of components enables the
computer to produce consistent result.
 ACCURACY – Computers process large amounts of data and
generate error-free results, provided the data is inputted
correctly and the instructions work properly.
CLASSIFYING COMPUTERS
 PERSONAL COMPUTER - is a small, single-user computer based
on a microprocessor. A personal computer has a keyboard for
entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage
device for saving data.
 WORKSTATION – is a powerful, single-user computer. A
workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a high-quality monitor.
 MINICOMPUTER – is a multi-user computer capable of supporting
from 10 to hundred of users simultaneously.
 MAINFRAME – is a powerful multi-user computer capable of
supporting hundreds or thousands of user simultaneously.
 SUPERCOMPUTER – is an extremely fast computer that can
WORKSTATION – is a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation
is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and a high-quality monitor.