Table tennis

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Table tennis (also commonly known as ping pong) is a sport in which two or four
players hit a ball back and forth to each other with bats (also sometimes called raquets or
paddles). The game takes place on a table divided by a net. Players must allow a ball
played towards them only one bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that
it bounces on the opponent's side. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. A skilled
player can impart spin to the ball, which makes its bounce and its reaction on the
opponent's bat difficult to predict or return with confidence.

Table tennis is very popular, especially in East Asia [1] and is among the most popular
sports in the world in terms of player numbers,[2] as well as one of the newest of the major
sports.[3

General description

standard table tennis table, together with paddles and ball.

Table tennis is an Olympic sport where two or four players hit a ball with paddles back
and forth to each other on a table, in a manner similar to tennis. The rules are slightly
different, but the concept is quite similar. In singles play, the ball is not required to cross
from the server's right-hand court to the receiver's right-hand court (or left to left) as it is
in tennis. However, serving across is required in doubles play. Ball spin, speed,
placement, strategy and tactics play an important part in competitive table tennis matches.
The speed of the ball can vary from slow serves with much spin to smashes that travel as
fast as 112.5 kilometers per hour (69.9 miles per hour).[4]

The game is played on a 274 cm (9 ft.) × 152.5 cm (5 ft.) × 76 cm (2.5 ft.) high playing
surface. The International Table Tennis Federation requires an area not less than 14 m (46
ft) long, 7 m (23 ft) wide and 5 m (16 ft) high for competitions. No limitations in size or
shape are specified. Modern paddles usually have a thin layer of rubber covering the
paddle's striking surface. The rubber may have pimples pointing outwards or inwards, as
well as a thin layer of sponge between the plywood center and the rubber surface. Since
spin plays a large role in the modern sport of table tennis, the composition of the rubber
and the combination of sponge and rubber is designed to maximize the amount of spin
and speed a player can impart onto the ball. Other technological improvements include
the use of carbon or other synthetic layers as part of the blade to increase the size of the
sweet spot or the stiffness of the blade.

The ball used in table tennis has a diameter of 40 mm, is made of celluloid, and is
completely hollow. A three star rating on a ball usually implies a top quality ball, in
relation to its bounce, roundness and their respective consistency between balls of the
same make and type.

The winner is the first to score 11 points, with each player alternating serves every two
points. At 10-10 (or deuce) the players alternate with every serve; the winner is then the
first person to gain a clear two points advantage over his opponent. The 11 point game is
an International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) change which occurred in 2001. All
games played at national level and at international tournaments (ITTF) are played to 11
points in either a best of five (5) games (preliminaries) or best of seven (7) games format
(championship matches).

History

table tennis depicted on a 1987 postage stamp from the DDR

The game has its origins in England as an after dinner amusement for upper class
Victorians in the 1880s. Mimicking the game of tennis in an indoor environment,
everyday objects were originally enlisted to act as the equipment. A line of books would
be the net, a rounded top of a Champagne cork or knot of string as the ball, and a cigar
box lid as the bat[citation needed].

The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment commercially.
Early bats were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound
generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of "whiff whaff" and "Ping pong." A
number of sources indicate that the game was first brought to the attention of Hamley's of
Regent Street under the name "Gossima". The name ping pong was in wide use before
English manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name ping pong
then came to be used for the game played by the rather expensive Jaques equipment, with
other manufacturers calling theirs table tennis. A similar situation came to exist in the
United States where Jaques sold the rights to the ping pong name to Parker Brothers. The
term is now used as a generic name for table tennis.

The next major innovation was by James Gibb,[5] an English enthusiast of the game, who
discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the U.S. in 1901 and found them to be the
ideal balls for the game. This was followed by E.C. Goode who in 1903 invented the
modern version of the bat by fixing a sheet of pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden
blade. Table tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 when table tennis tournaments
were being organized, books on table tennis were being written, and an unofficial world
championship was held in 1902. During the early 20th century the game was banned in
Russia due to the belief that was held by the rulers at the time that playing the game had
an adverse effect on players' eyesight. In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded
in England, and the International Table Tennis Federation followed in 1926. London
hosted the first official world championship in 1927. Table tennis was introduced as an
Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988. In the 1950s bats that used a rubber sheet
combined with a underlaying sponge layer changed the game dramatically, introducing
greater spin and speed. These were introduced to England by the sports goods
manufacturers S.W. Hancock Ltd. and the Hancock bat gave Johnny Leach the edge
when he became World Champion in 1949. The use of speed glue increased the spin and
speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to "slow the game down."

Toward the end of 2000, the ITTF instituted several rules changes aimed at making table
tennis more viable as a televised spectator sport. First, the older 38 mm balls were
officially replaced by 40 mm balls. This increased the ball's air resistance and effectively
slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the
fast sponge layer on their bats, which made the game excessively fast, and difficult to
watch on television. Secondly, the ITTF changed from a 21 to an 11 point scoring system.
This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The ITTF also changed
the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to
increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server's advantage.

Variants of the sport have emerged. "Large ball" table tennis uses a 44 mm ball which
slows down the game significantly. This has seen some acceptance by players who have a
hard time with the extreme spins and speeds of the 40 mm game.

There is a move towards reviving the table tennis game that existed prior to the
introduction of sponge rubber, Classic table tennis or "Hardbat" table tennis players reject
the speed and spin of reversed sponge rubber, preferring the 1940-60s style of no-sponge,
short pimpled rubber of play which makes defense less difficult by decreasing the speed
and eliminating any meaningful magnus effect of spin. Because hardbat killer shots are
almost impossible to hit against a skilled player, hardbat matches focus on the strategic
side of table tennis, requiring skillful maneuvering of the opponent before an attack can
be successful.

The ball

The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm
(formerly 38 mm) diameter ball. The ball is required to have a coefficient of restitution of
0.94. The 40 mm ball was introduced at the 2003 World Table Tennis Championship.
However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this
was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning. A 40 mm table tennis
ball is slower and less "spinny" than a 38 mm one. The ball is made of a high-bouncing
gas-filled celluloid ball, colored white or orange, with a matte finish. The choice of ball
color is made according to the table color and its surroundings. For example, a white ball
is easier to see on a green or blue table than it is on a gray table.

The table

Diagram of a table tennis table showing the official dimensions

The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 1.525 m (5 feet) wide, and 76 cm (30 inches) high with a
masonite or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low-friction coating.
The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15.25 cm (6 inch) high net.[6]

The bat

Players are equipped with a bat composed of a wooden blade covered with rubber on one
or two sides depending on the grip of the player.

Recent years have seen an advancement in technology of table tennis blades. Materials of
different properties may be combined with the wood in the blade to enhance its playing
performance. Many blades today feature one or more carbon layers within them to
enhance their 'sweet spot', and to give the player a greater margin of error when playing
powerful shots. Materials incorporated into table tennis blades today include kevlar,
titanium, arylate, aramid, and aluminium.

The rubber coating may be of pimpled rubber, with the pimples outward, or it may be a
rubber that is composed of two materials, a sponge layer, covered by a pimpled rubber,
with the pimples pointed inwards or outwards. Some bats are not covered with rubber at
all, because a "naked" bat is believed to be more resistant to a spin. However, it is illegal
to use these types of bats in competition as they are not approved by the ITTF. Some
types of rubbers are also not approved. Approved rubbers have the ITTF emblem on the
base of the rubber.[7]

Players have many choices and variations in rubber sheets on their bat. Although bats
may be purchased with rubber by the manufacturer, most serious tournament players will
create a customized bat. A player selects a blank blade (i.e. a bat without rubber), based
on his playing style. The type of wood and synthetic layers used to make up the blade
will provide a slower or faster blade. The player can choose from different types of
rubber sheets which will provide a certain level of spin, speed and specific playing
characteristics.
Normally, a sheet of rubber is glued to a blade using rubber cement and not removed until
the rubber wears out or becomes damaged. In the 1980s, a new technique was developed
where the player would use a special glue called speed glue to apply the rubber every
time he played. The glue would help provide more spin and speed by providing a
"catapult" effect. This technique is known as "regluing" and has become a standard
technique for top players.

Table tennis regulations allow different surfaces on each side of the bat. The different
types of surfaces provide various levels of spin or speed, or in some cases, nullifies spin.
For example, a player may have a rubber that provides much spin on one side of his bat,
and no spin on the other side of the bat. By flipping the bat in play, different types of
returns were possible. To help a player distinguish between different types of rubber used
by his opposing player, international rules declared that one side must be red while the
other side must be black. The player has the right to inspect his opponent's bat before a
match to see the type of rubber used and what color it is. Despite high speed play and
rapid exchanges, a player can see clearly what side of the bat was used to hit the ball.

Types of shots

In table tennis, the strokes break down into generally offensive (producing topspin) and
defensive (producing backspin). Spin exceptions are the smash, block, and lob. The types
of strokes include backhand and forehand.