Ch: 7 Reflection of Light class 9th

7.1 REFLECTION OF LIGHT

 The return of light into the same medium after striking a surface is called reflection.
 The remaining part of light is either absorbed if the surface on which the light strikes is opaque or it is partly
transmitted and partly absorbed if the surface is transparent.
 It is the reflection of light which enables us to see the different objects around us.
 A highly polished and silvered surface, such as a plane mirror, reflects almost the entire light falling on it.
 Light enters from the side of polished surface and is strongly reflected from the silvered surface. The coating
serves as an opaque surface and it does not reflect the light.

Kinds of reflection: There are the following two kinds of reflection: (i) Regular reflection, and (ii) Irregular
reflection.
 (i) Regular reflection: Regular reflection occurs when a beam of light falls on a
smooth and polished surface, such as a plane mirror.
 (ii) Irregular reflection: Irregular reflection occurs when a beam of light falls on a
rough surface such as the wall of a room, the page of a book or any other object.
 It is the diffused light obtained by reflection from various uneven surfaces which enables
us to see the objects around us.

7.2 SOME TERMS RELATED WITH REFLECTION

I. Incident ray: The light ray striking a reflecting surface is called the incident ray.
II. Point of incidence: The point at which the incident ray strikes the reflecting surface, is called the point of
incidence.
III. Reflected ray: The light ray obtained after reflection from the surface, in the same medium in which the incident
ray is travelling is called the reflected ray.
IV. Normal: The perpendicular drawn to the surface at the point of incidence is called the normal.
V. Angle of incidence: The angle which the incident ray makes with the normal at the point of incidence is called
the angle of incidence. It is denoted by the letter i.
VI. Angle of reflection: The angle which the reflected ray makes with
the normal at the point of incidence is called the angle of
reflection. It is denoted by the letter r.
VII. Plane of incidence: The plane containing the incident ray and the
normal is called the plane of incidence.
VIII. Plane of reflection: The plane containing the reflected ray and
the normal is called the plane of reflection.

7.3 LAWS OF REFLECTION

JALAJ SRIVASTAVA +917355760930 & +919889423864 [email protected] Page 1

 Ch: 7 Reflection of Light class 9th

(1) The angle of incidence i is equal to the angle of reflection r (i.e., angle i = angle r).

(2) The incident my the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, lie in the same plane.

 When a ray incident normally on a plane mirror, the angle of incidence i = 0°,
therefore the angle of reflection r = 0°. Thus, a ray of incident light retraces its
path..
7.4 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THE LAWS OF REFLECTION

 From the above observation table, we find that in each case, angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This verifies the first aw of reflection.
 The experiment is being performed on a flat drawing board, with mirror
normal to the plane of board on which white sheet of paper is being fixed. Since
the lower tips of all the four pins lie on the same plane (i.e., the plane of paper),
therefore the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point
of incidence, all lie in one plane. This verifies the second law of
reflection.

JALAJ SRIVASTAVA +917355760930 & +919889423864 [email protected] Page 2

 Ch: 7 Reflection of Light class 9th

7.5 IMAGE OF A POINT OBJECT FORMED BY A PLANE MIRROR

7.7 IMAGE OF AN EXTENDED OBJECT FORMED BY A PLANE MIRROR

7.8 POSITION OF IMAGE

 The image is situated on the normal drawn from the object on the mirror and it is as far behind the mirror as
the object is in front of it.

7.9 LATERAL INVERSION

 The interchange of the left and right sides in the image of an object in a plane mirror is called lateral inversion.
 The lateral inversion of letters such as A, H. I, M, O, T, U, V, W X and Y is not noticeable
 The image formed by a spherical mirror is also laterally inverted.

JALAJ SRIVASTAVA +917355760930 & +919889423864 [email protected] Page 3

 Ch: 7 Reflection of Light class 9th

7.10 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IMAGE FORMED BY A PLANE MIRROR

 The image formed by a plane mirror has the following characteristics

 (i) upright (or erect),
 (ii) virtual,
 (iii) of same size as the object
 (iv) laterally inverted.

Note : If the object is shifted by a distance d towards the mirror, the image will also shift by the same distance d
towards the mirror i. e., the separation between the object and image will decrease by 2d. Similarly, if an object
moves with a speed v towards (or away) from a mirror, the image to him will appear to move with a speed 2v towards
(or away from) him.

7.11 IMAGES FORMED IN TWO INCLINED MIRRORS

Case (1) : If angle θ° between the mirrors is such that n = 360/θ is odd,

(i) the number of images is n, when the object is placed asymmetrically between

the mirrors.

(ii) the number of images is n - 1, when the object is placed symmetrically (i.e., on the bisector of the angle) between the
mirrors.

Case (2) : If n = 360/θ is even, the number of images is always n - 1 for all positions of object in between the mirrors.

7.12 IMAGES FORMED IN A PAIR OF MIRRORS PLACED PARALLEL T0 EACH OTHER

When two mirrors are kept parallel to each other, i.e., (θ = 0°), then n = 360/θ = ∞(infinite), so the number of images of
an object kept in between the two parallel mirrors will be infinite.

JALAJ SRIVASTAVA +917355760930 & +919889423864 [email protected] Page 4

 Ch: 7 Reflection of Light class 9th

7.13 IMAGES FORMED BY TWO MIRRORS PLACED PERPENDICULAR TO EACH OTHER

When two mirrors are kept perpendicular to each other, i.e., θ = 90°, then n =360/90=4 ; for an object placed in between
the two perpendicular mirrors, the number of images formed will be n - 1 = 3.

7.14 USES OF PLANE MIRROR

 The most common and wide use is as looking glass.

 In the optician’s room
 In the barber's shop
 In a periscope
 In a kaleidoscope
 In solar heating devices such

7.15 SPHERICAL MIRRORQ

 A reflecting surface which is a part of a sphere is called a

spherical mirror.
 There are two types of spherical mirror.
 (i) Concave (ii) Convex

(i) Concave mirror

 A concave mirror is made by silvering the outer (or bulging) surface of the piece of a hollow sphere such that the
reflection takes place from the hollow surface.
JALAJ SRIVASTAVA +917355760930 & +919889423864 [email protected] Page 5
 Ch: 7 Reflection of Light class 9th

(ii) Convex mirror

 A convex mirror is made by silvering the inner surface of the piece of a hollow sphere such that the reflection
takes place from the outer (or bulging) surface.

7.16 BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF TERMS RELATED T0 A SPHERICAL MIRROR

(1) Centre of curvature (C)

 The centre of curvature of a mirror is the centre of the sphere of

which the mirror is a part.

(2) Radius of curvature (R)

 The radius of sphere of which the spherical mirror is a part, is called

the radius of curvature of the mirror.

(3) Pole (P)

 The geometric centre of the spherical surface of mirror is called the pole of mirror.

(4) Aperture

 The plane surface area of the mirror through which the light rays enter and fall on the mirror is called its
aperture.

(5) Principal axis

 It is the straight line joining the pole of the mirror to its centre of curvature.

7.18 FOCUS AND FOCAL LENGTH

 The focus of a concave mirror is a point on the principal axis through which
the light rays incident parallel to the principal axis, pass after reflection from
the mirror.
 The focus of a convex mirror is a point on the principal axis from which, the
light rays incident parallel to the principal axis. appear to come, after
reflection from the mirror.

Focal plane :

 A plane passing through the focus and normal to the principal axis of the
mirror is called focal plane.

JALAJ SRIVASTAVA +917355760930 & +919889423864 [email protected] Page 6

 Ch: 7 Reflection of Light class 9th

7.22 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FOCAL LENGTH AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE

 f= R /2 for convex and concave both

 f= focal length R =radius of curvature

7.24 Mirror formula

 f = focal length
 u = distance between pole to object
 v = distance between pole to image

conxex concave
uDistance between - -
object and pole
v Distance between + -(real) +
image and pole (virtual)
f Distance between focus + -
and pole
R Distance between cetre + -
of curvature and pole
Magnnification formula: m= I/O = - (v/u) I = height of image O = height of object

 Real image I = - virtual image = +

7.25 USES OF SPHERICAL MIRRORS

Uses ofa concave mirror

(1) As a shaving mirror (2) As a reflector(3) as a doctor’s head mirror

Uses of a convex minor

(1) As a reflector in street lamps (2) As a rear View mirror

JALAJ SRIVASTAVA +917355760930 & +919889423864 [email protected] Page 7

 Ch: 7 Reflection of Light class 9th

JALAJ SRIVASTAVA +917355760930 & +919889423864 [email protected] Page 8

 Ch: 7 Reflection of Light class 9th

7.26 DISTINCTION BETWEEN A PLANE MIRROR, CONCAVE MIRROR AND CONVEX MIRROR (WITHOUT TOUCHING)

Case (i): If image is upright, of same size and it does not change in size by moving the mirror towards or away from the
face, the mirror is plane

Case (ii): If image is upright, magnified, and increases in size on small movement of the mirror away, the mirror is
concave.

Case (iii): If image is upright, diminished and decreases in size on small movement of the mirror away, the mirror is
convex.

JALAJ SRIVASTAVA +917355760930 & +919889423864 [email protected] Page 9