(yuonm, 2015)Results

Objective 1
To estimate population and distribution of Abyssinian ground hornbill in the study area.

Objective 2

To assess threats and impact of season on the habitat preference of Abyssinian ground

Threats

Habitat loss and degradation

According to BirdLife International (2018). Abyssinian ground hornbills are classified as

"Vulnerable" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of
Threatened Species. The main threats to their survival include habitat loss, hunting, and
agricultural expansion. To get the most up-to-date information on the population and distribution
status of Abyssinian ground hornbills in Ethiopia

A survey of the selected study area was carried out in order to obtain sufficient information to
identify the preferred habitats of Abyssinian ground hornbill. According to this, by making
sufficient field observations in the selected study sample area, identifying the landscape and
seeing the layout of the land, identifying the type of local plants, as well as important things for
loaches such as food supply, nesting and lodge

A survey of the selected study area was carried out in order to obtain sufficient information to
identify the preferred habitats of Abyssinian ground horn bill. Based on this, sufficient field
observation was done in the selected study sample area, by identifying the landscape and seeing
the land layout, by identifying the type of local plants, and also the important things for horn
bills such as food supply, nests and shelters were studied.
Threat assessment: potential threats to selected Abyssinia ground horn bill identified. Among
these threats, habitat loss due to deforestation, conversion of land for agriculture or infrastructure
development, illegal logging and human contact or harassment have been identified. For this
reason, 123 (33.2%) of the respondents who were asked What are the reasons for Abyssinian
ground hornbill population decline said that habitat destruction is the primary threat. Also,
98(26.4%) of the total respondents said Cultural practice, 78(21%) Climate change and 72(19.4)
others respectively.

For this reason, 127 (34.2%) of those who were asked What are the main reasons to habitat loss
for Abyssinian ground hornbill answered that it was Farming. Next, 105 (28.3%) of them gave
their answer that it is deforestation and among those who were asked, 79 (21.3%) said Habitat
change or loss and 60 (16.2%) said cutting nest tree respectively.

What are the main reasons to habitat loss for Abyssinian ground hornbill

What are the reasons for Abyssinian ground hornbill population decline

Frequency Percent

Cultural practice 98 26.4

Climate change 78 21.0

Habitat destruction 123 33.2

others 72 19.4

Total 371 100.0

As we can understand from this table, from the answers given by the respondents and as I have
seen and understood by the researcher, the main reasons to habitat loss for Abyssinian ground
hornbill is the expansion of agriculture and related work for the farm. In particular, when we
study the behavior of Abyssinian ground horn bill, it spends most of its time and chooses to live
in large trees in the middle of farms, in trees around human dwellings, and in areas with thin
forest cover rather than dense forest.

That is why the threat is increasing rapidly because farmers are seen to be directly or indirectly
harming this Abyssinian ground horn bill in their efforts to improve their livelihoods. This is
because the trees around houses, in fields and at the edge of forests are chosen by abyssinian
ground hornbills and are easily vulnerable to humans.

The biggest threat to trees that are usually chosen by Abyssinian ground horn bills is that when
the trees are in the middle of the field, the farmer will pick the branches of the tree at least once a
year to take care of his crops. because of this, the bird will be disturbed and vulnerable.

The other is that the trees that Abyssinian ground hornbills usually need for breeding and shelter
are located in exposed areas and the branches of the trees are dry and have gaps and smaller
holes. As a result, people are slowly digging wood for firewood and using it.

Another thing is that a ground hornbill will enter a tree chosen for breeding and a forest bee will
make honey alongside it, so people will harm the bird to eat the honey. Also, children under 15
years of age, shepherds, children tending crops, throw stones and other objects at the bird's nest
as a form of harassment and cause danger. As a result, in at least one of the selected Abyssinian
ground horn bill study sites, the eggs were broken, the birds were killed, and the nesting sites
were set on fire.
Human-wildlife conflicts:

Abyssinian ground hornbill can cause conflicts with humans, especially farmers, who view the
bird as a pest that damages crops and livestock. These conflicts can result in retaliation killings,
habitat destruction, and reduced breeding success for the bird species.
Figure

Impact of season
Competition with other bird species:

Abyssinian ground hornbill have been shown to compete for food and nesting sites with other
bird species such as vultures, Tick billed raven and crows. In particular, the selection of nesting

was competitive and could affect the choice of habitat selection. This competition was observed
in sites with stone dwellings in the warm climate, and in the highlands, it was observed that there
was competition with trees such as Podocarpus, Albiza gumifera, and Ficus sur.
Climate change:
It is well known that climate change can alter the preferred habitat of birds and disrupt their
breeding patterns, migration behavior and food availability. Climate change is distinctly
associated directly or indirectly with elevation. According to this, it has been shown that there is
a better distribution of hornbills in the study areas with low elevation and warm climate. The
results also show that in colder climates, the distribution of hornbills decreases as the elevation
increases.

Figure

Another is that the results obtained according to the study brought about a difference in the
reproductive status and their reproductive period. This means that in the environment where the
climate is hot and the altitude is low, the reproduction process is better and their reproduction
period is longer. However, in the study sites with colder climate and higher altitudes, the number
of reproduction process is lower and their reproduction period is shorter than others.

According to this, the preferred habitat of Abyssinian ground hornbill was identified based on
the research conducted in the study area and the collected data. This includes specific vegetation
types, elevations, and geographic features. Therefore, it is important to note that the specific
habitat preferences of Abyssinian ground hornbill in different seasons may vary depending on
local environmental conditions and the availability of suitable habitats within their range. Based
on this, the distribution and number of horbils differed according to the shape of the land and the
environmental altitude.

Positive human-Abyssinian ground hornbill interactions in Ethiopia may include:

To estimate population and distribution of Abyssinian ground
hornbill in the study area

What are the threats and habitat use of Abyssinian ground hornbill

The Abyssinian ground hornbill is under threat due to habitat loss, hunting, and climate change
in Ethiopia. The species needs large areas of undisturbed forests, savannas, and woodlands, but
many of these areas are being converted into agriculture, logging or settlements. The bird is also
hunted for its meat and feathers, and climate change is affecting its food resources. On the other
hand, it is a social bird found in family groups of up to 11 individuals and is commonly seen in
undisturbed forests, savannas, and woodlands, where it feeds on insects, small animals, and plant
material.

Is there any conflict between human and Abyssinian ground

hornbill?
Yes, there is a conflict between humans and Abyssinian ground hornbills in Ethiopia. The
species is known to feed on crops, which can result in conflict with farmers. Additionally, there
is hunting and persecution against the bird for its meat and feathers. This conflict can lead to
habitat destruction, as farmers may clear land to prevent crop damage. These threats contribute to
the decline in the population of the Abyssinian ground hornbill in Ethiopia. Conservation efforts
are required to reduce conflict and promote sustainable coexistence between humans and the
species.
The Abyssinian ground hornbill in Ethiopia faces conflict with humans due to the bird's crop
feeding, hunted for its meat and feathers, leading to habitat destruction and population decline.
Conservation efforts are necessary to facilitate sustainable human-bird coexistence.

What are the interactions human and Abyssinian ground hornbill?

The interactions between humans and Abyssinian ground hornbills can vary depending on the
specific context. Overall, these interactions are typically limited, as Abyssinian ground hornbills
are primarily found in their natural habitat in sub-Saharan Africa.

In areas where humans and Abyssinian ground hornbills coexist, human encounters with these
birds are often quite rare. However, when such interactions do occur, it is important to approach
them with respect and caution, as Abyssinian ground hornbills are wild animals.

In some cases, Abyssinian ground hornbills may come into contact with humans due to habitat
encroachment or other reasons. In such instances, it is essential to maintain a safe distance and
avoid any actions that could cause harm or distress to these birds.

If you happen to encounter an Abyssinian ground hornbill in the wild, it is best to observe them
quietly and refrain from attempting to touch or feed them. Remember, it is always important to
prioritize the safety and well-being of both humans and animals in any interaction.

In Ethiopia, interactions between humans and Abyssinian ground hornbills are relatively limited
but may occur in certain areas where their habitats overlap with human settlements or farmland.
These interactions can vary depending on the specific location and circumstances.

It is important to note that Abyssinian ground hornbills are protected under Ethiopian law and
are considered a species of conservation concern. They are listed as vulnerable due to habitat loss
and degradation.

In some rural areas of Ethiopia, local communities may have traditional beliefs or cultural
practices associated with Abyssinian ground hornbills. For example, in some parts of the
country, these birds are sometimes regarded with reverence or believed to bring good luck. In
such cases, people may be more inclined to coexist peacefully with these birds.

Overall, while interactions between humans and Abyssinian ground hornbills in Ethiopia may be
limited, it is essential to approach these encounters with respect, ensuring the well-being of both
the birds and the people involved.
Positive Interactions:

As many of us know, this species of bird, Hornbill, is often mentioned in Ethiopian culture in the
context of legends and folklore: stories and parables. It is believed to have mystical and spiritual
properties, and its appearance is sometimes associated with positive signs or messages from the
spirit world. Also, among some people, it is a symbol of protection: It connects with the world of
spirits, it cures diseases, it is believed by the community to bring money and give long life. In
some Ethiopian cultures, it is considered a symbol of protection. His image or presence is
believed to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck to families or communities.

Table

What is advantage to pass between the Abyssinian ground hornbills?

Frequency Percent
To live a long life 165 44.5
To get wealth 130 35
Cure from stomach ache 76 20.5
Total 371 100
What are the benefits of having Abyssinian ground horn bill in your area?

for beauty 87 23.5

For traditional medicine 112 30.2
By hunting and eating a snake 83 22.4
Picking pests from the field 89 24
Total 371 100
Which body of part Abyssinian ground hornbill is often important/ used often?

1. The Skulls & bones 97 26.1

2. The Feathers 83 22.4
3. The Eggs 104 28.0
Others 87 23.5
Total 371 100.0

According to the figures shown in Table_ above, among the total 371 people who were asked
what is advantage to pass between the Abyssinian ground hornbills? 165 (44.5%) answered "To
live a long life". Then, 130 (35%) answered "To get wealth" and 76(20.5%) of those who were
asked "Cure from stomach ache" answered in the same order.

Out of a total of 371 people what are the benefits of having an Abyssinian ground horn bill in
your area? 112 (30.2%) answered "For traditional medicine". 89 (24%) answered "Picking pests
from the field". Also, 87(23.5%) of the people who were asked answered "for beauty" and the
remaining 83(22.4%) answered "By hunting and eating a snake" respectively.

Out of a total of 371 people which body of part Abyssinian ground hornbill is often important/
used often? Of those asked, 104 (28%) answered "The Eggs". 97 (26.1%) of them answered "The
Skulls & bones". Also, 87(23.5%) of the respondents answered "Others" and the remaining
83(22.4%) answered "The Feathers".

 3. Cultural Appreciation: In areas where ground hornbills hold cultural or spiritual

significance, if people appreciate and respect their presence without causing harm or
disturbance, it can be seen as a positive interaction. This includes avoiding actions that
exploit or harm the birds for cultural practices.

Negative Interactions:
Negative interactions between humans and Abyssinian ground hornbills were occurred in various
situations. Here are a few examples:

Crop Damage: Abyssinian ground hornbills may cause damage to agricultural crops, especially
when their foraging activities overlap with cultivated areas. They may feed on fruits, seeds, or
small vertebrates, which can include agricultural produce such as fruits, grains, or vegetables.
This can result in economic losses for farmers and lead to conflicts as humans try to protect their
crops.

Based on the above figure, among the total 371 respondents of those who were asked if there is a
human-ground hornbill conflict, how can it be explained? 151 (40.7%) answered that it was
Destruction of pea and grain crops from the farm. Next, 120 (32.3%) of them gave their answer
that it is Picking corn from the farm and among those who were asked, 85 (22.9%) said Picking
peas from the farm and 15(4%) said Picking nuts from the farm respectively.
By the way, hornbills damage crops mostly on short ones. They do this to hunt the worms and
small insects inside the crop rather than eating it, but recently they have started to eat some types

of crops such as corn, peas and nuts.

According to the research done, it has been observed that they occasionally cause damage to
human property in the area, such as a pile of teff left in the field to hunt worms and small insects,

which causes great damage to the crop. Another is that he destroys grass-covered houses in the
countryside when their grass rots, or to look for worms, or he uses it to facilitate his own nest
work.

Another form of infrastructure destruction: Abyssinian ground hornbills have occasionally

caused damage to human infrastructure. They will snap and damage buildings, or other
structures, especially if they see their reflection as a territorial threat or are attracted to reflective
or reflective surfaces.

For example, one of the study sites, in Setema Kecha High School "Abajobir Guma" was
destroyed by hornbills breaking five window glasses of one of the buildings.

It is important to conduct research, engage with local communities, and work with conservation
organizations to gather data and assess the nature of human-ground hornbill interactions in
specific regions of Ethiopia. Monitoring the population trends, understanding local attitudes, and
implementing conservation strategies can help promote positive interactions while minimizing
negative impacts.

how To assess threats and impact of season on the habitat preference of

Abyssinian ground hornbill in ethiopia
assistant avatar
To assess the threats and impact of the season on the habitat preference of Abyssinian ground
hornbills in Ethiopia, you can consider the following steps:

1. Research Existing Data: Start by reviewing existing literature, studies, and reports on
Abyssinian ground hornbill populations and their habitat preferences in Ethiopia. This will
provide a foundation for understanding their basic habitat requirements.

2. Field Surveys: Conduct field surveys specifically focused on studying the habitat preference of
Abyssinian ground hornbills. This involves observing their behavior, documenting their presence
and abundance, and noting the characteristics of the habitats they occupy across different
seasons.

3. Habitat Characteristics: Analyze the physical, ecological, and environmental factors that
define the preferred habitat of Abyssinian ground hornbills. Consider variables such as
vegetation type, tree density, nesting availability, food sources (e.g., fruiting trees or proximity to
water bodies), and microclimate features.

4. Threat Assessment: Identify potential threats to the preferred habitats of Abyssinian ground
hornbills. These threats can include habitat loss due to deforestation, land conversion for
agriculture or infrastructure development, illegal logging, and human encroachment. Assess the
magnitude and impacts caused by each threat, both during different seasons and overall.

5. Seasonal Analysis: Compare the habitat preferences of Abyssinian ground hornbills across
different seasons. Determine if there are any significant changes in their habitat selection during
certain times of the year. For example, they may prefer areas with higher fruit availability during
the dry season or seek out specific nesting sites during the breeding season.

6. Data Analysis: Use statistical analysis to quantify and compare the habitat preferences and
seasonality trends of Abyssinian ground hornbills. This can involve techniques such as habitat
suitability modeling, species distribution modeling, or occupancy modeling to assess their habitat
preferences and the influence of seasons.
7. Conservation Recommendations: Based on the findings from your assessment, develop
conservation recommendations to mitigate threats and protect the preferred habitats of
Abyssinian ground hornbills. This may include habitat restoration efforts, targeted conservation
actions, community engagement, and raising awareness among local communities and
stakeholders.

Remember, conducting thorough research, collaborating with local experts, and considering the
specific ecological context of the study area are essential for a comprehensive assessment of the
threats and impact of seasons on the habitat preference of Abyssinian ground hornbills in
Ethiopia.

what are the caltural significant of abyssinian ground horn bill in

ethiopia
assistant avatar

The Abyssinian ground hornbill holds cultural significance in Ethiopia. Here are a few cultural
aspects associated with this bird:

1. Mythology and Folklore: In Ethiopian culture, the Abyssinian ground hornbill is often
referenced in mythological stories and folklore. It is believed to possess mystical and spiritual
qualities, and its appearance is sometimes associated with positive omens or messages from the
spirit world.

2. Symbol of Protection: The Abyssinian ground hornbill is considered a symbol of protection in

some Ethiopian cultures. It is believed that having its image or presence can ward off evil spirits
and bring good fortune to households or communities.

3. Traditional Ceremonies and Rituals: The bird's distinctive appearance, with its large beak and
unique call, has made it a subject of interest in traditional ceremonies and rituals. For example,
its feathers may be worn or used as adornments during celebrations, dances, or rites of passage.
4. Cultural Depictions: The Abyssinian ground hornbill is often depicted in various forms of
traditional art, including paintings, sculptures, carvings, and handicrafts. These artistic
representations showcase the bird's beauty and its cultural significance.

5. Conservation Awareness: Recognizing the cultural significance of the Abyssinian ground

hornbill can also play a role in promoting its conservation. By highlighting its importance in
Ethiopian culture, there can be increased awareness and efforts to protect and preserve the
species and its habitat.

It's important to note that cultural significance can vary across different regions and ethnic
groups within Ethiopia, so it's advisable to consult with local communities and experts to gain a
more comprehensive understanding of the cultural significance of the Abyssinian ground
hornbill in specific areas.
 Service time of the nest

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

2 5 3.8 6.6 6.6

3 11 8.3 14.5 21.1

4 12 9.0 15.8 36.8

5 22 16.5 28.9 65.8

Valid
6 10 7.5 13.2 78.9

7 3 2.3 3.9 82.9

10 2 1.5 2.6 85.5

11 3 2.3 3.9 89.5

 12 2 1.5 2.6 92.1

15 2 1.5 2.6 94.7

16 1 .8 1.3 96.1

20 3 2.3 3.9 100.0

Total 76 57.1 100.0

Missing System 57 42.9
Total 133 100.0

Group size of the Abyssinian ground hornbill

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

2 18 13.5 23.7 23.7

3 42 31.6 55.3 78.9

Valid 4 15 11.3 19.7 98.7

5 1 .8 1.3 100.0

Total 76 57.1 100.0

Number of the Abyssinian ground hornbill chick

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid 0 17 12.8 22.4 22.4

1 43 32.3 56.6 78.9

2 15 11.3 19.7 98.7

 3 1 .8 1.3 100.0

Total 76 57.1 100.0

Missing System 57 42.9

Total 133 100.0

Number of Female Abyssinian ground hornbill

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid 1 76 57.1 100.0 100.0

Missing System 57 42.9

Total 133 100.0

Number of Male Abyssinian ground hornbill

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 1 76 57.1 100.0 100.0

Missing System57 42.9

Total 133 100.0

place of nest & Habitat type of the abyssinian ground hornbill

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid 57 42.9 42.9 42.9

 in farm land & forest
12 9.0 9.0 51.9
eadge

in forest with coffee 10 7.5 7.5 59.4

in farm land & near to

53 39.8 39.8 99.2
resident

in grass land & near to

1 .8 .8 100.0
resident

Total 133 100.0 100.0

Season of the data collection

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

dry 45 33.8 59.2 59.2

Valid wet 31 23.3 40.8 100.0

Total 76 57.1 100.0

Missing System 57 42.9

Total 133 100.0

Scientific name of the nest tree

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid Albizia gummifera 13 9.8 17.1 17.1

Ficus vasta 19 14.3 25.0 42.1

 Prunus africana 9 6.8 11.8 53.9

Podocarpus falcatus 13 9.8 17.1 71.1

Acacia abyssinica 1 .8 1.3 72.4

Cordia africana 1 .8 1.3 73.7

Polyscias fulva 1 .8 1.3 75.0

stone 4 3.0 5.3 80.3

Ficus sur 8 6.0 10.5 90.8

Syzygium guineense 2 1.5 2.6 93.4

Ekebergia capensis 3 2.3 3.9 97.4

Apodytes dimidiata 1 .8 1.3 98.7

Croton macrostachyus1 .8 1.3 100.0

Total 76 57.1 100.0

Missing System 57 42.9

Total 133 100.0

Type of nesting Abyssinian ground hornbill

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

57 42.9 42.9 42.9

stone 4 3.0 3.0 45.9

Valid
tree 72 54.1 54.1 100.0

Total 133 100.0 100.0

Objective: 2. how To assess threats and impact of season on the habitat
preference of Abyssinian groundhorn bill
A survey of the selected study area was carried out in order to obtain sufficient information to
identify the preferred habitats of Abyssinian ground hornbill. According to this, by making
sufficient field observations in the selected study sample area, identifying the landscape and
seeing the layout of the land, identifying the type of local plants, as well as important things for
loaches such as food supply, nesting and lodge

A survey of the selected study area was carried out in order to obtain sufficient information to
identify the preferred habitats of Abyssinian ground horn bill. Based on this, sufficient field
observation was done in the selected study sample area, by identifying the landscape and seeing
the land layout, by identifying the type of local plants, and also the important things for horn
bills such as food supply, nests and shelters were studied.

Threat assessment: potential threats to selected Abyssinia ground horn bill was identified.
Among these threats, habitat loss due to deforestation, conversion of land for agriculture or
infrastructure development, illegal logging and human contact or harassment have been
identified. For this reason, 123 (33.2%) of the respondents who were asked What are the reasons
for Abyssinian ground hornbill population decline said that habitat destruction is the primary
threat. Also, 98(26.4%) of the total respondents said Cultural practice, 78(21%) Climate change
and 72(19.4) others respectively.

For this reason, 127 (34.2%) of those who were asked What are the main reasons to habitat loss
for Abyssinian ground hornbill answered that it was Farming. Next, 105 (28.3%) of them gave
their answer that it is deforestation and among those who were asked, 79 (21.3%) said Habitat
change or loss and 60 (16.2%) said cutting nest tree respectively.
What are the main reasons to habitat loss for Abyssinian ground hornbill

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

(1) Farming 127 34.2 34.2 34.2

deforestation 105 28.3 28.3 62.5

cutting nest tree 60 16.2 16.2 78.7

Valid
Habitat change or
79 21.3 21.3 100.0
loss

Total 371 100.0 100.0

As we can understand from this table, from the answers given by the respondents and as I have
seen and understood by the researcher, the main reasons to habitat loss for Abyssinian ground
hornbill is the expansion of agriculture and related work for the farm. In particular, when we
study the behavior of Abyssinian ground horn bill, it spends most of its time and chooses to live
in large trees in the middle of farms, in trees around human dwellings, and in areas with thin
forest cover rather than dense forest.

That is why the threat is increasing rapidly because farmers are seen to be directly or indirectly
harming this Abyssinian ground horn bill in their efforts to improve their livelihoods. This is
because the trees around houses, in fields and at the edge of forests are chosen by abyssinian
ground hornbills and are easily vulnerable to humans.
The biggest threat to trees that are usually chosen by Abyssinian ground horn bills is that when
the trees are in the middle of the field, the farmer will pick the branches of the tree at least once a
year to take care of his crops. because of this, the bird will be disturbed and vulnerable.

The other is that the trees that Abyssinian ground hornbills usually need for breeding and shelter
are located in exposed areas and the branches of the trees are dry and have gaps and smaller
holes. As a result, people are slowly digging wood for firewood and using it.

Another thing is that a ground hornbill will enter a tree chosen for breeding and a forest bee will
make honey alongside it, so people will harm the bird to eat the honey. Also, children under 15
years of age, shepherds, children tending crops, throw stones and other objects at the bird's nest
as a form of harassment and cause danger.

As a result, in at least one of the selected Abyssinian ground horn bill study sites, the eggs were
broken, the birds were killed, and the nesting sites were set on fire.

4.1. Background of the respondents who were involved in questionnaire

survey Sample Households
4.1.1. Gender, Age and Ethnicity of the sample households

The overall sample population is 371 of them 296 (79.8%) and 75 (20.2%) were male
households and the female head households respectively. Majority of household heads (26.1%)
are in the age group of 41 to 55 years. 21.8 percent of the respondents were in the youngest age
group; Both were in the age group of 26-40 (26.1%) and over 55 (25.6%).

Therefore, according to the data collected, most of the close-knit households were in the youth,
adulthood, and middle age categories, so they could play an important role in the decision of the
purpose of the study and how to improve the process of the study. . As the public becomes
increasingly concerned about the environment, studies have found environmental literacy to be
of critical importance. For example, community leaders' environmental knowledge is positively
related to their attitudes toward conservation (Harris et al., 2002). "Support for wildlife
conservation is proportional to knowledge about wildlife. Even if respondents are not
environmentally educated, they have direct or indirect exposure to such knowledge. Indeed,
whether environmental or otherwise, knowledge positively affects attitudes toward
environmental actions (Harris et al. others, 2002).

Harris R. etal. (2002), Sustainable Tourism.A Global Perspective. Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 1-252.

Table 4.1 Gender, Age and Ethnicity of the sample Background of Respondents households

Gender

Frequency Percent

male 296 79.8

female 75 20.2
Total 371 100.0
Age

less than 25 81 21.8

26-40 97 26.1
41-55 98 26.4
>55 95 25.6
Total 371 100.0
Ethnicity
Oromo 297 80.1
Amhara 52 14.0
Tigre 22 5.9
Total 371 100.0

Source: Field survey, 2014/15

As can be seen from the table above, most of the heads of households are from the Oromo ethnic
group, 297 (80.1%) of the total 371 respondents. On the other hand, 52 (14%) and 22 (5.9%) of
the total respondents belong to the Amhara and Tigre ethnic groups, respectively

This situation is considered as a good opportunity for land snail research in the area, because this
land snail has a wide ecosystem and is distributed in most parts of the country. Especially these
nations from the northern part of our country and together with the community here, it was
possible to collect as much as possible from the bird's behavior, its meaning, from culture and
various sayings as well as legends.

Bbjective;1. To estimate population and distribution of Abyssinian ground

hornbill in the study are

Results
Population Distribution

A total of 211 individual snails were recorded during the study.145 (68.7%) individuals were

registered in the lowlands 66 (31.3%) individuals were registered in the highlands. The result of
the t-test between the lowland and highland area it indicated a significant difference between the
two altitudes (p< 0.01). This is the result of the study, when looking at the number of herds, the
number of groups and the differences in their gender, 56(70.8%), 23(29.1%) herds were recorded
in low land and high land respectively.

Accordingly, 145 (68.7%) of the group were registered in the lowlands, and 66 (31.3%) were
registered in the highlands. Of these, 66(69.5%) male hornbills, 79(68.1%) female hornbills were
recorded in the lowlands, and 29(30.5%) male hornbills, 37(31.8%) female hornbills were

recorded in the highlands, respectively.

The least of hornbills recorded in both dry and rainy

was T. hartlaubi as depicted in Figure 6 below.

3.1 Ecology of Abyssinian ground hornbill

3.1.1 Habitat preference

According to the study, land snails mostly breed in the mid-land region with medium leaf width
and medium temperature, and mostly in the forest edges and around and in the middle of fields,
land snail herds are widely seen in the region from 1557 meters to 2308 meters. And to collect
this information, field data was collected in six places in the selected study area in two seasons,
summer and winter.

According to this, it is the time when Abyssinian ground hornbills are renovating. They start
their preparation already in the summer months, especially from January to February, this is the
time when they hold meetings and visit and renew their residences regularly. The breeding
season usually starts in late March or early April and lasts until the end of the following July.
Sometimes it lasts until mid-June. Because of the stress caused by this season, the hornbill chicks
in the highlands will leave their home until mid-June.

The reason the hornbills do this is that by adapting to the local climate, they can pre-adjust their
breeding season to avoid the long rainy months to come. However, the hornbills in the lowlands

have better air temperature and relatively less rainfall than the hornbills living in the highlands,

so they extend their breeding season until mid-September.

3.1.1.1 Altitude, Slope, Aspect of the abyssinian ground hornbill habitat in the study area
Most of the nest sites are located between 1575 - 2301ma altitude ranges. According to the study,
the number of hornbills increases from an altitude of 1529 meters (216059, 890781 xy
coordinate) from Didesa River, the lowest outlet to the middle altitude.

Therefore, as the altitude increases, the number of hornbills decreases. This means that the

elevation increases from east to west, while the number of hornbills decreases.

3.1.2 Nest site and nesting characteristics

The nest observation was done during the breeding and non-breeding season in the study area.

Nesting cavities looks like holes created by other associatiate species like birds (woodpeckers) or

cavities created due to fungal rotting or insect attacks on the tree trunk. The nest openings that

are orbicular and oval in shape are found mostly facing north, or west directions in the study

area

Nest observations were made in the study area during productive and non-breeding periods.

Nest observations were made in the study area during productive and non-breeding periods.

Nesting holes look like holes made by squirrels or other allied species. such as large, lateral-
growing trees, Ficus vasta, Albizia gummifera and Ficus sur tend to fall due to their own weight.
At this time, the hole or gap created when the trees fall apart creates a suitable habitat for the
hornbills. Another is that, trees such as Prunus africana, Podocarpus falcatus, Ekebergia capensis
are often vulnerable to lightning, when the power of lightning strikes them, they either crack or
create a hole somewhere. At this time they become preferred habitat for hornbills.

Sometimes, when they find a tree that has dried up and rotted with fungus, they use their beaks to
expand it to the size they want.
 _

3.1.2.1 Nest tree and its characteristics

3.1.2.1 Nest tree and its characteristics

3.1.2.1 Nest tree and its characteristics

he main trees used by the ground hornbill for nesting are mostly Ficus vasta,
Albizia gummifera, Podocarpus falcatus & Prunus africana which are in
percentage, 19(25%), 13(17.1%), 13(17.1%) & 9(11.8%) ranked respectively of
the 76 nesting trees (Table 1). These hardy & big trees are broad, medium and narrow
leafed tree species classified under Moraceae, fabaceae, podocarpaceae &
Rosaceae families respectively.

Another common tree species found in the study area was used for nests, such as Ficus sur,
Ekebergia capensis, which were good wood trees and stand stone or caves were also used as
habitats for hornbills
Figure . Tree species used for nesting by AGHB

Result from social survey

Result from respondents of local people on hornbills

Knowledge of on current population distribution of hornbills

As shown in Table 9, most of the respondents

They had similar knowledge on the seasonal distribution of hornbills, but this observation was

not significant in the difference in results between all groups (p>0.05). 60% of respondents said
there are more hornbills than ever during the dry season. In this season, usually their herd
number is 4-5 and sometimes 6-9, they are seen walking together than in other seasons.
Table Can you estimate the current ground hornbill population number in
your environment

Frequency Percent

>25 20 5.4

26-50 78 21.0

Valid 51-75 223 60.1

76-100 50 13.5

Total 371 100.0

Conservation of hornbill

As for the conservation of hornbill, 187 (50.4%) of the respondents were of the opinion that their
hornbill species should be protected. However, 69 (17.5%) of them did not support their
protection because they consider them to be crop pests and a nuisance, especially dangerous
poisonous snake species that are used for food. Also, 119 (32.1%) people believed that the
species cannot be protected and some of them should be collected and had a moderate opinion.
This idea is shown in the table ---.
To the question of who is responsible for protection, all respondents had different views: 145
(39.1%) were of the opinion that everyone should be responsible for protection. 88(23.7%)
believed that it is the responsibility of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to conserve the
species and 81(21.8%) of the respondents believed that it is the responsibility of the community
group; and 57 (15.4%) are government bodies responsible for the protection of these species.
Table
ground hornbills should be conserved
Frequency Percent

Valid agree 187 50.4

neutral 119 32.1

disagree 65 17.5

Total 371 100.0

Figure 23: Respondents’ views on whose responsibility it was to conserve

Objective 3 To identify human-ground hornbill interaction in the study area.

Proverbs attached to Hornbills’ social

interactions

Most of my respondents revealed that a pair of hornbills are loyal to each other and stay together
until the end. Because of this, pairs of male and female hornbills are often found together, but
when it comes to searching for food, there is a gap between them. In case of this, people believe
that hornbills are long-lived and that passing between the pair will bring longevity and healing.
Despite this, the birds do not allow people to enter between them. When people approach them,
the birds quickly move towards each other and to go or get up. To avoid this from happening, it
is necessary to cross quickly and wisely.

“እሱኮ የማይሞተው የእርኩም ስጋ በልቶነው”

"He is immortal because he ate the flesh of an Abyssinian ground horn bill." They use this saying
when someone who was very sick and on the brink of death was expected to die when he came
back and started living again.

“የእርኩም ስጋ ስለ በላ አያረጅም”

"He who eats the meat of the Abyssinian ground horn bill does not grow old" This saying is used
by an elderly man to describe his strength and health.

“በርኩም መሃል ያለፈ ረጅም እድሜ ይኖረዋል”

“He who passes through the Abyssinian ground horn bill will live long."
This means that in the community, it is believed that passing through the middle of the
Abyssinian ground horn bill will give you a long life, and because they have accepted that it will
not attack you, it can be seen that they use this saying among them. This shows that this species
of bird, which I call the Abyssinian land snail, lives long and does not die quickly; Based on his
behavior, it can be seen that you are using him as an example.

“እርኩም አጎንብሶ ይለምናል እድሜ፤

በሽታ ሰጠሽኝ ከነዘላለሜ”

“The Abyssinian ground horn bill bows down and begs for age;

You gave me a disease for the rest of my life"

This is the saying of a loving man to a beautiful girl who loves him very much; the Abyssinian
ground horn bill will live a long life, saying that he is captivated by her love and that the love
that entered into him will love her for life. It is to convey a message in short words in the form of
poetry.

“እርስቅህ (በረከትህ) እንደ አፈር፤

እድሜህ እንደ እርኩም ይሁንልህ።”

"Your grace (your blessing) is like dust;

Let your age be like the Abyssinian ground hornbill”.

This type of dedication is especially widely used in the Wolo (Amhara) community. This means
that he will give you a long life and wealth when you don't see problems and when diseases
affect you.

“እርኩም ሆይ ስንት አመት ኖርክ?”

እርኩም “ሶስት ሺህ አመት”

“በዝህ እድሜ ዉስጥ ምን ምን አየህ?”

 እርኩም ”ሁለት ነገር ብቻ አይቻለሁኝ”

“እስቲ ንገረኝ እነሱ ምንድን ናቸው?”

እርኩም “እድሜ መርዘምና ልጅ መውለድ” ይህም እድሜዬ በመርዘሙ አንተን ማየቴ ልጅ በመውለዴ ደግሞ

በመሃል ክንፌ ተሰብሮ ልጄ ስቀልበኝ ማየቴ ነው። አለ እርኩም ይባላል።

"How long have you lived, O Abyssinian ground horn bill?"

Abyssinian ground horn bill "three thousand years"

"What have you seen at your age?"

Abyssinian ground horn bill "I only see two things"

"Tell me, what are they?"

Abyssinian ground horn bill "long life and child birth"

Seeing you because of my old age; when I gave birth to a child, my wing was broken in the
middle and I saw my child feeding me. Said Hornbill’s.

“ግሩም! ከጅብ አይጋሩም” አለ እርኩም

"Great, they don't share with hyenas," said the Abyssinian ground hornbill.

This saying, using the behavior of hyenas, when someone is too greedy and too selfish to blame
that person, they express their thoughts in a gentle way. This saying is based on the sound made
by the Abyssinian ground hornbill.

“እነሱ እኮ አይለያዩም እንደ እርኩም ናቸው”

"They do not differ, they are like Abyssinian ground hornbill”

Which means that they are used as an example of very dear friends, husband and wife,
neighbors, and those who have lived together in love for a long time. They use this metaphor
especially when there is a strong relationship between the couple and when they are cited as role
models by the other community.
“ባልሽ የማይሞተው የእርኩም ስጋ በልቶ ነው ወይ?”

“Your husband is immortal; Did the Abyssinian ground hornbill eat meat?”

When a girl whom a man already loves, another man marries her; Because he is frustrated and
out of energy, he says that he will marry you even if I have to wait until your husband dies.

“እነሱ እኮ አይለያዩም እንደ እርኩም ናቸው”

"They do not differ, they are like Abyssinian ground hornbill”

which means that they are used as an example of very dear friends, husband and wife, neighbors,
and those who have lived together in love for a long time. They use this metaphor especially
when there is a strong relationship between the couple and when they are cited as role models by
the other community.

Proverbs attached to Hornbill’s call

“Muu duubartii!" jedhe Huummoon

"Moo woman!" said Hornbill.

This statement originates from the perspective of the Oromo community.

A hornbill's call (sounds like 'hum, ho, ho...,') sounds like 'mo'.

Voice. The example is commonly used in daily activities.

Expressing contempt by ignoring or displeasing another person's speech or work; The metaphor
is widely used at every opportunity to imply that women are weak and powerless

Proverbs attached to Hornbill’s morphology

Hornbills have black-and-white feathers and bare red neck, and huge beaks compared with that
of other typical co-occurring bird species. The following three proverbs (proverbs
‘3.3.1’–‘3.3.3’) are related to these Hornbill’s features.

"Dubbiin wal-dhabdee akka dhungoo uummoo"

"The matter is conflicted as, like an Abyssinian ground hornbill greeting (kissing)"

which means that the Abyssinian ground hornbill mouth is so long that kissing and seeking is
difficult and impossible. Therefore, when two searching people do not get what they need as
much as they thought and in the way they expected, they express their thoughts in this way.