1

Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
LAOANG CAMPUS
Laoang, Northern Samar
Web: uep.edu.ph; Email: [email protected]

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
MODULE VI
CRIME STATISTICS

Crime statistics are data about the characteristics of crimes and criminals used for crime
prevention strategy and used by criminal justice professionals to gain deeper
understanding of crime and society.

There are three major reasons for measuring characteristics of crimes and criminals.
First, researchers need to collect and analyze information in order to test theories about
why people commit crime. The types of data that are collected and the way they are
collected are crucial to the research process. Criminologists analyze these data and use
their findings to support or refute theories.

The second objective of measurement is to enhance our knowledge about the

characteristics of various types of offenses. Experts have argued that this information is
needed if we are to prevent and develop strategies to control it.

Measurement has a third major objective: criminal justice agencies depend on certain
kinds of information to facilitate daily operations and to anticipate future needs. Besides
the questions that deal with the day-to day functioning of the system, other questions
affect legislative and policy decisions.

Methods of Collecting Data

Given the importance of data for research, policy making, and the day operation and
planning of the criminal justice system, criminologists have continued to refine data
collection techniques. Through the years, the methods have become increasingly
sophisticated.
CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 2

One of the most widely used methods is survey research, which is a cost-effective
method of measuring characteristics of groups. Experimental studies are difficult and
costly to conduct, and for that reason, they are used infrequently. But they have been,
and still are, an important means of collecting data on crimes. Participant observation
involves the direct participation of the researcher in the activities of the people who are
the subjects of the research. A variation of this technique is nonparticipant observation,
in which the researcher collects data without joining in the activity. Another way to
collect information about crime, and especially about criminal careers, is to examine
biographical and autobiographical accounts of individual offenders (the case study
method).

Data can be found in a wide variety of sources, but the most frequently used sources
are the statistics compiled by government agencies, private foundations, and
businesses. The facts and observations researchers gather for the purpose of a
particular study are called primary data. Those they find in government sources, or data
that were previously collected for a different investigation, are called secondary data.

Surveys

Criminologists use surveys to obtain quantitative data. A survey is the systematic

collection of the respondents' answers to questions asked in questionnaires or
interviews. Generally, surveys are used to gather information about the attitudes,
characteristics, or behavior of a large Broup of persons, who are called the population of
the survey.

Surveys conducted by criminologists measure the amount of crime, attitudes toward

police or toward the sentencing of dangerous offenders. assessment of drug abuse, and
fear of crime. Instead of interviewing the total population under study, most researchers
interview a representative subset of that population-a sample. If a sample is carefully
drawn researchers can generalize the results from the sample to the population.

Surveys are cost-effective method, but they have limitations. If a study of drug use by
high school students were done one time only, the finding of a relationship between
drug use and poor grades would not tell us whether drug use caused bad grades,

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 3

whether students with bad grades turned to drugs, or whether bad grades and drug
taking resulted from some other factors, such as lack of a stable family.

Experiments

The experiment is a technique used in the physical, biological, and social sciences. An
investigator introduces a change into a process and makes measurements or
observations in order to evaluate the effects of the change. Through experimentation,
scientists test hypotheses about how two or more variables (factors that may change)
are related.

Evidence that criminologists are embracing experimental methods is seen in the

creation of the Academy of Experimental Criminology (AEC).

The AEC seeks to promote the use of randomized trials in crime and justice research
and to recognize criminologists who have successfully led randomized field
experiments.

Case Studies

A case study is an analysis of all pertinent aspects of one unit of study. such as an
individual, an institution, a group, or a community. The sources of information are
documents, such as life histories, biographies, diaries, journals, letters, and other
records A classic demonstration of criminologists use of the case study method is found
in Edwin Sutherland's The Professional Thief, which is based on interviews with a
professional thief.

Importance of Crime Statistics

Collecting data on the types, amount, and impact of crime in any country is very
important in order to be used as reliable source of crime statistics for law enforcement
administration, operation, and management. It is also used by researchers, politicians,
and criminal justice professionals to gain a deeper understanding of crime and society.

Usage of Crime Statistics

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 4

1. Predictive Policing

Crime statistics can be a tool in helping criminal justice professionals anticipate

increased risk of crime. This can be followed up by law enforcement intervention to
prevent the predicted crimes from occurring. The predictive policing data can help
focus on a specific area and allow police resources to be used more effectively.
However, the predictive value of crime statistics is debatable and still needs refinement.
There have been several pilot projects using crime statistics to predict future crime, but
the results have been inconclusive. The goal is that with more work, crime statistics will
become a tool to help decrease future crimes.

2. Improving Community Relations

Although statistics can't be reliably used for predicting crime right now, national crime
data are an excellent tool in helping to improve relations with the community. Making
crime data public increases transparency.

While it can open criminal justice professionals to scrutiny, it also allows for a dialogue
between law enforcement and the public they serve. As with any other government
agency, the public deserves to be informed about how well police are protecting the
community. Sharing crime statistics with the public increases trust in police and creates
good working relationships

3. Budget Formation

Budgets are a crucial part of law enforcement at the local, state, and federal levels.
Making sure enough money is allocated to the right locations and programs can make a
big difference in keeping communities safe. Crime statistics are important in creating
accurate budgets. They can show where more resources are needed, as well as where
fewer resources are needed as a community grows safer. Without statistics, it would be
impossible to create appropriate law enforcement budgets.

4. Resource Allocation

Beyond just budgets, crime statistics are important in broader law enforcement resource
allocation. For example, the data can be used to help determine which programs or

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 5

communities will receive criminal justice grants. Crime statistics can also be used to
determine where or when police officers will patrol based on areas or times that see
higher crime. While not going as far as predicting where crime will occur, the statistics
do make it easier for criminal justice professionals to deploy their limited financial and
personnel resources.

5. Initiative Assessment

Law enforcement initiatives are created to decrease crime. Crime statistics are
important in determining whether these initiatives are working or if changes are needed.
The data can show if crime rate is going up or down in the areas targeted. This can help
criminal justice professionals understand whether their initiatives are successful.

Crime statistics are just one important criminal justice tool. The value of crime statistics
is not fully known, but there is no doubt that the data are important.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) UNIT CRIME PERIODIC REPORT

The Letter of Instruction (LOI) 02-09 of April 22, 2009, established the PNP uniform
crime periodic report. The very purpose is to promote consistency in the recording of
crime incidence. These guidelines prescribe a uniform procedure for the PNP in
reporting and collecting crime data 94 including cases reported to other law
enforcement agencies involved in the criminal justice system. Further, these data shall
be the working basis for policies and programs on various anti-criminality measures.

For the past years, generating statistical crime data on various crimes committed in the
regions/provinces has been a growing concern for the PNP. To address this issue, two
mechanisms were put in place, such as The National Crime Reporting System (NCRS),
which is more concerned with the details of the crime-to wit, victim's data, offender's
data among others; while crime statistics gathered through the Police Regional Office
Periodic Report (PROPER) is mainly concerned simply with what happened, where, to
whom, why, and the results of investigation.

Crime statistics provide mathematical measures of the level or amount of crime that is
prevalent in societies. It usually refers to figures compiled by the police and similar law

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 6

enforcement agencies. However, it is well known that many, if not most crime incidents,
are not recorded and reported accordingly. In the study conducted, it shows that there is
a need to undertake measures to address the gaps in the present crime reporting
system. There have been notable lapses in the present system and the collection of
relevant data must correspond to the requirements for planning and analysis purposes.

The PNP, as the premier law enforcement agency, needs an accurate statistical crime
data for both administrative and operational decisions. The data gathered from the
regions/provinces play an important role to the PNP's overall assessment of crime
trends and for determining the pattern of crime activity in the country. If the problem on
gathering/generating the crime situation is not properly addressed, the PNP cannot
present an accurate crime situation of the country.

MEASURING CRIME

Criminologists use a variety of research tools to collect information on crime, for without
valid data, they would neither be able to gauge crime patterns and trends nor be able to
assess the effectiveness of crime control methods and programs of the government.

In the Philippine setting, crimes are measured through what we known as Crime
Statistics by which the law enforcement agencies based their anti crime strategy.

Crime Statistics the collection or study of numerical data of crimes

recorded/reported to the police. Importance of Crime Statistics

1. Facilitate policy makers in the formulation of anti-crime strategy

2. Assist leaders in the deployment/disposition of personnel

3. Understand how statistics affect any day-to day operations of the police station

4. Provides an analysis of the relationship of crime incidents with the different

socioeconomic factors.

5. Determines crimes trends over the years

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 7

6. Validates incidents hypothesis regarding crime

7. Traces the prone areas and as to why it is labeled as such Socio-Economic Factors
the Crime Affecting

1. Population density and size of location Variations in the compositions of the

population, particularly age structure
2. Economic conditions such as educational and religious characteristics
3. Climate
4. Effective strength of law enforcement agencies and emphasis of law enforcement 5.
Attitudes of citizenry toward crime 6. Crime reporting practices of citizenry

Generation of Crime Statistics

1. Police Blotter
2. National Crime Reporting System (NCRS) Statistical Formula
Crime Volume- total number of reported crime incidents in an area over a given period
of time regardless of the number of perpetrators.
2. Index Crimes- crimes which are serious in nature and which occur with sufficient
frequency and regularity such that they can serve as an index to the crime situation. It is
classified into:

a) Crimes against person- murder, homicide, physical injury, rape.

b) Crimes against property- robbery and theft

For purposes of uniformity, the following terms shall be operationally defined and
used under the LOI:

a. CRIMES-include felonies that are violations of the RPC and offenses that are
violations of special laws.

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 8

b. CRIME VOLUME - the number of crime incidents committed in a given area over a
period of time that include the index and non index crimes.

CV = Index Crimes + Non-Index Crimes

C. POPULATION -the number of inhabitants in a given area. The figure to be used is

the medium assumption as per the records from the National Statistics Office (NSO)
now Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

d. CRIME RATE - is the number of crime incidents in a given period of time for every
100 000 inhabitants of an are. Crime Volume
Crime Volume
Crime Rate =----------------------------------
Population/100 000

e. INDEX CRIMES - are crimes that are serious in nature and that occur with sufficient
frequency and regularity, such that they can serve as an index to the crime situation.
Crimes considered as index are murder, homicide, physical injury (serious and less
serious), carnapping, cattle rustling, robbery, theft, and rape.

f. SOLVED CASES - NAPOLCOM M.C. No. 94-017 provides that:

1. A case shall be considered solved when the following elements concur: the offender
has been identified; there is sufficient evidence to charge him; the offender has been
taken into custody, and the offender has been charged before the prosecutor's office or
court of appropriate jurisdiction.

2. A case shall be considered solved when some elements beyond police control
prevent the arrest of the offender, such as when the victim refuses to prosecute after
the offender is identified or the offender dies or absconds.

3. The arrest of one offender can solve several crimes or several offenders may be
arrested in the process of solving one crime.

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 9

g. CRIME SOLUTION EFFICIENCY is the percentage of solved cases out of the total
number of crime incidents handled by law enforcement agencies for a given period of
time.

Solved Cases
CSE= -----------------------X 100%
Crime Volume
h. CLEARED CASE - A case shall be considered cleared when at least one of the
offenders has been identified; there is sufficient evidence to charge him/her; and he/she
has been charged before the prosecutor's office or any other court of appropriate
jurisdiction. Included in this category are solved cases.

i. CRIME CLEARANCE EFFICIENCY is the percentage of cleared cases out of the total
number of crime incidents handled by law enforcement agencies for a given period of
time..

CC
CCE=------------------------- x100
CV
Where:

CC = Cleared Cases

CV Crime Volume

Principles and Policies

The following procedures shall prescribe the guidelines in the conduct of crime reporting
for purposes of obtaining an accurate data for interpretation as reflected in the LOI 02-
09:

1. The adoption of a consistent and accurate crime reporting standard shall require the
unconditional commitment of the Chiefs of Police and Provincial/District/City/Regional
Directors. The Investigation and Detective Management (IDM) Officers shall

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 10

continuously ensure that the crime recording is clearly articulated throughout the
organization and that the service and personal implications of such a system are
understood.

2. All line units should seek to gather, collate, and record all crime-related incidents so
as to establish an accurate and timely picture of what is happening locally.

3. The police blotter shall serve as the main source of crime data for submission and
shall be the basis for preparing and accomplishing the Unit Periodic Report and NCRS
Form 1.

4. Crime data from other stakeholders and law enforcement agencies shall also be
recorded into the police blotter. 5. It is envisioned that all future incidents and crime
recording systems should be fully integrated or at least linked to facilitate tracking and
audit between the systems.

6. The Chief of Police must ensure that crime data are gathered from all sources, such
as Barangay. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) Philippine Drug Enforcement
Agency (PDEA), Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD), Bureau of Customs (BOC), Bureau of immigration (BI), and
other agencies with law enforcement functions in the locality.

7. Unit Commanders shall appoint a Crime Registrar who shall be responsible in

consolidating and maintaining crime data files for each unit to ensure consistency and
continuity.

8. The Chief of Police is primarily responsible for the maintenance of accurate crime
data. Accuracy and integrity of crime recording processes must be ensured by the Chief
of investigation Section and Crime Registrar.

Procedures

1. Recording

a. Incident Reports

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 11

As a general rule, all crime incidents, whether reported by the victims, witnesses, or
third parties must be recorded in the police blotter, even under the following
circumstances:

When the offender is ill and is unlikely to recover or is too senile or too mentally
disturbed for proceedings to take place When the complainant or an essential witness is
dead and the proceedings cannot be pursued

When the victim or an essential witness refuses or is permanently unable to stand as a

witness The victim or complainant or witness is a minor

b. Reporting Jurisdiction

The police unit with the territorial jurisdiction where the crime was committed shall have
the primary responsibility to record and report the crime. If a continuing crime is
committed in various areas of responsibilities, it should be recorded and reported as a
single crime by the unit taking cognizance of the crime.

2. Counting Mechanism

The following rules shall apply in the counting of crime incidents

a. Murder cases (Art. 248, RPC) shall include those that were consummated only.
Infanticide (Art. 255, RPC) and Parricide (Art. 246, RPC) cases shall be counted as
murder cases. Killings perpetrated by insurgents and/or terrorist must be included,
Attempted and Frustrated cases of Murder, Infanticide and Parricide are counted as
physical injury cases if indeed the victim(s) was injured. Otherwise, these cases shall be
counted as non-index crimes.

b. Homicide (Art. 249, RPC)- Similarly, only consummated homicide cases are to be
counted. Attempted and Frustrated homicide cases that result to injuries to the victim(s)
are counted as physical injury cases. Otherwise, these cases shall be counted as non-
index crimes.

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 12

c. Serious and Less Serious Physical Injuries (Art. 263, 264 and 265, RPC) - In addition
to actual physical injury cases, incidents perpetrated by/or involving insurgents/terrorists
that resulted to the wounding of the victim(s) must also be counted.

d. Robbery (Art. 293, RPC) - Only consummated robbery cases and robbery in band are
to be counted. e. Carnapping (R.A. No. 6539) - Only consummated carnapping cases
are to be recorded.

f. Cattle Rustling (PD No. 533) - Only consummated cases shall be recorded.

g. Theft (Art. 308, RPC)- Only consummated theft cases are to be counted.

h. Rape (Art. 335, RPC and R.A, 8353) - Only consummated and statutory rapes shall
be included. Suicide shall not be counted as a crime. i.

j. For compound and complex crimes, only the most serious offense should be counted
(principal crime rule).

k. The reported incident shall be counted as a crime after receiving validation by the
investigation officer that there is such an incident constituting a crime.

1. Infractions involving violations of provincial/city/municipal and barangay ordinances

shall not be counted.

m. Violations of the RPC and Special Laws that are to be settled at the barangay (under
PD 1508 as amended by Local Government Code of 1991 and Supreme Court
Administrative Circular No.14-93) shall be recorded separately.

n. Crime Incident/s under R.A. No. 9344 or the Juvenile Justice Act where absolute
confidentiality of the parties and the documents are provided shall be recorded. Data
from local DSWD office shall be collated.

o. For purposes of generating separate statistics of all offenses arising from violations of
traffic rules and regulations, the Traffic Investigation Section/Division shall assume
responsibility in recording all traffic offenses and submit the same to the Crime Registrar
for data integration in the crime statistics.

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 13

3. Crime Registrar (CR)

To ensure that a consistent crime recording standard s maintained within the PNP, each
unit shall appoint a Crime Registrar. The registrar shall ensure the proper
accomplishment of NCRS Form-1 in accordance to NAPOLCOM Resolution 92-39,

4. What to Report/Submit

All PNP units must submit their Unit Crime Periodic Report (UCPER) with
corresponding analysis, interpretation, and complete attachments as required in the
original PROPER. The said report shall be accomplished by the reporting unit as stated
below, to be submitted on the dates indicated in these guidelines:

a. City/Municipal Police Stations

 All City/Municipal Police Stations (CPS/MPS) shall submit the UCPER (UCPER-
CPS/MPS) to the Police Provincial Office (PPO)/NCR District every month.

 The Unit shall accomplish the List of Crime Incidents Referred/Processed by

Reporting PNP Unit/Office on a daily basis.

 The said list shall be tabulated/consolidated in order to accomplish the table on

Statistics of Crime Incidents, which shall be included in the monthly UCPER.

 The records of crime incidents from other agencies, such as: DSWD, Department
of Interior and Local Government (DILG) (for barangay cases). Traffic Office, and
other law enforcement agencies shall be collected monthly and incorporated in
the summary of incidents and form as a part of the UCPER.

 The report shall contain a summary and corresponding interpretation and

analysis of all tables included in its annexes.

 The report submitted to the PPO/NCR District must indicate the signature of Unit
Crime Registrar, the Unit Investigation Chief, and Chief of CPS/MPS..

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 14

b. Police Provincial/NCR Districts/City Police Offices

 All PPO/NCR Districts/City Police Offices shall submit the UCPER (UCPER-
PPOS/NCR Districts/CPOs) to the Police Regional Office (PRO) on a monthly
basis.

 The PPO/NCR District/City Police Office shall consolidate Statistics on Crime

Incidents from all CPSS/MPSs under its AOR.

 The PPO/NCR District/City Police Office shall submit to the PRO the
consolidated report containing data from all units under its jurisdiction and crime
data gathered from the provincial/district/city offices with similar jurisdiction of the
following agencies: PDEA, NBI, Land Transportation Office (LTO), BFAR, DENR,
BOC, and other agencies with law enforcement functions in the locality.

 The report shall contain a summary and corresponding interpretation and

analysis of all tables included in its annexes.

 The report submitted by the PPO/NCR District/City Police Office must indicate
the signature of Unit Crime Registrar the Unit Investigation Chief, and the
Provincial/NCR District City Director.

c. Police Regional Offices

 All PROS shall submit the UCPER (UCPER-PRO) to the Directorate for
Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM) on a monthly basis.

 The report shall be in hard and soft copies containing a summary and
corresponding interpretation and analysis of all tables included in its annexes.

 The report submitted by the PRO must indicate the signature of Unit Crime
Registrar, the Chief, RIDMD, and the Regional Director.

d. Concerned National Support Units (NSUS)

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 15

 Concerned National Support Units (NSUS) shall submit the UCPER (UCPER-
NSU) to the DIDM every month.

 The report shall be in hard and soft copies containing summary and
corresponding interpretation and analysis of all tables included in its annexes.

 The report submitted by the NSUS must indicate the signature of Unit Crime
Registrar, the AD for Investigation, and Unit Director.

5. When to Report/Submit

a. CPS/MPS to PPO/NCR District = 1st day of every month b. PPO/NCR District/CPO to

PRO = 3rd day of every month

C. PRO/NSU to DIDM=5th day of every month

6. Tasks

A. Directorate for Investigation and Detective Management (DIDM)

1. Assume Directorial Staff responsibility for the efficient and effective implementation of
this LOI.

2. Evaluate the crime reporting performance of all unit commanders and institute
appropriate measures to ensure religious compliance.
3. Responsible for the collection and interpretation of crime data.

4. Prepare periodic assessment of crimes for the command and other law enforcement
agencies concerned.

B. Directorate for Operations (DO)

1. Responsible in the coordination/ liaison with other law enforcement agencies

(National Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee) to make available to police units
crime incidents that have come to their attention/ initiated operations.

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 16

2. Assist in the implementation of this LOL

C. Directorate for Comptrollership (DC)

1. Provide financial support for the smooth implementation of this LOI.

D. Directorate for Police Community Relations (DPCR)

1. Responsible in the information dissemination of these policy guidelines to other

stakeholders and agencies with law enforcement functions.

2. Establish rapport with other stakeholders for their cooperation in the submission of
the required crime data.

E. Regional Directors (through RIDMDs)

1. Compile UCPER of Provincial/NCR District/City Offices and conduct crime trend

analysis at the Regional Level.

2. Liaise with DIDM on crime data required at the regional level.

3. Monitor compliance and follow-up lower units.

4. Ensure that the report submitted is reflective of the actual, accurate and true crime
situation in his area of responsibility.

5. Designate a Crime Registrar who shall be responsible for the maintenance and
consolidation of UCPER from lower units and other enforcement agencies operating at
the regional level.

F. Provincial/NCR Distrcit City Directors (through PIDMBS/DIDMBS)

1. Collect and compile date from the city Municipal Station

2. Conduct crime trend analysis for use at the provincial./district/city level.
3. Liase with RIDMDs for crime data required at the provincial/district/city level.

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 17

4. Ensure that the report submitted is reflective of the actual, accurate and true
crime situation in his/her area of responsibility.
5. designate a crime Registrar who shall be responsible for the maintenance and
conlidation of UCPER from the lower units and other enforcement agencies
operating at the provincial/district/city level
6. Monitor compliance of lower units.

7. Administrative Sanctions

a. Immediate Supervisors and/or Heads of Offices who fail or refuse to take action on
the prescribed guidelines shall be liable for NEGLECT OF DUTY in accordance with
NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 2007-001.

b. Deliberate or intentional manipulation of data, such as under counting of crime data,

false entry, or any other acts that shal not reflect the accurate or true crime situation
shall constitute SERIOUS IRREGULARITY IN THE PERFORMANCE OF DUTY, in
accordance with NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR 2007-001.

THE CONCEPT OF CRIME MAPPING AND CRIME TRENDS

Crime mapping is considered to be one of the important perspectives of studying crime

and its preventive measures to control it. Crime mapping involves the identification of
area/s where crime incidence rate is high Through crime mapping, law enforcement
authorities will be able to ident the areas where they should focus their plans and
activities.

History of Crime Mapping

The history of crime mapping began when European researchers examined the levels
of crime within different areas (regions) and ther
relationship of these levels to sociological factors. These researchers adhered to the
school of thought known as the cartographic school of criminology in 1800s.

In 1829, Adriano Balbi, an ethnographer and geographer, together with Andre-Michel

Guerry, a lawyer, created the first maps of crime using criminal statistics for the years
1825 to 1827 and demographic data from the census.

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 18

Both Balbi and Guerry examined crimes against property, crimes against persons, and
levels of education in France and found that areas with high level of crimes against
property had low incidence of crimes against people and that higher number of
educated people lived in areas with more property crime.

The Belgian astronomer and statistician Adolphe Quetelet also used maps to examine
correlations between crime and transportation routes, education levels, and ethnic and
cultural variations.

United States: 1900-1970

The use of crime mapping in the United States began in 1920s when the first
substantive spatial analysis of crime was conducted by urban criminologists in Chicago.
These scholars' spatial analysis of juvenile delinquency and social conditions in Chicago
is considered to be one of the foremost examples of crime mapping in the first half of
the twentieth century.

Crime Mapping

Crime mapping, as used in policing, refers to the process of conducting spatial analysis
within crime analysis. It uses geographic information system to conduct spatial analysis
of crime problem and other police-related issues. It is a tool used to identify and
highlight suspicious incidents an events that may require further investigation. In
addition, crime mapping helps individuals to understand events and dynamics in a
neighborhood and increases the knowledge of existing problems present in a territory.
Crime mapping serves three main functions within crime analysis:

1. It facilitates visual and statistical analyses of the spatial nature of crime and other
types of events.

2. It allows analysts to link unlike data sources together based on common geographic
variables (e.g, linking census information, school information, and crime data for a
common area).

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 19

3. It provides maps that help communicate analysis results. Crime mapping is

complementary to all forms of crime analysis, and it plays an important part in almost
every analysis.

Types of Crime Mapping

Several types of mapping are used routinely in crime analysis. The following are the
types of crime mapping:

1. Single-symbol Mapping

In single-symbol maps, individual uniform symbols represent features such as the

locations of stores, roads, or states.

2. Buffers

A buffer is a specified area around a feature on a map. Buffers can be set at small
distances, such as 50 feet, or larger distances, such as 500 miles, depending on the
purpose and scale of the map. Buffers help in crime analysis by illustrating the relative
distances between features on a map.

3. Graduated Mapping

Crime analysts often use graduated maps-that is, maps in which different sizes or colors
of features represent particular values of variables. In graduated size map, the sizes of
the symbols used for point and line features reflect their value. This map can account
for multiple incidents at the same locations.

4. Chart Mapping

Chart mapping allows crime analysts to display several values within particular variable
at the same time. There are two types of chart mapping pie and bar. In pie chart
mapping, the relative percentages (represented by slices of a pie) of values within a
variable are displayed.

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 20

In bar chart mapping, the relative frequencies (represented by bars) values within
variables are displayed.

5. Density Mapping

In density mapping, analysts use point data to shade surfaces that are not limited to
area boundaries. In their most basic form, density maps are shaded according to the
concentration of incidents in particular areas.

In the map shown below, the darker colors represent areas in which the

Incidents are more concen3trated, and the lighter colors represent those in which the
incident are less concentrated.

Crime Trend

A crime trend is defined as a significant change in the nature of selected crime types
within a defined geographical area and time period. It is the measurement of significant
changes in an area's crime pattern over time.

All countries, regions, and cities across the globe are affected by trends in crime,
violence, and insecurity. Safety concerns have a major effect on people's quality of life,
affecting how they live, when they feel comfortable going out, how they travel, and
where they go. It affects the work environment, business and industry, and the
willingness of people to invest in housing and development.

Understanding crime trends in one's country plays a vital role in planning crime
prevention strategies to be adopted to cope up with the demand of the society when it
comes to reducing the incidence of crime.

SUMMARY

Crime statistics are data about the characteristics of crimes and criminals used for crime
prevention strategy and used by criminal justice professionals to gain deeper
understanding of crime and society. Measuring characteristics of crimes and criminals is

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)
 21

important because: (1) researchers need to collect and analyze information in order to
test theories about why people commit crime; (2) it enhances our knowledge of the
characteristics of various types of offenses; and (3) criminal justice agencies depend on
certain kinds of information to facilitate daily operations and to anticipate future needs.
The methods used by criminologists in collecting data usually involves: (1) surveys, (2)
experiments, and (3) case studies. The different usage of crime statistics are: (1)
predictive policing, (2) improving community relations, (3) budget formations, (4)
resource allocation, and (5) initiative assessment.

The PNP UCPER was established through LOI 02-09 dated April 22 2009. It developed
the principles and policies to be followed by the PNP, as the premier law enforcement
agency, to have an accurate statistical crime data for both administrative and
operational decisions. The data gathered from the regions/provinces play an important
role to the PNP's overall assessment of crime trends and for determining the pattern of
crime activity in the country.

Crime mapping and crime trends are two important factors in crime prevention. The
former is used in order to process data using a geographic information system to
conduct spatial analysis of crime problem and other police-related issues, while the
latter is the measurement of significant changes in an area's crime pattern over time.

CRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Criminologist Rodel Bulan Diaz
Subject Instructor
University of Eastern Philippines-Laoang Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education (CCJE)