PGIMS Approved

1.
IntroductionIntroduction to PGIMS:-
Memory is defined as maintaining the process of
information over time(Matlin,2005). PGIMS is a structured
verbal test which measures different components of
memory (remote and recent memory, mental balance,
attention and concentration and immediate recall, verbal
retention of similar and dissimilar pairs, visual retention
and recognition of common objects). The scoring can be
done using mean and standard deviation for the whole
study sample (irrespective of the age) to maintain the
homogeneity of the sample scores. It has 10 subtests
which are used for evaluation.
2. History of PGIMS: -
Post Graduate Institute Memory Scale (PGI-MS) was
developed by Dwarka Prasad and N.N Wig. It gives a valid
clinical evaluation of memory functions. It is a specially
designed test for evaluation of memory in semi-literate
people suitable for the Indian population. It has age and
education specific norms for age range from 20 to 69
years of age.
3. Theoretical Background
4. Components of the test
Remote Memory
Remote memory consists of a collection of distant memories in the form of episodic,

personal & general semantic memory that comprises historical events & people. In
the PGIMS, questions about the general past are asked to test the subject’s remote
memory.
Recent Memory
Recent memory, or working memory, is a temporary storage of information that

allows for an individual to carry on with daily cognitive tasks such as reasoning &
comprehension. Recent memory is involved in the selection, initiation & termination
of information-processing functions such as encoding, storing & retrieving data.
Mental Balance
A state of well-being that comes from having the mind freed from its afflictive &
negative tendencies. There are 4 kinds of mental balances: Conative, Attentional,
Cognitive & Emotional. Conative balance refers to the implementation of one’s
intention & will. Attentional balance refers to providing a certain activity with just the
right amount of attention. A cognitive balance is engaging with the world without the
influences of assumptions & distortions of reality. Lastly, the emotional balance is
struck when there is a balance of the other three, i.e. a balance between one’s
desires, thoughts & actions
Attention & Concentration
Attention is the ability to focus on a specific task or duty, one is able to choose to pay
attention to an object or task. Concentration is the ability to carry out the attention for
a period of time, there are varying degrees or levels of concentration. Applying
attention & concentration allows one to complete a task more efficiently.
Delayed Recall
Refers to the ability to recall information that was acquired at an earlier time after a
period of rest or distraction. This type of memory test checks for the loss of
information that was shown previously against the established norms.
Immediate Recall
Refers to the ability to recall information immediately after it is acquired. This test is
used to compare a subject’s responses in order to differentiate between normal
cognitive functioning and mild dementia. In this test, the participant is tested for recall
of stimuli immediately after the stimuli are presented.
Verbal Retention of Similar Pairs
In this test, the examiner recites similar pairs of words and after a short interval of
time, when the examiner calls out one word of the pair, the participant has to say the
other word of the pair. This test assesses the ability to remember pairs of words
which are similar to each other like day - night, woman - man, etc.
Verbal Retention of Dissimilar Pairs
In this test, the examiner recites dissimilar pairs of words and after a short interval of
time, when the examiner calls out one word of the pair, the participant has to say the
other word of the pair. This test assesses the ability to remember pairs of words
which are dissimilar to each other like table - black, lamp - uneven, etc.
Visual Retention
In this test, an image is shown to the participant for a specific period of time. And
after a short interval, the participant is asked to replicate that image by drawing it on
a paper. The first image is quite simple but the images get complicated and the last
image shown is quite complex. This test assesses a person’s ability to retain visual
stimuli and reproduce it.
Recognition
In this test, an image containing several objects is shown to the participant for a
specific period of time. And after a short interval, the participant is shown another
image which contains all the objects from the previous image along with some more
objects. The participant has to identify the objects they saw in the first image in the
second image. This test assesses a person’s ability to retain visual stimuli and
recognise them from among other items.
5. Psychometric properties of PGIMS

Validity
The PGI Memory Scale was found to have a correlation of 0.71 with Boston Memory
Scale and 0.85 with the Wechsler Memory Scale. It also confirmed the 4 hypotheses
set to demonstrate its validity which are as follows:
1. The subject suffering from neurological disorders will obtain poorer scores
than the subjects suffering from functional psychiatric illness
2. The older subjects should obtain lower scores than younger normal adults
3. The scores on memory scale should have positive relationship with education
4. It should not have high correlation with intelligence test scores
6. Merits and Demerits
7. Applications
8. Review of literature
A Role of Memory Functions in Patients with Dissociative Disorder

Shenoy, A. A., Sharma, R. K., & Agrawal, A
In this study, the aim was to investigate the relationship between dissociative
experiences and memory performance in an outpatient Hospital setting. This study
compared 30 dissociative disorder patients and normal control based on Dissociative
Experience scale (DES-II) and PGI Memory scale. Results indicate that there is a
significant relationship between patient and control group with respect to Mental
Balance, Attention & Concentration, Delayed recall, Retention for dissimilar Pairs,
Visual Retention, and Recognition. These findings suggest that there is a definite
relationship between dissociative experiences and memory performance.
Comparative study of memory function of patients with alcohol dependence

syndrome and normal population
Panchal, Manisha; Contractor, Aashish; Pathak, Ami; Dey, Biswajit.
The goal of the study was to analyze different types of memory in people with
Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS), and compare it with the general population
with no ADS. The researchers used a cross sectional, hospital based approach
between group designs. A memory scale of a neuropsychological battery which was
standardised on an Indian population was used as the tool to assess the various
memories. Both the groups were of equal number. The findings suggested that there
were significant deficits in most of the domains of memory functioning among people
with ADS
9. References
Comparative study of memory function of patients with alcohol dependence syndrome and
normal population - ProQuest. (n.d.). Www.proquest.com. Retrieved January 3,
2022, from
https://www.proquest.com/openview/0f9181fc68ef4d0dcc341f0a9953dee3/1?pq-
origsite=gscholar&cbl=2032134
Kaur, H., & Bhattacharya, R. (2016). PGI Memory Scale. Prezi.
https://prezi.com/6uwtu_ejphol/pgi-memory-scale/
Shenoy, A. A., Sharma, R. K., & Agrawal, A. (2019). A Role of Memory Functions in
Patients with Dissociative Disorder. Academia. Retrieved Dec 29, 2021, from
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64164610/18.01.082.20190702-with-cover-
page-v2.pdf?Expires=1641185017&Signature=NxriaZNexv-
BVD~j9zR91uxfOqiof42kq6SXcR03gst-
vUhOqBhAWut3qtGhtsh9gyv1cZuzjskaKDOqm9v5jeuglucDGk3p5iFaQiltifp6LP6HiS
SSQzBo6vqcS2v2yH9MsPRzBu

PGIMS Approved

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1.

Remote memory consists of a collection of distant memories in the form of episodic,

Recent memory, or working memory, is a temporary storage of information that

Attention & Concentration

Verbal Retention of Similar Pairs

Verbal Retention of Dissimilar Pairs

5. Psychometric properties of PGIMS

A Role of Memory Functions in Patients with Dissociative Disorder

Comparative study of memory function of patients with alcohol dependence

normal population - ProQuest. (n.d.). Www.proquest.com. Retrieved January 3,

Kaur, H., & Bhattacharya, R. (2016). PGI Memory Scale. Prezi.

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