Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids: Medical Laboratory Science Department

TAGUM DOCTORS COLLEGE, INC.
Mahogany St., Rabe Subd., Tagum City

Telefax: (084) 655 – 6971 E-Mail: [email protected]
Website: TagumDocollege.com
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT
ANALYSIS OF URINE
AND OTHER BODY
FLUIDS
Laboratory Manual
Compiled by:
Ann Fatima G. Quindao, RMT, LPT, MPH

Noraine Princess G. Tabangcora, RMT, LP
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPERIMENT TITLE
PAGE
NUMBER
1 The Proper Collection and 1

Assessment of Ideal
Urine Specimen and
Preservatives
2 The Proper Procedure for

Physical Examination of
Urine Analysis
3 Chemical Examination:
Reagent Strip and
Conventional Methods
4 The Proper Procedure for

Microscopic Examination and
Method of Reporting
Urinary Sediments
5 The Proper Procedure to

Perform and Report One-Step
Qualitative Urine
Pregnancy Test
6 The Proper Procedure to

Perform Fecal Occult
Blood Test (FOBT)
7 The Proper Procedure

Perform the Seminal Fluid
Analysis and its Collection,
Storage and Transport
8 The Proper Technique to

Perform Urinalysis and
Body Fluid Using
Automation Examination
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
2
ANALYSIS OF URINE AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS
EXPERIMENT NO.1
THE PROPER COLLECTION, ASSESSMENT OF IDEAL URINE SPECIMEN AND
PRESERVATIVES
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the activity, the student should be able to;

1. Identify and assess the type of specimen and collection;
2. List the major organic and three major inorganic chemical constituents of urine.
3. Recognize normal and abnormal daily urine volumes.
4. Describe the characteristics of the recommended urine specimen containers.
5. Describe the correct methodology for labeling urine specimens.
6. Identify the possible reasons a laboratory would reject a urine specimen.
7. List the urine preservatives and identify its advantages and disadvantages.
INTRODUCTION:
Urinalysis or urine examination can provide a lot of significant information. Careful examination
enables the detection of disease process intrinsic to the urinary system, both functional
(physiological) and structural (anatomic), and sometimes unsuspected. The progression of
regression of various lesions can be monitored with only minimal distress to the patient.
Furthermore, systemic disease processes, such as endocrine or metabolic abnormalities, can be
detected through the recognition of abnormal quantities of disease-specific metabolites excreted
in the urine. Urine testing in the laboratory will continue to play an important role in clinical
medicine.
Urine Composition
The kidneys continuously form urine as an ultrafiltrate of plasma. Reabsorption of water and
filtered substances essential to body function converts approximately 170,000 ml of filtered
plasma to the average daily urine output of 1200 ml.
Urine consists of urea and other organic and inorganic chemicals dissolved in water. Compose of
95% water and 5% solutes.
Urine Volume
Urine volume depends on the amount of water that the kidneys excrete. Water is a major body
constituent; therefore, the amount excreted is usually determined by the body’s state of
hydration. Factors that influence urine volume include fluid
intake, fluid loss from non-renal sources, variations in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone, and
need to excrete increased amounts of dissolved solids, such as glucose or salts. Taking these
factors into consideration, although the normal daily urine output is usually 1200 to 1500 mL, a
range of 600 to 2000 mL is considered normal.
3
SPECIMEN COLLECTION
Container
 Specimens must be collected in a clean, dry, leak-proof containers (screw top lids).
 Recommended capacity of urine container is 50 ml, which allows 12 ml of specimen
needed for microscopic analysis, repeat analysis, and enough room for the specimen to be
mixed by swirling the container.
Label
 Patients Name
 Age and sex
 Date and time of collection
Requisitions
 Physician’s order/request
Specimen Rejection
Improperly labeled and collected specimens should be rejected by the laboratory, and appropriate
personnel should be notified to collect a new specimen. Unacceptable situations include:
 Specimens in unlabeled containers
 Nonmatching labels and requisition forms
 Specimens contaminated with feces or toilet paper
 Containers with contaminated exteriors
 Specimens of insufficient quantity
 Specimens that have been improperly transported
Laboratories should have a written policy detailing their conditions for specimen rejection.
Types of Urine Collection
Random Specimen
This is the most commonly received specimen because of its ease of collection and convenience
for the patient. The random specimen may be collected at any time, but the actual time of
voiding should be recorded on the container. The random specimen is useful for routine
screening tests to detect obvious abnormalities. However, it may also show erroneous results
resulting from dietary intake or physical activity just before collection. The patient will then be
requested to collect an additional specimen under more controlled conditions.
First Morning Specimen

Although it may require the patient to make an additional trip to the laboratory, this is the ideal
screening specimen. It is also essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy tests and for
evaluating orthostatic proteinuria. The first morning specimen is a concentrated specimen,
thereby assuring detection of chemicals and formed elements that may not be present in a dilute
4
random specimen. The patient should be instructed to collect the specimen immediately on
arising and to deliver it to the laboratory within 2 hours or keep it refrigerated.
24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen

Measuring the exact amount of a urine chemical is often necessary instead of just reporting its
presence or absence. A carefully timed specimen must be used to produce accurate quantitative
results. Many solutes exhibit diurnal variations such as catecholamines, 17-hydroxysteroids, and
electrolytes in which the lowest concentration is in the early morning and the highest
concentration occurs in the afternoon. When the concentration of the substance to be measured
changes with diurnal variations and with daily activities such as exercise, meals, and body
metabolism, 24-hour collection is required.
Catheterized Specimen
This specimen is collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through
the urethra into the bladder. The most commonly requested test on a catheterized specimen is a
bacterial culture.
Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen

An alternative to the catheterized specimen, the midstream clean-catch specimen provides a
safer, less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis. It
provides a specimen that is less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria and, therefore, is
more representative of the actual urine than the routinely voided specimen.
Suprapubic Aspiration
Occasionally urine may be collected by external introduction of a needle through the abdomen
into the bladder. Because the bladder is sterile under normal conditions, suprapubic aspiration
provides a sample for bacterial culture that is completely free of extraneous contamination. The
specimen can also be used for cytologic examination.
Three-Glass Collection
Prior to collection the area is cleansed using the male mid-stream clean-catch procedure. Then
instead of discarding the first urine passed, it is collected in a sterile container. Next, the
midstream portion is collected in another sterile container. The prostate is then massaged so that
prostate fluid will be passed with the remaining urine into a third sterile container. Quantitative
cultures are performed on all specimens, and the first and third specimens are examined
microscopically. In prostatic infection, the third specimen will have a white blood cell/ high-
power field count and a bacterial count 10 times that of the first specimen. Macrophages
containing lipids may also be present. The second specimen is used as a control for bladder and
kidney infection. If it is positive, the results from the third specimen are invalid because infected
urine has contaminated the specimen.
Pediatric Specimens
Collection of pediatric specimens can present a challenge. Soft, clear plastic bags with
hypoallergenic skin adhesive (urine collector) to attach to the genital area of both boys and girls
are available for collecting routine specimens.
SPECIMEN PRESERVATION
The most routinely used method of preservation is refrigeration at 2°C to 8°C, which decreases
bacterial growth and metabolism. If the urine is to be cultured, it should be refrigerated during
transit and kept refrigerated until cultured up to 24 hours. The specimen must return to room
temperature before chemical testing by reagent strips.
When a specimen must be transported over a long distance and refrigeration is impossible,
chemical preservatives may be added. Commercially prepared transport tubes are available. The
ideal preservative should be bactericidal, inhibit urease, and preserve formed elements in the
sediment. At the same time, the preservative should not interfere with chemical tests.
5
MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:
Urine Container
Nescofilm
Marking pens
Test Tube
Test tube rack
REAGENTS/SAMPLE:
Urine Sample
PROCEDURE:
1. Specimen Evaluation of acceptability

2. Specimen collection

ANALYSIS OF URINE AND OTHER BODY
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
THE PROPER COLLECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF AN IDEAL URINE SPECIMEN

AND PRESERVATIVES
General Instructions:
All answers MUST be: Handwritten, CAPITAL LETTERS
Answers should be brief and concise
Criteria:
Content 50%
Accuracy 20%
Organization of thoughts 20%
Neatness 10%
1. What is the best type of urine specimen? Why? (5 Points)

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. In table form, list the different types of urine specimen and its purposes. (20 Points)
6
3. In table form, list the urine preservatives, its advantages and disadvantages. (30
Points)
7
4. What is the best urine preservative? Expound your answer. (5 Points)

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

ANALYSIS OF URINE AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
THE PROPER PROCEDURE TO PERFORM PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN URINE
ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the activity, the student should be able to;

1. State the clinical significance of urine clarity.
2. List the common terminology used to report clarity.
3. List pathologic and non-pathologic causes of cloudy urine.
4. Define specific gravity, and tell why this measurement can be significant in the routine
analysis.
5. Describe the principles of the refractometer, reagent strip, and osmolality for determining
specific gravity.
6. Compare reagent strip testing for urine specific gravity with osmolality and refractometer
testing.
INTRODUCTION:
Physical examination of urine is the first part of routine urinalysis. It is the simplest procedure of
all urine examination, but this simplicity does not mean that anyone can do it without any
background knowledge and experience. Physical examination of urine usually gives hint for the
subsequent urinalysis. The physical examination of urine includes the determination of the urine
color, clarity, and specific gravity. Early physicians based many medical decisions on the color
and clarity of urine. Today, observation of these characteristics provides preliminary information
concerning disorders such as glomerular bleeding, liver disease, inborn errors of metabolism, and
urinary tract infection. Measurement of specific gravity aids in the evaluation of renal tubular
function. The results of the physical portion of the urinalysis also can be used to confirm or to
explain findings in the chemical and microscopic areas of urinalysis.
COLOR
Normally color of urine may vary within a day; in the morning it has dark yellow color, while in
the afternoon or evening, the color ranges from light yellow to colorless. Normal urine color
varies from straw (light yellow color) to dark amber (dark yellow).
8
 Light yellow indicate that the urine is more diluted, and has low specific gravity. Such
exceptional condition occurs in case of diabetic mellitus. In this condition the color of
urine is mostly light yellow, but because of having high glucose content, its specific
gravity is high.
 On the other hand, dark amber (dark yellow) color mostly indicates that the urine is
concentrated, and has high specific gravity. This type of urine is seen normally in the first
morning urination.
 Normal urine color results from three pigments. They are:
- Urochrome, responsible for yellow color formation. This pigment is found in high
proportion than the other two.
- Uroerythrin, – responsible for red color formation.
- Urobilin, – responsible for the orange-yellow color formation.
Thus, normal urine gets its color from a combination of the above-mentioned three pigments.
TRANSPARENCY/CLARITY
“Clarity” is a general term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen. In
routine urinalysis, clarity is determined in the same manner that ancient physicians used: by
visually examining the mixed specimen while holding it in front of a light source. The specimen
should, of course, be in a clear container. Color and clarity are routinely determined at the same
time. Common terminology used to report clarity includes clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, and milky.
URINE CLARITY
Clarity Term
Clear No visible particulates, transparent
Hazy Few particulates, print easily seen through urine
Cloudy Many particulates, print blurred through urine
Turbid Print cannot be seen through urine
Milky May precipitate or be clotted
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The kidney’s ability to concentrate the glomerular filtrate by selectively reabsorbing essential
chemicals and water from the glomerular filtrate is one of the kidney’s most important functions.
The evaluation of urine concentration is included in the routine urinalysis by measuring the
specific gravity of the specimen. Including specific gravity in the routine urinalysis provides an
additional function, which is to determine whether specimen concentration is adequate to ensure
the accuracy of chemical tests.
METHODS:
Refractometer
Refractometry determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring
refractive index. Refractive index is a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity
of light in a solution. The concentration of dissolved particles present in the solution determines
the velocity and angle at which light passes through a solution. Clinical refractometers make use
of these principles of light by using a prism to direct a specific (monochromatic) wavelength of
daylight against a manufacturer-calibrated specific gravity scale. The concentration of the
specimen determines the angle at which the light beam enters the prism. Therefore, the specific
gravity scale is calibrated in terms of the angles at which light passes through the specimen.
Urinometer
The urinometer consists of a weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms
of urine specific gravity. The weighted float displaces a volume of liquid equal to its weight and
9
has been designed to sink to a level of 1.000 in distilled water. The additional mass provided by
the dissolved substances in urine causes the float to displace a volume of urine smaller than that
of distilled water.
Urinometry is less accurate than the other methods currently available and is not recommended
by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).
Reagent Strip
The reagent strip reaction is based on the change in pKa (dissociation constant) of a
polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium. The polyelectrolyte ionizes, releasing hydrogen ions in
proportion to the number of ions in the solution. The higher the concentration of urine, the more
hydrogen ions are released, thereby lowering the pH. Incorporation of the indicator bromthymol
blue on the reagent pad measures the change in pH. As the specific gravity increases, the
indicator changes from blue (1.000 [alkaline]), through shades of green, to yellow (1.030 [acid]).
Readings can be made in 0.005 intervals by careful comparison with the color chart.
Osmolality
Specific gravity depends on the number of particles present in a solution and the density of these
particles; osmolality is affected only by the number of particles present. When evaluating renal
concentration ability, the substances of interest are small molecules, primarily sodium (molecular
weight 23) and chloride (molecular weight 35.5). However, urea (molecular weight 60), which is
of no importance to this evaluation, will contribute more to the specific gravity than will the
sodium and chloride molecules. Because all three molecules contribute equally to the osmolarity
of the specimen, a more representative measure of renal concentrating ability can be obtained by
measuring osmolarity.
The osmolarity of a solution can be determined by measuring a property that is mathematically

related to the number of particles in the solution (colligative property) and comparing this value
with the value obtained from the pure sol-vent. Solute dissolved in solvent causes the following
changes in colligative properties: lower freezing point, higher boiling point, increased osmotic
pressure, and lower vapor pressure. Because water is the solvent in urine the number of particles
present in a sample can be determined by comparing a colligative property value of the sample
with that of pure water. To measure osmolality in the urinalysis laboratory requires special
equipment referred to as an osmometer and therefore an additional step in the routine urinalysis
procedure.
ODOR
It is seldom of clinical significance and is not a part of the routine urinalysis, urine odor is a
noticeable physical property. Freshly voided urine has a faint aromatic odor. As the specimen
stands, the odor of ammonia becomes more prominent. The breakdown of urea is responsible for
the characteristic ammonia odor. Causes of unusual odors include bacterial infections, which
cause a strong, unpleasant odor similar to ammonia, and diabetic ketones, which produce a sweet
or fruity odor. A serious metabolic defect results in urine with a strong odor of maple syrup and
is appropriately called maple syrup urine disease. Ingestion of certain foods, including onions,
garlic, and asparagus, can cause an unusual or pungent urine odor. Studies have shown that
although everyone who eats asparagus produces an odor, only certain genetically predisposed
people can smell the odor.
MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:
Urine Container
Nescofilm
Marking pens
Test Tube
Test tube rack
10
Urinometer
Refractometer
REAGENTS/SAMPLE:
Urine Sample
Reagent Strip
PROCEDURE:
Urine Color and Clarity Procedure

1. Evaluate an adequate volume of specimen.
2. Use a well-mixed specimen.
3. View the urine through a clear container.
4. View the urine against a white background using adequate room lighting.
5. Maintain adequate room lighting
6. Evaluate a consistent volume of urine
• Determine the urine color.
• Describe the urine transparency/clarity
Specific Gravity
Measurement of Specific Gravity

The following methods are used to test the specific gravity of urine:
 Refractometer
 Urinometer
 Reagent strip
 Weighing technique
Specimen: It should be the first urine passed at the beginning of the day with the patient having
taken no fluid for 10 hours. The testing of random urine specimen has little clinical value.
Refractometer
It is an instrument, which reads the refractive index of the urine. The refractive index
measurement depends on the number of dissolved particles in the urine. The higher the
concentration of the particles the greater the refractive index, and so the specific gravity.
1. Put one or two drops of sample on the prism.

2. Close the daylight plate gently.
3. The sample must spread all over the prism surface.
11
4. Look at the scale through the eyepiece.

5. Read the scale where the boundary line intercepts it.
6. Wipe the sample from the prism clean with a tissue paper and water.
Urinometer
The specific gravity of a urine specimen is often measured with a urinometer. The urinometer is
a glass float weighted with mercury, with an air bulb above the weight and a graduated stem on
the top. It is weighted to float at the 1.000 graduations in distilled water when placed in a glass
urinometer cylinder or appropriate sized test tube. It is important that the cylinder, or test tube,
be of the correct size so that the urinometer can float freely. The specific gravity of the urine is
read directly from the graduated scale in the urinometer stem. The scale of the urinometer is
calibrated from 1.000-1.060 with each division being equal to 0.001.
Calibration
To obtain the correct specific gravity readings in urine, the urinometer must be weighted to read
exactly 1.000 in distilled water. The reading on the urinometer scale should be exactly 1.000. If it
is not, a correction must be applied to all values obtained for urine specimens with the
12
urinometer. For Example, Suppose the urinometer reads 1.002 in distilled water. The specific
gravity of water is 1.000.
Therefore the urinometer correction is 0.002 must be subtracted from the subsequent relative
specific gravity. If a urine specimen has an apparent specific gravity of 0.037, this value minus
0.002 results in the corrected specific gravity of 1.035 for the urine specimen.
Temperature Correction
The specific gravity of a solution is dependent on temperature. Most urinometers are calibrated
for use at 15oC. For each 3oC difference 0.001 must be added if above, or subtracted if below
than the calibration temperature. For example, if the specific gravity of the urine is 1.022 at 23 oC,
and the urinometer has been calibrated at 20 oC, the correct reading is 1.022+0.001=
1.023.However, significant error will result if the reading is taken on the urine specimen that has
been refrigerated. Instead of applying this correction, the urine specimen should be allowed to
warm up to room temperature before its specific gravity is determined.
Correction for abnormal Dissolved Substances

The specific gravity increases by 0.004 for every 1% glucose in urine and 0.003 for every 1%
protein in solution. Therefore subtract 0.004 from the specific gravity reading for every 1%
glucose in urine. And subtract 0.003 from the specific gravity reading for every 1% protein in the
urine. It is not usual however for the Laboratory Technician to correct specific gravity readings
for the presence of sugar or protein when laboratory results are reported. Instead, the clinician
will be aware that the specific gravity is elevated because of the presence of sugar or protein and
takes this into account in the assessment of kidney function.
Procedure for Using the Urinometer

1. Fill the urinometer cylinder or test tube to about 1 from the top with well mixed urine
being careful so as not to cause it to foam.
2. Float the urinometer in the by rotting it rapidly to prevent its touching the bottom or side
of the cylinder.
3. When it comes to rest, read the graduation on the stem of the urinometer at the level of
the lower part of the meniscus. When the reading is taken, the urinometer must not be
touching the sides of the container.
4. Record the reading.
5. If the quantity of the urine is too small to float the urinometer, the urine must be diluted
with distilled water. The specific gravity is read and the last two digits of the specific
gravity are multiplied by the amount of the dilution. This method is also used if the urine
specific gravity is greater than the calibration on the urinometer.
Sample Calculation
If the urine is diluted 1:2 (one part of urine and two parts of water), the last two digits of the
urinometer reading are multiplied by the dilution factor. If the reading of the specific gravity is
1.021, the last digit 0.021 is multiplied by the dilution factor 2 (0.021 x 2 = 0.042) and added to
1.000 ( 1.000 + 0.042 = 1.042). Hence the corrected specific gravity is 1.042.
Sources of Error:
 Temperature differences
 Proteinuria
 Glycosuria
 X-ray contrast media, it increases urine specific gravity
 Chemical preservatives
Reagent Strip Test

A test area to determine specific gravity in urine can be found in the multiple test strip of Ames
called N-multistix. The reagent test area responds to the concentration of ions in the urine. It
13
contains certain pretreated polyelectrolytes. The pKa of which changes depending up on the
ionic concentration of the urine.
The indicator bromothymol blue is used to detect the change. Colors ranges from deep blue when
the urine is of low specific gravity through green to yellow- green when the urine is of high ionic
concentration

ANALYSIS OF URINE AND BODY FLUIDS
EXPERIMENT NO. 2a
PATIENT’S RESULTS
URINALYSIS
(SAMPLE ONLY)
Record all your observation in a physical examination of urine in the laboratory.
Name of Patient: ___________________________________ Age/Sex: _____________

Date of Examination: ______________________________
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION RESULTS NORMAL

VALUES
Color _____________________ _____________________

Transparency _____________________ _____________________
Specific Gravity
Urinometer _____________________ _____________________
Refractometer _____________________ _____________________
Reagent Strip _____________________ _____________________
14
________________________________
Name and Signature of Examiner
________________________________
Name and Signature of Instructor
_____________________
Date

ANALYSIS OF URINE AND OTHER BODY
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 2b
THE PROPER PROCEDURE FOR PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE ANALYSIS
General Instructions:
All answers MUST be: Handwritten, CAPITAL LETTERS
Answers should be brief and concise
Criteria:
Content 50%
Accuracy 20%
Organization of thoughts 20%
Neatness 10%
5. Provide the clinical significance (probable cause and correlations) appropriate for
the given urine data below.
a. COLOR (3 Points Each)
a.1. DARK YELLOW

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
a.2. AMBER
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
15
a.3. RED
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
a.4. GREEN
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
a.5. BLACK
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
a.6. BROWN
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
a.7. COLORLESS
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. TRANSPARENCY (3 Points Each)
b.1. CLEAR
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b.2. CLOUDY
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b.3. MILKY
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. SPECIFIC GRAVITY (3 Points Each)
c.1. HYPOSTHENURIA
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c.2. HYPERSTHENURIA
16
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c.3. ISOSTHENURIA
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d. ODOR (3 Points Each)
d.1. SWEATY FEET

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d.2. RANCID
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d.3. ROTTEN EGGS

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. List the pathologic and non-pathologic causes of cloudy urine. (10 Points)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the difference between Specific Gravity and Osmolality? (10 points)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. In table form, list the different types of procedure for specific gravity and its
principle (20 points)
17
9. What is the principle of each methods used in determining specific gravity? (10
Points)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10. What are the advantages of using reagent strips in determining specific gravity in
urine? (5 Points)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
18
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Biologic Hazards
- All cuts and abrasions must be covered with waterproof dressings
- Wear gloves when in contact with blood or body fluid contamination
- If there is a risk of splash, face protection must be worn
2. Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- Gloves, Laboratory gowns, Eye and face shields, Mask, Hairnet and Closed shoes
3. Hand Hygiene
- Hand contact is the primary method of infection transmission.
- Hand washing is the best way to break the chain of infection.
4. Biologic Waste Disposal
- Urine containers and pregnancy tests that do not contain visible blood would not be
required to be discarded in biohazard-red labeled containers under OSHA's
bloodborne pathogens standard.
- Urine may be discarded by pouring it into a laboratory sink. Care must be taken to
avoid splashing, and the sink should be flushed with water after specimens are
discarded.
- Disinfection of the sink using a 1:5 or 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite should be
performed daily.
19

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TAGUM DOCTORS COLLEGE, INC.

Mahogany St., Rabe Subd., Tagum City

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Ann Fatima G. Quindao, RMT, LPT, MPH

1 The Proper Collection and 1

2 The Proper Procedure for

4 The Proper Procedure for

5 The Proper Procedure to

6 The Proper Procedure to

7 The Proper Procedure

8 The Proper Technique to

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE DEPARTMENT