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    Lec - 8-Vector Spaces and Subspaces

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    The document discusses vector spaces and vector subspaces. It begins by defining vector spaces and providing examples of vector subspaces within R3, noting that a plane passing through the origin is a subspace of the full vector space R3. It then discusses properties that must be satisfied for a set to be a vector subspace, such as being closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. Several examples are provided of sets that do not satisfy these properties and are thus not vector subspaces.

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    Lec - 8-Vector Spaces and Subspaces

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    kolterarson
    22 views33 pages
    The document discusses vector spaces and vector subspaces. It begins by defining vector spaces and providing examples of vector subspaces within R3, noting that a plane passing through the origin is a subspace of the full vector space R3. It then discusses properties that must be satisfied for a set to be a vector subspace, such as being closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. Several examples are provided of sets that do not satisfy these properties and are thus not vector subspaces.

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    lec_8-Vector Spaces and subspaces

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    The document discusses vector spaces and vector subspaces. It begins by defining vector spaces and providing examples of vector subspaces within R3, noting that a plane passing through the origin is a subspace of the full vector space R3. It then discusses properties that must be satisfied for a set to be a vector subspace, such as being closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. Several examples are provided of sets that do not satisfy these properties and are thus not vector subspaces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views33 pages

    Lec - 8-Vector Spaces and Subspaces

    Uploaded by

    kolterarson
    The document discusses vector spaces and vector subspaces. It begins by defining vector spaces and providing examples of vector subspaces within R3, noting that a plane passing through the origin is a subspace of the full vector space R3. It then discusses properties that must be satisfied for a set to be a vector subspace, such as being closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. Several examples are provided of sets that do not satisfy these properties and are thus not vector subspaces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 33

    MATH301

    Fall 2022

    Lecture #8

    • Vector Spaces
    • Vector Subspaces

    Larson, R. and Falvo, D. (2008) Elementary Linear Algebra. 6th Edition. Brooks Cole.
    Vector Spaces

    u v
    • •
    w
    • 0
    • … •
    Vector Spaces
    Summary of Important Vector Spaces

    𝒁 = the vector space that contains only the zero vector (the
    smallest vector space)
    Vector Spaces
    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces
    To show that a set is not a vector space, you need only find ONE axiom that is not
    satisfied.

    𝑆 = {𝑥; 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍}

    𝑆 is not closed under scalar multiplication, as for any real number 𝑐 , 𝑐𝑥 is a real

    number ՜ 𝑐𝑥 ∉ 𝑆.
    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces

    𝑐 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑐𝑥, 0)

    𝑉 = {(𝑥, 𝑦); 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅}

    • Check the scalar identity axiom

    1 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑥, 0) ≠ (𝑥, 𝑦)

    • Check the additive inverse axiom

    𝑥, 𝑦 + − 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 + −𝑥, 0 = (0, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0)


    𝑉 is not a vector space.
    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces

    𝑥 2
    𝑆= 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 under the following operations:
    𝑥, 𝑦 ⨁ 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 𝑥 + 𝑥1 , 𝑦 + 𝑦1
    𝑟⨀ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑟𝑦

    Check the additive inverse axiom

    𝑥, 𝑦 ⊕ ((−1)⊙ 𝑥, 𝑦 ) = 𝑥, 𝑦 ⊕ 𝑥, −𝑦 = (𝑥, 0) ≠ (0,0)

    𝑆 is not a vector space.


    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces

    𝑆 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅+ } under the following operations:


    𝑢⨁𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 1
    𝑟⨀𝑢 = 𝑢

    𝑆 is not closed under addition: 1 ⊕ 0.5 = 0.5 − 1 = −0.5 ∉ 𝑆

    Additive identity Axiom: 0 ∉ 𝑆

    𝑆 is not a vector space.


    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces

    𝒙
    𝑺= 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹𝟑 | 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 = 𝟏
    𝒛

    0.5 0.1 0.6


    𝑆 is not closed under addition: 0.2 + 0.2 = 0.4 ∉ 𝑆
    0.3 0.7 1.0

    0
    Additive identity Axiom: 0 ∉𝑆
    0

    0.5 2.5
    𝑆 is not closed under scalar multiplication: 5 0.2 = 1 ∉ 𝑆
    0.3 1.5

    𝑆 is not a vector space.


    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces

    𝒙
    𝑺= 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹𝟑 | 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏
    𝒛
    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces

    𝒙 𝟐
    𝑺= 𝒚 ∈ 𝑹 | 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟒

    4 − 3𝑏
    𝑆= ; 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅}
    𝑏
    0
    Additive identity Axiom: ∉𝑆
    0
    𝑆 is not a vector space.

    1,1 ∈ 𝑆, (4,0) ∈ 𝑆
    1,1 + 4,0 = 5,1 ∉ 𝑆

    𝑆 is not closed under addition


    𝑆 is not a vector space.
    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces

    𝑎
    𝑆= 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅3 ∶ 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑐 = 0
    𝑐

    1 3 4
    𝑆 is not closed under addition: 1 + 4 = 5 ∉ 𝑆
    3 0 3
    𝑆 is not a vector space.
    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces

    𝑎
    𝑆= 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅3 ∶ 𝑎 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐 3 = 0
    𝑐

    7 −3 4
    𝑆 is not closed under addition: 1 + 2 = 3 ∉ 𝑆
    2 1 3
    𝑆 is not a vector space.
    Vector Spaces

    𝒂 𝒅
    The Matrix Space 𝑀2×2 = | 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅 ∈ 𝑹 is a vector space.
    𝒃 𝒄
    The Vector Space of all 2x2 Matrices of the Form 𝒂 𝒃
    𝒆 𝟎

    𝒂 𝒃
    𝑺={ : 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒆 ∈ 𝑹} defined with the standard matrix addition and scalar
    𝒆 𝟎
    multiplication.

    To show that 𝑺 is a vector space we must verify ALL ten axioms

    𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒂 𝒃𝟐
    𝒖= ,𝒗= 𝟐
    𝒆𝟏 𝟎 𝒆𝟐 𝟎
    𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒂 𝒃𝟐 𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
    𝒖+𝒗= + 𝟐 = 𝟏 ∈𝑺
    𝒆𝟏 𝟎 𝒆𝟐 𝟎 𝒆𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐 𝟎

    𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒂 𝒃𝟐 𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
    𝒖+𝒗= + 𝟐 = 𝟏 = 𝒗+𝒖
    𝒆𝟏 𝟎 𝒆𝟐 𝟎 𝒆𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐 𝟎

    Axiom#3 is verified in the same way as axiom#2.


    The Vector Space of all 2x2 Matrices of the Form 𝒂 𝒃
    𝒆 𝟎

    𝒂 𝒃
    𝑺={ : 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹} defined with the standard matrix addition and scalar
    𝒆 𝟎
    multiplication.

    𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃
    𝟎= ∈ 𝑺, and 𝟎 + 𝒖 = + =
    𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒆 𝟎 𝒆 𝟎

    𝒂 𝒃 −𝒂 −𝒃 𝟎 𝟎
    −𝒖 = − = and 𝒖 + (−𝒖) =
    𝒆 𝟎 −𝒆 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

    𝒂 𝒃 𝒄𝒂 𝒄𝒃
    𝒄𝒖 = 𝒄 = ∈𝑺
    𝒆 𝟎 𝒄𝒆 𝟎
    The Vector Space of all 2x2 Matrices of the Form 𝒂 𝒃
    𝒆 𝟎

    𝒂 𝒃
    𝑺={ : 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹} defined with the standard matrix addition and scalar
    𝒆 𝟎
    multiplication.

    𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒂 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
    𝒖= ,𝒗= 𝟐 𝒖+𝒗=
    𝒆𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐 𝟎
    𝒆𝟏 𝟎 𝒆𝟐 𝟎
    𝒄𝒂𝟏 𝒄𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒃𝟐
    𝒄𝒖 = , c𝒗 =
    𝒄𝒆𝟏 𝟎 𝒄𝒆𝟐 𝟎
    𝒄𝒂𝟏 + 𝒄𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒃𝟏 + 𝒄𝒃𝟐
    𝒄𝒖 + 𝒄𝒗 =
    𝒄𝒆𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆𝟐 𝟎
    Equal
    𝒄(𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 ) 𝒄(𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐 )
    𝒄(𝒖 + 𝒗) =
    𝒄(𝒆𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐 ) 𝟎

    Axioms#8,9, and 10 are verified in the same way as axiom#7.


    Is the set of all 2x2 Matrices of the Form 𝒂 𝒃 a vector space?
    𝒆 𝟏

    𝒂 𝒃
    Does 𝑺 = { : 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒆 ∈ 𝑹} defined with the standard matrix addition and
    𝒆 𝟏
    scalar multiplication form a vector space?.

    To show that 𝑺 is not a vector space, you need only find ONE axiom that is not satisfied

    𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒂 𝒃𝟐
    𝒖= ,𝒗= 𝟐
    𝒆𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝟐 𝟏
    𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒂 𝒃𝟐 𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
    𝒖+𝒗= + 𝟐 = 𝟏 ∉𝑆
    𝒆𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝟐 𝟏 𝒆𝟏 + 𝒆𝟐 𝟐

    𝑺 is not closed under addition. Axiom#1 is not satisfied

    𝑺 does not form a vector space.


    Some Sets that do not Form Vector Spaces

    𝒂 𝟏
    𝑺= | 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 ∈ 𝑹
    𝒃 𝒄

    0 0
    Additive identity axiom: ∉𝑆
    0 0

    𝑆 is not a vector space.


    Vector Spaces
    Rather than the standard definition of addition and scalar multiplication in 𝑹𝟑 , suppose
    these two operations are defined as follows:

    It violates the scalar identity axiom.


    (1) 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥, 𝑦, 0 ≠ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

    It violates the additive identity axiom.


    𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 + 0,0,0 = (0,0,0) ≠ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

    With these new definitions, is 𝑹𝟑 a vector space? Justify your answer.


    Vector Spaces

    Rather than the standard definition of addition and scalar multiplication in 𝑹𝟑 , suppose
    these two operations are defined as follows:

    With these new definitions, is 𝑹𝟑 a vector space? Justify your answer.


    Vector Spaces: Practice Problems
    Vector Spaces: Practice Problems
    Vector Subspaces
    Vector Subspaces

    There are important vector spaces in 𝑹𝒏 . Subspaces of 𝑹𝒏

    Subspaces of 𝑹𝟑
    • This plane is a vector space in its own right.

    • If we add two vectors in the plane their sum is


    in the plane.

    • If we multiply an in-plane vector by 2 or −5, it


    is still in the plane.

    • This plane is a vector space inside 𝑹𝟑 .

    • The plane passing through (0,0,0) is a


    subspace of the full vector space 𝑹𝟑 .
    Subspaces of Vector Space
    Subspaces of Vector Space
    Subspaces of Vector Space
    Subspaces of Vector Space
    Subspaces of Vector Space
    Subspaces of Vector Space
    Subspaces of Vector Space

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