Final Manuscript

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.
FM-URD-006
DEVELOPMENT CENTER Revision No. 03
Effectivity Date May 2023
A PROPOSED TOURIST COMPLEX
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Chapter 1. Introduction
Tourism has played a major role in the growth of the economic value of a locality. Local Government Units
see this opportunity to accumulate income in many different forms. One of these is tourism complex
planning (TCP) which aims to develop tourism resources or facilities and the activities associated with them
while keeping in mind location, activities, linkages, scale, and emergent and emerging societal tastes and
demands. It aims not only to make tourism profitable but also to create a more environmentally healthy
society (Misra R.P. & Thangamani K. 2014).
According to Tang Yingying (2013), tourism complexes play an important role in industrial upgrading and
transformation in scenic areas. It brings together a variety of tourism functions such as fostering social
cohesion and promoting cultural exchange, as well as integrating many different industries.
Thus, this study generally aims to design a tourist complex that will maximize the use or potential of the
Magat Wetlands Eco-Tourism Park and develop it as a functional aesthetically pleasing tourism site. The
proposed complex will provide facilities that will benefit a variety of stakeholders including; the business
owners as they will be able to promote their local products and the culture of the locality, the Local
Government of Alfonso Lista as it will boost the municipality’s revenue, unemployed citizens as they will
be given the opportunity to have decent work and provide basic needs for themselves, the local and foreign
tourists as they will be encouraged to stay and spend a long time to experience not only the view but also
the distinct character and ambiance of the site and lastly the researchers who have the interest to study the
tourism site in general.
A Proposed Tourist Complex | 1

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No. FM-URD-006
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1.1 Background of the Study
Nestled on a plateau, surrounded by mountains, on the north bounded by the province of Mountain Province
and on the west, the municipality of Aguinaldo, Ifugao, the Magat River winding on the South, the lowland
Plains of Isabela on the east and at the foot of the huge Cordillera Mountains lays the municipality of
Alfonso Lista.
Over the years, Alfonso Lista has been trying to establish its identity in the tourism aspect. Alfonso Lista,
on its part, only began to harness the tourism potential of Magat Dam sometime in 2013. The LGU,
together with the efforts of the Listanians, has taken a big step in the development and establishment of
the Magat Wetlands Eco-Park (Bird Watching Site) and the Municipal Forest Library (1000 Steps Eco-
Tourism Park).
The Local Government Unit- Alfonso Lista has been doing its part in the municipality’s economy and
tourism. With its success, the LGU vows to focus on the improvement of the existing and developing Eco-
Tourism Park including the Magat Wetlands. The wetlands of Magat and Maris dams are within the
migratory path of various bird species flying from the northern and southern hemispheres. These sites then
became a refuge for migratory birds. The Local Government developed a bird-watching site in Sitio
Minanga, Sto. Domingo for the Maris Dam Wetlands and is now among the major attractions of the
municipality. With the continuous promotion of the municipality’s tourist attractions, visitors are now
coming in to personally see the place and experience the magnificent beauty that the place offers.
Based on the Municipal Tourism Development Plan (2018), the Maris Dam in the immediate downstream
of Magat features the Maris Wetlands and Bird Watching Site at Sitio Minanga. This will be developed as
an observatory for migratory bird species and waterfowl, where tourists can appreciate the migratory birds
as they fly in late in the afternoon and fly out early in the morning. As of the Asian Waterbird Census
conducted last January 2023 at the Magat Wetlands Eco Park, there are a total of twenty-four endemic and
migratory bird species that can be found in the Magat Wetlands.

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These are the following species:
1. Philippine Duck
2. Great Egret
3. Black cormorant
4. Kentish plover
5. Osprey
6. Pechora pipit
7. Spotted Dove
8. Black Crowned Night Heron
9. Cormorant
10. Wondering Whistling Duck
11. Black-Naped Oriole
12. Tufted Duck
13. Brown Shrike
14. Purple Heron
15. Cattle Egret’
16. Paddy Field Pipit
17. Pygmy Flower Pecker
18. Pied Triller

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19. Straited Grass Bird
20. Pied Bushchat
21. Pied Triller
22. White Breasted Wood Swallow
23. Grey Heron
24. Black-Headed Gull
Additionally, according to the Department of Tourism - Alfonso Lista, the Bird Watching Site has the
greatest potential among the three components of the Municipal Library in terms of the Area of
Development. The initial plan of the mayor was to put the Eco-Lodges at the Bird Watching Site along with
a glamping area. Contrary to the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2018-2026) to put up Eco-Lodges at the
1000 Steps Eco Park, the DENR- Alfonso Lista proposed that infrastructure development should only be
done at the Bird Watching Site or the Magat Wetlands Eco Park.
The purpose of this study is to further analyze architectural interventions and environmental mitigations in
the existing Magat Wetlands Eco-Park to protect the natural environment. Existing structures on the eco-
park include a viewing dock, a public restroom, and three cottages. Thus, there is a need to provide facilities
and services as the number of tourists and visitors grows. To stress the importance of the Bird Watching
Site, a suitable facility such as a Research Center, Interpretation Center, and Observation is also needed.

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Initial site visit documentation was conducted on March 18, 2023
Figure 1. View from the undeveloped portion of the site facing the wetlands.
Figure 2. Existing View Deck

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Figure 3. Existing Public Rest Room
Figure 4. Present road network on-site.

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Figure 5. Along the South Eastern portion of the site from the existing view deck.
Figure 6. View of the Magat Wetlands.

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Figure 7. Present cottages on-site.
Figure 8. View of the undeveloped part of the site facing the entrance.

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Figure 9. The temporary receiving area of tourists on-site.
Figure 10. View of the Northeastern portion of the site

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Figure 11. View of the Magat Wetlands early in the morning.
Photos taken during the initial discussion of the proposal on March 17, 2023
Figure 12. Honorable Mayor Edralin Alipio (second from the left) with the researchers.

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Figure 13. Acquiring a copy of the land title issued by Ma’am Lorena Dulnuan (First from the right) and
the Local Tourism Department of the Alfonso Lista, Ifugao.
Figures 14 & 15. During the discussion of the project.

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

The researchers aim to design a complex that will provide architectural research, programming,
and solutions to conform to the needs of the visitors of the Magat Wetlands Eco-Tourism Park will give
them a unique destination experience. The site is not adequately developed for packaged tours and for wider
promotion. Only a viewing deck and a few cottages are currently available at Magat Wetlands Eco-Tourism
Park. They lack support facilities such as Eco-Lodges, an Observation, and Interpretation Center (Research
Center), and a Tourist Center, limiting visitors' ability to learn more about the place. This study aims to
create a complex that will maximize the potential of the Magat Wetlands Eco-Tourism Park.
Research Objectives/Questions
1. What are the environmental architectural concepts and planning strategies that are suitable for the
development?
2. What are the mitigating measures to promote the conservation of the present biodiversity of the
site?
3. How would architectural interventions protect and sustain the present natural environment of the
site?
1.3 Project Goals, Objectives, and Strategies
Along with this, the researcher’s goal is to incorporate solutions for the proposed tourist complex through
a methodical and suitable design approach that shall support sustainability, aesthetics, and the preservation
of the natural environment. Furthermore, the researchers also aim to design a safe and secure environment,
and a clean and sustainable tourist complex.
Objectives
These objectives will direct the research being conducted on the development of the Tourism Complex:
• To be able to maintain the survival and well-being of wildlife species and the natural environment.
Strategy:
Design and plan the facilities in accordance with the site's well-rounded amenities, services, and
facilities.

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• To control harmful environmental effects of the development to the existing natural environment.
Strategy:
Apply environmental planning and architectural strategies.
• To be able to educate people about environmental protection and conservation by including them in
engaging experiences that are related to wildlife.
Strategy:
Provide facilities such as Visitor Center, Eco-Lodges, and Research Center or Observation Center
for a better quality of research and user experience.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Local and Foreign visitors. This study will educate visitors about the environment and natural
surroundings of the area, as well as provide an opportunity to learn more about Alfonso Lista's history and
culture, which will help ensure its conservation and preservation for future generations to enjoy.
Researchers. The proposal would have a facility that promotes a positive visitor experience especially for
the researchers by maintaining a visitor information program that provides reliable resources about the
destination. The study will also be useful as a basis paper if ever there will be a next investigation or
development in the area.
Business Owners. This proposal will provide an opportunity for villagers, craft shops, and exhibition shops
to showcase their products and increase their income. It will also enable young entrepreneurs to develop
new products and services that travelers will find interesting and will encourage repeat visits.
Economy. The proposal for the tourist complex will be an opportunity to boost the revenue of the
municipality.

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1.5 Scope
The scope of this proposal is primarily focused on designing and planning a tourist complex that includes
the Tourist Center, Eco-Lodging, and Research Center. The tourist center aims to accommodate both the
increasing number of visitors in the municipality and the various events taking place at the Magat Wetlands
Eco-Tourism Park.
The study's presentation will summarize the basic information about the existing conditions, and the
physical profile of the site. The study is being conducted primarily to determine the need for the existing
Magat Wetlands Eco Tourism Park and the Proposed Tourist Complex.
The Proposed Tourist Complex will include facilities that are needed in bringing stability,
functionality, and beauty to the development and are classified as follows:
1. Tourist Center- this area will contain the administrative section, information section, function hall,
and souvenir shop.
2. The Research Center or Observation and Interpretation Center - this area will be used for
research on ornithology, focusing on the study of the present avian life at the Magat Wetlands Eco-
Park.
3. Eco-Lodging - this area will cater to the accommodation for tourists.
1.6 Limitation
Given the land area of the site, which is 27, 291 sq.m, the 40 meter-easement located at the south
and west of the site should also be taken into consideration. Thus, the infrastructure development must not
encroach on the site's 40-meter easement. Moreover, the study will not focus on the economic, cultural, and
social factors concerning the site.

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Figure 16. Copy of Land Title

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1.7 Assumption
The research study is anchored on the assumption that proposing a Tourist Complex with facilities such as
the Tourist Center, Observation, and Interpretation Center (Research Center), and Eco-Lodging will help
protect and conserve the existing natural environment of the site. The proposed Tourist Complex will not
only benefit the municipality but also the tourists and travelers in need of accommodation, the local
communities, and the environment.
1.8 Conceptual Framework
Figure 17. Conceptual Framework
The first phase in the process of sustainable planning and design, which falls under the scope of
environmental planning, is the development of goals and objectives derived from the inventory and
analysis of the site, including its environmental characteristics. The goals and objectives are to develop
strategies and efforts for the proposed amenities and facilities, such as the Research Center, Eco-Lodges,
and Tourist Center, to build a sustainable Tourist Complex. The method is distinguished by the best
possible resource conservation, improvement, protection, and environmental restoration.

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1.9 Definition of Terms
Aesthetics. a core design principle that defines a design’s pleasing qualities.
Avian. relating to or resembling a bird.
Aviculture. is the raising and care of birds.
Biodiversity. a term used to describe the variety of species on Earth.
Cost Effective. the design and construction of buildings and other structures that achieve a balance
between functionality, aesthetics, and affordability.
Development. a complex process of coordinating various activities to transform ideas and plans
into physical reality.
Eco lodge. a small-scale facility that merges with its settings, offering guests an environmental
understanding of the nature and cultural context around them.
Ecology. is the study of the environment and helps us understand how organisms live with
each other in unique physical environments.
Eco-Tourism. encompasses nature-based activities that increase visitor appreciation and

understanding of natural and cultural values.

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Interpretation a kind of new-style museum, often associated with visitor centers or eco-museums
Center. and located in connection to cultural, historical, or natural.
Observation (Bird Observatory) a center for the study of bird migration and bird populations
Center. focused especially on local birds.
Sustainability. addresses the negative environmental and social impacts of buildings
Tourist Complex. land or buildings which are used for the day-to-day accommodation of tourists and
short-stay visitors
Wetlands. an area of land usually saturated with water.

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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature
This chapter elaborates on the literature review and preliminary research in order to develop the
perspective of this research. The initial section contains categorized and coined literature that is required
for the subsequent development of this research. The second section contains existing local projects that
are deemed relevant to the development of this research.
2.1 Eco-Tourism
Tourism has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing industries. Similarly, it is an essential
and competitive industry that requires the ability to constantly adjust to clients' changing needs and goals
of consumer loyalty, well-being, and satisfaction. Ecotourism aims to raise environmental awareness by
investigating ecology and ecosystems and providing environmental experiences. Participating actively in
ecology and gaining firsthand knowledge of how ecosystems function influence people's thinking,
ultimately raising awareness of conservation and protection. (Adil Siswanto, 2015).
Ecotourism is both an extension and a refinement of the relationship between tourism and
conservation. It expands on the concept of using tourism to reinforce conservation and vice versa, while
also deepening the criteria for sustainability (Amanda et al., 2019). However, ecotourism in areas with
impressive biodiversity and landscapes is a promising sub-sector of tourism, but it has frequently been
criticized for being ineffective and/or harmful, causing numerous environmental risks such as water
pollution and old-growth deforestation due to an increased reliance and usage of natural resources,
particularly forest products when the ecotourism location is or is near a forest. Tourism-related activities
increased demand for wood and fuelwood for the construction of new infrastructure, including housing. On
the contrary, Jodi & Ralf (2018) found that when combined with conservation mechanisms such as
protected areas, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), and monitoring/enforcement, ecotourism has been
shown to promote forest regeneration, particularly in agrarian landscapes. Ecotourism can thus be seen as
an incentive-driven forest governance intervention. It can also benefit conservation by supporting wildlife
and protected areas, diversifying livelihoods, promoting environmental interpretation and ethics, and
strengthening resource management by promoting biodiversity as "economic goods." Ecotourism revenue
can also be used to fund landscape-scale habitat conservation for a wide range of animals and plants (Nazifa
et al., 2021).

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2.2 Birdwatching
Birdwatching tourism is one of the niche sectors that is getting more and more attention from both the
tourism and scientific communities. The consequences of the subsector on the economy, society, and
environment are only a few of the research scenarios that have been addressed in birdwatching studies
(Jones & Nealson, 2005; Kronenberg, 2014; Sekerciolu, 2002; Steven et al., 2014).
Steven et.al (2014) outlined that research into birdwatching is a relatively new, however, emerging topic in
nature-related tourism research, especially when compared to research in the field of wildlife tourism.
Performed research focuses generally on studies that study Avi tourists or birdwatchers, the economic
impact of the sector, motivations of birdwatchers as well as the birdwatching tourism market in general.
The study of Szczepańska et. al. (2014) states that birdwatchers are compelled by ornithological tourism to
actively participate in environmental protection; they must put the demands of the ecosystem before their
own. An example of the promotion of knowledge about the natural world may also be aided through nature
tourism. Poland has many locations with noteworthy natural potential. Most of them are often accessed by
tourists. The map of popular destinations for ornithological tourism is quite detailed, like the map of natural
areas of high importance. The idea of ornithological tourism is the premise of sustainable tourism; it allows
people to appreciate the beauty of nature without harming the environment and putting it at risk. However,
it is essential to establish the standards for identifying the regions with the potential for ornithological
tourism as well as the regulations governing their growth. It is also advised that the requirements of
birdwatchers be considered.
Carvalho (2021) said that bird-watching platforms must be integrated with the low-impact environment:
practical and discreet. (1) Tower, (2) Blinds, (3) Walkway, (4) Feeder, (5) Comedouros, (6) Bench. Blinds,
towers, walkways, and other structures. A key differentiation for birdwatching is platforms as well as the
opportunity to observe nature knowledge, having access to many vegetal strata, proximity to nature, and
the right viewpoint. Several insectivorous birds, for instance, are restless and traverse the canopy far above
the ground of the forest. Seeing it can be extremely difficult to see them from the ground towers not only
closes this gap, but also alter the observer by positioning them at eye level with the birds, we may gain
perspective: no longer are the birds seen against the sky, as from the earth, but rather from behind the foliage
walkways produce distinctive sensations, too. You can locate blinds. In the suburbs, the heart of a forest,
or on the wetlands' edge. These structures not only enhance the flow of foot traffic and the visit experience

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but improve the seeing birds in their native habitat can help to reduce the effects of human presence and
the necessity to be replayed.
2.3 Natural Environment Factors
Danao, M. P., (2014), cited in her study that Wetlands are managed for environmental reasons, water
conservation, renewable resource production, wildlife, recreation, beauty, and tourism. Wetland
management has several key aims, including maintaining water quality, reducing erosion, protecting against
flooding, providing a natural system to treat airborne contaminants, and providing buffers between urban
residential and industrial parts. It should also preserve a gene pool of marsh plants and demonstrate entire
natural communities. It should also provide humans with aesthetic and psychological assistance. Wildlife
and habitats for fish spawning and other food organisms should be created, and scientific research should
be made easier.
According to Madonna P. Danao (2014), “Ecological infrastructure planning represents a strategic approach
to natural and physical resource conservation that combines the efforts of previous conservation planning
methodologies and practices into a systematic framework that encompasses larger and broader planning
goals, particularly in watershed areas.”
A subcategory of sustainable design and energy-efficient landscaping is sustainable landscape architecture.

It is focused on the design and planning of outdoor areas. Use of local materials, composting and chipping
of green waste on-site to reduce trucking, planting of trees for shading and wind protection, use of drought-
resistant plants, etc., are some design techniques. (Danao, M.P., 2014)
According to the study of Lingyan (2021), the impact of environmental elements on building energy use
has long been a topic of discussion, and numerous research has attempted to lower building energy use
while considering natural environmental factors. The environment created by natural elements, such as
water, soil, geographical areas, and climate, is referred to as the "natural environment". The study of
environmental characteristics connected to buildings, such as temperature, relative humidity, ventilation,
and solar radiation, which are also referred to as "natural factors," is referred to as "natural environment"
variables in the field of building energy consumption. Several researchers have examined how climate
change may affect how much energy buildings use, including the effect of temperature variations. Energy

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use has increased because of the summer's substantial surge in cooling demand for buildings, according to
the International Energy Agency.
2.4 Architectural Strategies
Passive sustainable Design
According to Othman and Sahidin (2016) installing a vertical greening facade on an office building reduces
a building's temperature and humidity. A structure with a vertical green facade has a greater capacity to
control temperature than a structure without a vertical greening facade. The study also suggests that vertical
greening façades serve as an efficient passive strategy for urban sustainable construction design in nations
with tropical climates. Regardless, the effectiveness depends so much on the design of the green wall and
how the façade is angled in relation to the scorching heat of the sun.
Iyengar, K. (2015) stated that there are six sustainable design ideas to consider, (1) Appropriate site
selection or good usage of the site, (2) Understanding climate and geographical location, (3) Using
appropriate building materials, (4) Designing efficient environmental systems; necessary active
technologies, (5) Maintaining proper indoor air quality and lastly, (6) water and waste management. All
these elements can be adjusted to create more ecologically and environmentally conscious designs that
conserve energy while giving comfort to the environment.
Renewable Energy Systems
Shule Wei (2018), stated that this study investigates the building's renewable energy system. The first three
big architectural renewable energy technologies are discussed, with a strong emphasis on their technical
features and application scenarios. Second, she advises employing the best design strategy, which entails
establishing an architectural plan, an energy plan, a construction plan, and a performance assessment system
that is based on conventional architectural forms. The effectiveness of energy and financial advantages
from renewable energy systems are found to enhance with an integrated design process. The revolutionary
building design strategies that highlight the organic fusion of architecture are delivered by the integrated
design method for renewable energy. Given that it blends design with the design of a renewable energy
system, it is a novel design technique.

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Green Building Materials and Finishes
Lianto F. et al (2019) said that timber can be swapped out for bamboo in construction projects. It is strong,
earthquake-resistant, and durable. and having a significant architectural significance. Additionally, bamboo
is a useful material for wide-span edifices, like a contemporary organic-shaped building that was previously
only possible by utilizing steel. Bamboo needs to be preserved in advance to ensure its toughness and
longevity.
Not to mention, bamboo may be changed to create modern building envelopes, sunscreens, and other items.
To present a completely different atmosphere of a natural look, the facade is double-skinned. providing a
different way to showcase modern architecture's new face.
The natural materials utilized are, whenever possible locally sourced, renewable agricultural products. As
a result, transportation, pollution, carbon emissions, and fossil fuel use are reduced, and the result is
peaceful, healthy, and environmentally friendly. A fascinating, well-written, useful book geared toward
architects, their customers, DIYers, environmental organizations, those concerned with environmental
issues, and the public. For anyone interested in constructing using natural, environmentally friendly
materials, it is important reading because of its extensive coverage and wealth of knowledge (Wooley,
2006).
Native Landscaping
Alam,et al,. (2017) stated that the option is to use native plants for landscaping. A strategy for maintaining
greenery in harsh conditions: saline /low water quality, many ecological, and economic advantages. The
native plants will not only decrease the need for water but also any landscape care, fertilizer, and pesticide
costs. Additionally, using native plants in landscaping will preserve the local flora by making use of it.
More studies should be conducted to determine the most appropriate local plants and methods for producing
them commercially and suggestions ought to be based on that.

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2.5 Mitigating Environmental Impact
The extraction, processing, and transportation of raw materials, as well as the construction, usage, and
eventual demolition and disposal of buildings, all have an impact on the environment. Hence, mitigation
strategies that focus on components or stages of the value chain may have additional or even negative net
environmental effects. In this light, we create a framework for using life cycle thinking to pinpoint major
effects and accompanying mitigation strategies, guide material, and building design decisions, and
guarantee the efficient handling and recycling of construction and demolition wastes. (Huang, B. et. al.
2020)
In the studies of Kröhnert et al., (2022), it was stated that buildings' environmental impact can be reduced
by using a flexible and reversible design. The analysis also makes it obvious that building designers cannot
resolve the building industry's sustainability issue on their own. Both upstream and downstream players
must contribute, for example, by implementing more environmentally friendly production techniques,
enhancing component longevity, and enhancing recycling and reuse procedures.
A landscape analysis was used to choose the set of mitigation qualities (color of the walls, color of the roof,
green barriers, and plant green walls), which were then presented to respondents via a series of photographs
(close and distant views). Our research demonstrates that the existence of green barriers, such as formal
hedges and tree lines, as well as the color of the wall (green), are seen as effective mitigation strategies.
(Gullino, P., et. al. (2023)
Although some birds may adapt to or take advantage of the built environment, the infrastructure required
to support modern people frequently has a disastrous impact on bird populations. Dangers in the built
environment are important considerations in the long-term survival of many bird species, along with habitat
loss and pollution. (Rosenberg, K.V., et. al. 2019)
Water birds interpret solar panels’ reflected or mirrored surfaces as one vast body of water. They may then
clash with them when attempting to land or foraging for surface insects in flight. If birds attempt to land on
their heated, mirrored surfaces, they can be fatal. Birds can be fatally burned or singed if they fly too close
to solar power plant light concentration towers. (Morrison, M. L., 2018)

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According to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, “Through habitat fragmentation, powerlines provide a
substantial risk to birds, but they can also be fatal if they come into direct contact with them. Common
causes of mortality include electrocution and collisions with electricity lines. Due to their difficult visibility
and frequent placement in areas where birds often travel, power lines have an impact on a wide variety of
bird species. When it's dark or there is limited visibility, they are even harder to see.”
Schneider et. al., (2018) stated that, “Building elements that most strongly affect the likelihood of collisions
include types of glass used, lighting, and design of surrounding landscapes Bird building collisions are most
frequently caused by windows and facades made of reflective and transparent glass. When birds cannot
recognize transparent glass as a solid obstruction but instead regard it as a clear path, it becomes dangerous.
Glass that looks to be free of obstacles and offers a clear flight path is equally lethal because it reflects open
skies, green landscapes, and unobstructed flyways.”
A landscape analysis was used to choose the set of mitigation qualities (color of the walls, color of the roof,
green barriers, and plant green walls), which were then presented to respondents via a series of photographs
(close and distant views). Our research demonstrates that the existence of green barriers, such as formal
hedges and tree lines, as well as the color of the wall (green), are seen as effective mitigation strategies.
(Gullino, P., et. al. 2023)
According to Kellert, S.R. (2015), “To build sustainably, designers must factor in environmental matters.
Some sustainable design ideas, such as lowering carbon dioxide emissions, have a favorable effect on birds
specifically. However, some have a detrimental effect on them, such as the frequent usage of windows close
to green areas. While "sustainable" solutions must not just serve the needs of humans, sustainability seeks
to integrate human beings with natural systems in the built environment. When building sustainably,
architects should aim to integrate the constructed environment with the surrounding landscape.”
Bowes, J. (2020) explains that “Bird conservation through design techniques must be maintained as an
essential component of complete sustainable standards, regulations, and education. Because transparent and
shiny glass is the most harmful aspect of the built environment for birds, collision prevention approaches
are now focused exclusively on window crashes. Lighting design, landscape design, and avian behavior
and life history, on the other hand, are major aspects that influence the chance of window crashes.”

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2.6 Visitor Center
Architectural objects in natural environments could stimulate a wide range of target groups to (re)connect
with nature and become aware of natural values. Furthermore, such objects might raise public support for
preserving nature. In addition, facilities might lead to maturing the tourism sector by offering a variety of
tourism products to visitors and, as a result, lengthening their stay and increasing spending.
According to Astanin (2021), visitor centers indirectly manage the recreational impact on the ecosystems
of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) by forming an ecological consciousness among visitors, based
on the transmitted information. The content of the information of the interacting visitor centers forms the
information space of the ecotourism territory, its morphology organizes the planning structure of the
territory. It shows the uniqueness of the territory, highlighting the most striking natural and cultural-
historical features, and translates the model of harmonious relations between humans and nature that has
developed on this basis. Moreover, the impact of such eco-educational institutions in the ecological social
field depends on the size of the cultural capital belonging to them and the internal scheme of perception of
the cultural model (habitus). Its essence is that the content of the information and the visitor center itself
should correspond to the place of its localization-the field of influence of the visitor center on visitors.
According to the study of Tawfik and Sarhan (2021), ecotourism has the potential to support protected areas
(PAs) financing where PAs' visitor centers are mechanisms for raising public awareness and revenue
generation. It is a strategy needed for an eco-tourism site to enhance tourism practices in a manner that will
protect ecosystems, benefit the local community, and promote sustainability. His study sheds light on PAs'
visitor centers and their role in ecotourism, conservation, and PA’s financial sustainability. It defines the
potential ecotourism products and services available and identifies the necessary tools and resources to
implement a sustainable business and management model for Wadi El Gemal National Park Visitor Center.
Thus, to position the region as a desirable destination for the ecotourism market it is essential to understand
that WGNP at the beginning of long process that should include the following activities: attracting new
investments and engaging private sector and local people; coordinating with higher authorities to generate
and retain revenues to be used to support Park management and operations; evaluating the capacity of Park
staff to account for all revenue generated in a systematic and transparent manner; regulating and monitoring
tourism activities within the Park to ensure good practice; building appropriate environmentally friendly
lodgings, service infrastructures and facilities that respond to visitor needs; designing and developing

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professional attractive multi-activity tour packages; constructing fully equipped and appealing visitor
interpretation and information centers including interpretive trails, sign, observation towers, etc.;
developing local based programs and training essential staff; and marketing to the selected target market
with an aggressive campaign that appeals the ‘specialty market’ tour operators in Europe and elsewhere.
2.7 Observation and Interpretation Center
According to Marzluff et.al, Birds occupy most areas of the built environment, from rural landscapes with
few built structures to small towns with sporadically placed homes between fields, through suburbs with
manicured backyards and human-provided food sources, and even dense urban areas where concrete cliffs
offer roosting and breeding habitat. Throughout these various spaces of the built environment, some birds
have benefited from found or designed habitats and adapted to our diverse landscape modifications.
According to Wielenga (2019), A vast majority of bird hides worldwide tend to be classic and basic
constructions like a garden shed consisting of small openings, shutters, and/or windows, strictly acting as a
functional space. They serve the basic needs of birdwatchers and, to a lesser extent, nature enthusiasts only,
however, globally, a variety of hides that are constructed or are planned to be constructed might be
perceived as prominent, distinct, iconic, eye-catching, visually and emotionally aesthetical and architectural
objects in terms of their design values, construction, and appeal and built with varying intentions and
functions that are not yet studied in depth.
2.8 Tourist Lodge (Eco-Lodge)
The tourism industry involves a wide range of constructional activities in terms of the development of
infrastructure and lodging facilities in tourist destinations. These facilities are known to be resource
intensive. It replaces a certain amount of local flora and fauna in its own site and immediate surroundings
but also continues to load the ecosystem by using substantial energy and other resources for its day-to-day
functioning (Bardhan 2010).
According to Gawad (2020), the design of an Ecolodge differs from any other conventional touristic project
for several reasons. In compliance with the “International Ecolodge Guidelines”. In any Ecolodge design,
the architectural style does not compete against the natural landscape and the environment but should be
cordially unified with the surroundings. It is also important to take into consideration the vernacular

Page No. 28 of 15
architectural forms since these have arisen from a long progression of adaptation to the natural surroundings
as well as being harmonized with the landscape and the environment. Certainly, they offer excellent
touristic experiences in spectacular natural locations, but Ecolodges must also support local communities,
by connecting their guests to local cultures on a genuine level.
2.9 Eco Park
Angat Watershed
Nested within the larger Pampanga River Basin (7,978 km2), the Angat River is the largest river located in
the province of Bulacan and lies 40 kilometers north of Manila. According to the DENR’s catchment scale,
the Angat River is defined as an inter-regional watershed. The Angat River flows westerly beginning in the
Sierra Madre mountains through the lowland plains of Bulacan, into the Angat Reservoir, and finally into
Manila Bay. The 63,000-hectare Angat Watershed and River Basin (AWRB) supplies power and water to
metropolitan Manila. It irrigates vast tracts of farmlands in the provinces of Pampanga and Bulacan.
The Angat River and Watershed System exhibit typical "tragedy of the commons" problems, where
landscape design is frequently overlooked due to its public space nature. Angat River likewise has the most
difficult freshwater management concerns. Pollution and environmental degradation occur as the
population grows and individuals engage in unsustainable development activities, reducing the quality and
quantity of available freshwater. All of this is likely to have an impact on people's health, as well as their
economic and social standing. At present, one of the most pressing issues in Angat River basin is related to
the use of land. Perfect examples include indiscriminate agricultural conversion, dumping of solid and
liquid wastes on waterways, encroachment on banks by industries and settlements, and illegal fish pens and
quarrying.

Page No. 29 of 15
Figure 18. The Angat Rainforest and Ecological Park
Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary
The Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary is located 5 km east of Mactan Island. The Sanctuary is composed
of the main island, Olango, and six nearby islets namely: Sulpa, Gilutongan, Nalusuan, Caohagan, Pangan-
an, and Camungi. The total land area of Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary is approximately 1,030 ha (2,500
acres).
The Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary falls under the jurisdiction of Lapu-Lapu City and the municipality
of Cordova. Former President Corazon Aquino, under Proclamation 903 on 14-May-1992 issued a
declaration making the Sanctuary’s 1,020 hectares of mudflats, seagrass beds, and mangrove forests, a
protected area.
Waterfowl play a significant role in the relevance of this wildlife sanctuary on a global scale. Two
extremely rare and endangered species of waterfowl that can be found in the Wildlife Sanctuary are the
Chinese Egret and Asian Dowitcher. Wetland areas serve as the natural home for invertebrates, fish, frogs,
and water birds. Wetland habitats are also rich in mangrove forests and seagrass beds, which reduce
flooding by soaking up water that overflows. As a result, on July 1, 1994, the Olango Island Wildlife
Sanctuary was designated a Ramsar Wetland Site.

Page No. 30 of 15
There are 97 species of birds in Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary, 48 of which are migratory birds.
Approximately 40,000 migratory birds visit the Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary during the months of
November-February, which is considered the peak migration season. The best time to engage in
birdwatching is from September-May, at least 2 hours before the high tide. At the Wildlife Sanctuary,
birdwatching, swimming, camping, and sightseeing are some of the activities that visitors can engage in.
Figure 19. Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary Viewing Station Panguil River Eco-Park

Page No. 31 of 15
Panguil River Eco-Park
The park was established in 2007 and stretches out to 16 hectares of natural protected area. Protected by
the local municipality and funded by the world bank, it is also a sanctuary for flora and fauna. This
recreational place is not just the usual eco-park. Inside this park is a bambusetum which is home to different
native and introduced bamboo species. The effort to establish a community-based bambusetum started
through a tripartite agreement among the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB); the
Municipality of Panguil, Laguna; and the Arellano University in Sampaloc, Manila
Figure 20. Cottages at the Panguil River Eco-Park

Page No. 32 of 15
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Austin
The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center has a total area of 54,000 square feet. Lady Bird Johnson and
later Helen Hayes established the National Wildflower Research Center in 1982 to help preserve and restore
North America's beauty and biological richness. Mrs. Johnson's interest in the sustainable use and
conservation of native wildflowers, plants, and landscapes is the focus of the center. Through its voluntary
professional rating and certification system, the Sustainable Sites Initiative program provides
comprehensive guidelines and benchmarks for developing environmentally healthy landscapes. The
building layout, which is oriented in the long north and south directions, creates a smaller, more comfortable
space between each structure, making the site less overwhelming in scale. The museum and greenhouse are
designed with basic geometry and rectilinear forms to mimic local structures. Glass and a reflecting pond
surrounded the greenhouses. Furthermore, the large exterior Y structure that raises the building allows for
thin walls and mullions to be used on the inside.
Figure 21. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center

Page No. 33 of 15
Cornell Ornithology Laboratory, Ithaca, USA
RMJM designed the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, which has an area of 80000 square meters and is a world
leader in the study, appreciation, and conservation of birds. The engagement with these nature trails inspired
the entire site and landscape design, which was created by Boston landscape architect Susan Childs. The
lab is part of a larger wetland landscape defined by small "islands" set in bio-filters and marshy swales. The
visitor approaches the lab via a series of bridges and boardwalks that wind through this naturalized setting.
When visitors enter the lab, they are greeted by a two-story wall of windows that provide excellent views
of the duck pond, with birds practically coming to their feet.
The windows were framed, curved glass was used, and random patterns were created so that birds could
detect them. Designers framed the windows, used curved glass, and created random patterns so that birds
could detect the windows, while visitors inside could still watch the action outside. Visitors can see and
learn more about birds. Wooden chairs are set up throughout the lobby, with telescopes and binoculars
available for those who want a closer look at the dozens of local avian species. Even the lobby carpet was
chosen with the idea of the bird’s natural environment in mind-its dark grey and the gold pattern is
reminiscent of looking through the forest at shadows of leaves and birds.
Figure 22. Cornell Ornithology Laboratory

Page No. 34 of 15
Chapter 3. Materials And Methods
3.1 Research Design
The study's method of choice for doing research adopts quantitative and qualitative strategies. The choice
to employ this methodology was made to learn useful information, develop a clearer understanding of the
subject of ecotourism, and apply principles of environmentally friendly design.
All the data will be gained through reading project-related literature studies, on-site observations, interviews
with local government workers, and a random selection of community members who are more
knowledgeable about the setting. A survey will also be carried out to gather enough information for the
research paper.
The researchers will compile and analyze the information that will be gathered. For the planning and design,
all the information that was evaluated will offer essential and practical answers.
3.2 Locale of the Study
The research will take place in the Municipality of Alfonso Lista, Ifugao. It is situated along the Magat
River in Sitio Minanga, Sto. Domingo (Cabicalan), Alfonso Lista.
3.3 Subjects of the Study
The target respondents are local and foreign tourists as well as the Local Government Unit of Alfonso Lista,
Ifugao. The respondents were chosen as they are the main beneficiaries of the proposed Tourist Complex.
3.4 Research Instruments
Article Reviews
Readings from articles, case studies, and pieces from magazines and journals about architecture,
ecotourism, and various design methods that consider the social, economic, cultural, and environmental
aspects of a project. This will enable the researcher to be adaptable in collecting potential project design
solutions.

Page No. 35 of 15
Agency Interview
Collect data from the Local Government Unit, specifically the Tourism Department of Alfonso Lista, Ifugao
regarding tourism visits, peak seasons, local profiles, site details, and other necessary information that could
make a significant effect on the development of the project.
Internet Browsing
With the aid of the internet, further data will be gathered. Different architectural websites could provide
essential components for the ecotourism design, adaptive and new designs without straying from a location's
heritage and its natural environment.
Research Questionnaires
The researchers will utilize questionnaires to be able to acquire diverse suggestions and recommendations
from people who visit and use the Magat wetlands eco-park essential for the continuous improvement of
the site using Google Forms.
Library Research
The use of the library will enable the researcher to gather information such as policies and provisions that
will be applied in the study. Additionally, it will also help the researchers to acquire inspiration for
architectural thesis and magazines.
3.5 Sampling Procedure
The Researchers believe that convenience sampling is more appropriate to use because of the limited time,
cost, or other issues. This sampling strategy entails selecting persons that are easy for the researcher to
reach and contact. Instead of selecting people at random from a certain demographic, convenience sampling
entails selecting persons from whom it is easiest for the researcher to obtain information.

Page No. 36 of 15
3.6 Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will submit a request letter of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) to the LGU
specifically to the office of the mayor, engineering office, and tourism department. The researchers will
then conduct a site visit for a preliminary survey. Lastly, they will distribute checklists or questionnaires as
their main data-gathering tool.
3.6 Data Analysis
The researchers through content analysis will examine the presence and frequency of the gathered data in
different content formats such as text, image, audio, and video and will incorporate different applicable
design approaches to attain the goals and objectives of this research.

Page No. 37 of 15
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UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 1

1.1 Background of the Study

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 2

These are the following species:

8. Black Crowned Night Heron

10. Wondering Whistling Duck

11. Black-Naped Oriole

12. Tufted Duck

13. Brown Shrike

14. Purple Heron

15. Cattle Egret’

16. Paddy Field Pipit

17. Pygmy Flower Pecker

18. Pied Triller

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 3

19. Straited Grass Bird

20. Pied Bushchat

21. Pied Triller

22. White Breasted Wood Swallow

23. Grey Heron

24. Black-Headed Gull

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 4

Initial site visit documentation was conducted on March 18, 2023

Figure 2. Existing View Deck

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 5

Figure 3. Existing Public Rest Room

Figure 4. Present road network on-site.

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 6

Figure 6. View of the Magat Wetlands.

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 7

Figure 7. Present cottages on-site.

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 8

Figure 9. The temporary receiving area of tourists on-site.

Figure 10. View of the Northeastern portion of the site

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 9

Figure 11. View of the Magat Wetlands early in the morning.

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 10

Figures 14 & 15. During the discussion of the project.

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 11

1.2 Statement of the Problem

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 12

Apply environmental planning and architectural strategies.

1.4 Significance of the Study

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 13

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 14

Figure 16. Copy of Land Title

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 15

1.8 Conceptual Framework

Figure 17. Conceptual Framework

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 16

1.9 Definition of Terms

Aesthetics. a core design principle that defines a design’s pleasing qualities.

Avian. relating to or resembling a bird.

Aviculture. is the raising and care of birds.

Biodiversity. a term used to describe the variety of species on Earth.

Eco-Tourism. encompasses nature-based activities that increase visitor appreciation and

A Proposed Tourist Complex | 17

Sustainability. addresses the negative environmental and social impacts of buildings

Wetlands. an area of land usually saturated with water.