Tutorial Questions 7 - 13

Tutorial 7
1) A 4 cm diameter of steel ball (ρ = 7800 kg/m3, Cp = 473 J/kg ºC) at 90 ºC is suspended in still air
at 25 ºC. If the ball cools down by free convection heat loss only, calculate the time required for
the temperature of the ball to drop down to 35 ºC.
Properties of air at 44 ºC: ρ = 0.666 kg/m3, ν = 1.75 × 10-5 m2/s, k = 0.0276 W/m ºC, Pr = 0.695
Tutorial 8
1) If condensation of a saturated vapor occurs on the outside of a tube under ‘zero gravity’
condition, a condensate film will form on the surface but will not run off. Show hat in such a
condition if a pseudo steady state approximation is done, the heat transfer coefficient is given by
kl
h=
R ( ln Rδ − ln R )
Where R is the radius of the tube, and Rδ is the outer radius of the film at time t and is given by
1  Rδ   Rδ 1  2kl Tv − Tw
2
+ ln − = t
2  R   R 2  ρl Lv R 2
Tutorial 9
1) The monochromatic emissivity of a surface varies with wavelength in the following manner:
0 for λ < 0.3 µ m

=ε λ 0.9 for 0.3µ m ≤ λ ≤ 1 µ m
0 for λ > 1 µ m

Calculate the heat flux emitted by the surface if it is at a temperature of 1500 K.
2) The variation of the monomochromatic irradiation incident on an opaque surface and the
monochromatic absorptivity of the surface with wavelength is as follows:
 0 0 ≤ λ ≤ 2 µm

=Eλ 750 W/m 2 µ m 2 < λ ≤ 8 µm
 λ > 8 µm
 0
 1 0 ≤ λ ≤ 4 µm

α λ 0.5
= 4 < λ < 8 µm
 0 λ ≥ 8 µm

Calculate the absorbed radiant flux, the absorptivity and reflectivity of the surface.
3) The spectral distribution of the diffuse irradiation falling on a surface is given as:
 0 0 ≤ λ < 0.5 µ m
2500 W/m 2 µ m 0.5 ≤ λ < 1.5 µ m


Eλ = 4000 W/m 2 µ m 1.5 ≤ λ < 2.5 µ m
2500 W/m 2 µ m 2.5 ≤ λ ≤ 3.5 µ m


 0 λ > 3.5 µ m
Calculate the rate at which radiation is incident on the surface per unit area over the solid angle
included by 0 ≤ ψ ≤ π / 3 and 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π .
Tutorial 10
1) A 40 W incandescent electric bulb has a surface temperature of 100 ºC. The bulb is in a large
room at 30 ºC. If the bulb is considered as a 6 cm diameter sphere having a surface emissivity of
0.8, calculate the rate of thermal energy loss by radiation and by natural convection from the
bulb. If the filament temperature is 3000 K, calculate the average transmissivity of higher
wavelength radiation through the glass. Glass may be assumed to be transparent to visible
wavelength radiation.
Tutorial 11
1) Water at the rate of 4 kg/s is heated from 38 ºC to 55 ºC in a shell and tube type heat exchanger.
The water is to flow inside tubes of 2 cm diameter with an average velocity 35 cm/s. Hot water
available at 95 ºC and at the rate of 2 kg/s is used as heating medium on the shell side. If the
length of the tubes must not be more than 2 m calculate the number of tube passes, the number of
tubes per pass and the length of the tubes for one pass shell, assuming U0 = 1500 W/m2 K.
Tutorial 12
2) A 1-shell-2 tube pass steam condenser consists of 3000 brass tubes of 20 mm diameter. Cooling
water enters the tubes at 20 ºC with a mean flow rate of 3000 kg/s. The heat transfer coefficient
for condensation on the outer surfaces of the tubes is 15500 W/m2K. If the heat load of the
condenser is 2.3 × 108 W when the steam condenses at 50 ºC determine
(a) The overall temperature of the cooling water
(b) The overall heat transfer coefficient
(c) The tube length per pass using the NTU method
(d) The rate of condensation of steam if LV = 2380 KJ/kg
For 1- n shell and tube heat exchanger
−1
 1 + exp  − N (1 + C 2 )  
0.5
 
∈ 2 1 + C + (1 + C 2 ) 
0.5 C
=  where C = min
1 − exp  − N (1 + C 2 )  
0.5
 Cmax
  
The properties of water at 300 K (=27 ºC) are:

Cpc = 4180 J/kg, μ = 855 ×10-6 Ns/m2, k = 0.613 W/mK, Pr = 5.83
Tutorial 13
1) A 5 % aqueous solution of a high molecular weight solute has to be concentrated to 40 % in a

forward feed double effect evaporator at the rate of 8000 kg/hr. The feed temperature is 40 ºC.
Saturated steam at 3.5 kg/cm2 is available. A vacuum of 600 mm Hg is maintained in the second
effect. Calculate the area requirements, if calandrias equal areas are used. The overall heat
transfer coefficients are 550 kcal/h m2 ºC and 370 kcal/h m2 ºC in the first and the second effect,
respectively. The specific heat of the concentrated liquor is 0.87 kcal/kg ºC.

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Tutorial 7

For 1- n shell and tube heat exchanger

The properties of water at 300 K (=27 ºC) are:

1) A 5 % aqueous solution of a high molecular weight solute has to be concentrated to 40 % in a

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