Quarter 3 - Week 5-8 Iii PDF

SHS
INQUIRIES,
INVESTIGATION &
IMMERSION
Quarter 2 – Week 5-8
Learning Activity Sheets (LAS)
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DINAGAT ISLANDS

Inquiries, Investigation & Immersion 12
Third Quarter – Learning Activity Sheets
First Set
First Edition, 2020
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SYNTHESIZING REVIEW OF RELATED
Week 5
LITERATURE
Name: _________________________________ Year/Section: ___________________________
Objective:
LO1. Selects, cites and synthesizes related literature uses sources according to
ethical standards (at least 4-6 local and international sources)
Time Allotment- 1 Week

Pre-Test
Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if otherwise. Write your answers on
your notebook.
______1. A synthesis tries to determine the connection of the researcher’s review of related
literature.
_______2. Integration of parts of the researcher’s information gathered into a whole new
idea is a characteristic of synthesis of RRL.
_______3. Synthesis is a combination of different ideas to form a new whole.
_______4. In synthesizing a collection of ideas, the researcher must identify the
methodology used, participants, and instruments used in the study of another
researcher.
_______5. A synthesis of a research paper is about concisely summarizing and linking
different sources to get the idea of the literature review.
Key Concepts: Synthesize review of related literature of the study.
SYNTHESIZING REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Let us discuss in a comprehensible way on how you will synthesize all the
information that you have on your Review of Related Literature.
Synthesizing an RRL must demonstrate a critical analysis of the papers or sources
that the researcher collected, as well as, it must show the ability of the researcher to
integrate the results of her analysis on Chapter II. A synthesis must also be evaluated and
weighed critically. Moreover, it is an advanced reading technique or skill that requires
critical analysis, creativity, and insightful mind of a researcher. It also contrasts and
combines information and ideas from the gathered sources of the researcher. It also gives
an integration of information from different sources to highlight important points of
connection and relatedness, to address similarities and differences and draw conclusion.
Synthesizing a collection of RRL combines parts and elements from a variety of
sources into one unified and integrated entity.
How to synthesize a review of Related Literature?

In a person’s daily routine, they always experience synthesizing information from
different sources, such as from the stories you have heard from a new source and
discussions about the same topic with others.
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Below are the steps on how to synthesize a Review of Related Literature.
1. Digest the material and understand the content of the sources.
In this process, you have to determine and identify similarities among the articles
by group in terms of concepts, patterns, and relationship. You may ask these questions
within yourself.
-Did the author used similar conceptual and theoretical framework, sample participants,
methodologies, or instruments and procedures to collect data?
-How and in what way are the findings similar?
-Are there any studies that served as an extension of another study?
Remember you should be noting not only the articles that are similar but how they are
similar.
2. Review and critically analyze the sources.
This second step may determine the differences and contradictions among the
articles by group. You can ask these questions to yourself.
-Did the authors used different conceptual and theoretical framework, sample
participants, methodologies, or instruments and procedures to collect data?
-How and in what ways are the findings different and contradictory?
3. Synthesize the content of the information that you have gathered.
It means going beyond your critique to determine the relationships or patterns

among sources, identifying then comparing and contrasting common concepts or themes.
This step determines general observations and conclusions about each topic given
the relationship inferred from the group of articles within each topic. It also determines
the existence of any reoccurring concepts, relationships, patterns, or themes and if any of
these are in need of further inquiry.
For instance, on your three different sources you have found out different themes
such as theme A, theme B, and theme C. You might compare and contrast things on
those three themes that emerged on your sources. Consequently, it may also happen that
there is one seminal study done that all other researchers expanded upon. If you will to
ask if there are overall themes that are used in a review of related literature, the answer is
whatever the theme or pattern appeared on your information gathered, try to infer beyond
what was indicated on your collection of sources. In order for you to have a well-developed
synthesis of your study, one must use their ability of having the “higher ordered thinking
skills”. Through your HOTS you will be able to write objectively and constructively. Also,
you can provide ideas clearly, logically organized, and focused writing.
Note: A key element to make a good synthesis of review of related literature is the
integration, which is about making connections between and among ideas and concepts. It
is about applying what you have researching within a larger framework, thereby providing
you a new way of looking onto a phenomenon.
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Here is a diagram which will help you synthesize and analyze your literature review.
Example of Synthesis of Review of Related Literature
The studies mentioned above, focussed on finding out the connection of students performance while
students were engaged in an online class. They further noted that while a student has an access to education
using online media, it may gleaned that a student can perform well on his academics. In addition, both of the
studies above shown that there is really an impact between students’ performance and online distance
learning.
Activity 1: Classify Me!

Directions: Classify the given statements about synthesizing literature using the table
below. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. It must compare and contrast each of the contents of the information that the researcher
puts on her Review of Related Literature subject.
2. It must just provide a copy and paste material of the source.
3. It must demonstrate a profound explanation of the researcher’s collection of gathered
information
4. A synthesis is a mere statement of “All of the three aforementioned paragraphs are a good
research paper”.
5. A synthesis of the review of related literature must develop the higher order thinking skills
of the researcher.
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What makes a well-developed synthesis? What didn’t help to make a well-
developed synthesis?
Activity 2: Fill Me In!

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the word that will best fit in the sentence. Write the
letter of your answers on the space provided from the table.
A. Critical Analysis F. Contrasts

B. Integrate G. Combines
C. Synthesis H. Information
D. Creativity I. Points of connection
E. Insightful J. relatedness
Synthesizing an RRL demonstrates a (1)_______ of the papers or sources that the

researcher collected, as well as, it must show the ability of the researcher to (2)_____ the
results of her analysis on her Chapter II. A (3)________ must also evaluated and weighed
critically. Moreover, it is an advanced reading technique or skill that requires critical
analysis, (4)_____, and (5)______ mind of a researcher. It also (6)_____ and (7)_____
information and ideas from the gathered sources of the researcher. It also gives an
(8)______ of information from different sources to highlight important (9)______ and
(10)________, to address similarities and differences and draw conclusion. Synthesizing a
collection of RRL combines parts and elements from a variety of sources into one unified
and integrated entity.
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Activity 3: Let’s Synthesize!
Directions: Using your Research Working Title from your previous modules, fill in the
given chart below. Copy and answer this activity on your notebook.
Reflective Question:
From the three sources that you have cited and written in the chart above, create your
synthesis of review of related literature. Write your answers on separate sheet.
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Reflection (for Teacher)

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Post -Test
Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if otherwise. Write your answers on the
space provided.
______1. In synthesizing a collection of ideas, the researcher must identify the

methodology used, participants, and instruments used in the study of another
researcher.
_______2. Integration of parts of the researcher’s information gathered into a whole new
idea is a characteristic of synthesis of RRL.
_______3. A synthesis of a research paper is about concisely summarizing and linking
different sources to get the idea of the literature review.
_______4. A synthesis tries to determine the connection of the researcher’s review of
related literature.
_______5. Synthesis is a combination of different ideas to form a new whole.
Answers’ Key
Answer Key for Activity 1

What makes a well-developed What didn’t help to make a well-
synthesis? developed synthesis?
It must compare and contrast each of the It must just provide a copy and paste
contents of the information that the material of the source.
researcher puts on her Review of Related
Literature subject.
It must demonstrate a profound A synthesis is a mere statement of “All of
explanation of the researcher’s collection the three aforementioned paragraph are
of gathered information a good research paper”.
A synthesis of the review of related
literature must develop the higher order
thinking skills of the researcher.
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References:
Herrera,M.G.(2021). Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion-QIII-MIV- Citation of Review

of Related Literature. Department of Education. Philippines.
La Jolla, G. (2021). What types of references are appropriate?. Department of Psychology.

Regents of University of California.
Taylor, C. (n.d.). What is synthesis?. University of Manitoba. Retrieved from January

29,2021.https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/nursing/students/What_is_synthesi s.pdf
SAGE Publications (2019). Developing and Presenting Your Literature Review. SAGE
Publication, p. 157-160.
Panigrahi, R.,Srivastava, S.R., Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning: adaptation,

continuance, and learning outcome. International Journal of Information 43,1-
14.doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.005
Picciano, A.G. (2002). Beyond students’ perception: issues of interaction, presence and
performance in an online course. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks,
6(1),33.doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.11.007
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UNDERSTANDING WAYS TO COLLECT
Week 6
DATA
Name: ________________________________ Year/Section: _________________________
Objectives:
Describes adequately research design (either quantitative or qualitative),
data gathering instrument, sample, data collection and analysis procedures,
prepares data gathering instrument.
Time Allotment: 1 Week
PRE- TEST:
Direction: Read each item carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Observations used in research are examples of ____________________.

A. Methodological approach C. Qualitative data collection method
B. Method of collecting data D. Quantitative data collection method
2. What do we use when gathering primary data?

A. Experiments C. Surveys
B. Interviews D. All of the above
3. This involves an intensive interaction between the researcher and the subjects or
participants.
A. Simulation C. Naturalistic observation
B. Participant observation D. Nonparticipant observation
4. This type of interview is done to recall and reconstruct something that happened in the
past.
A. Informal interview C. Semi-structured interview
B. Structured interview D. Retrospective interview
5. This data collection strategy makes use of books, journals, magazine, art works, songs,
pictures, and others to obtain common themes or construct for analysis.
A. Documentary analysis C. Observation
B. Interview D. Survey

Key Concepts: Understanding ways to collect data for quantitative research study.
QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION

This part of the module belongs to tools of data collection. The sampling frame is
significant for knowledge of nature of sample which is the source of data. It is necessary
to employ the appropriate tool and technique to draw out the information relevant to
research and its objectives. The tool and technique of data collection varies according to
purpose of research, nature of data, nature of sample etc.
The tools may be enlisted as follows:

1. observation
2. interviews
3. questionnaires
4. rating scales
5. inventories & tests
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis,

presentation, interpretation, and conclusion of data, while biostatistics is a branch of
statistics, where statistical techniques are used on biomedical data to reach a conclusion.
Measurement scale (data type) is an important part of data collection, analysis, and
presentation.
In the data collection, the type of questionnaire and the data recording tool differ
according to the data types. Similarly, in the data analysis, statistical tests or methods
differ from one data type to another. Data presentation is an important step to
communicate our information and findings to the audience and readers in an effective
way. If done properly, they not only reduce word count but also convey an important
message in a meaningful way so that the readers can grasp it easily. There are various
tabulation and graphical methods used to present the data, which are not possible
without proper knowledge of data types.
Data are a collection of facts such as values or measurements. It can be numbers,
words, measurements, observations, or even just descriptions of things. Basically, data
are two types: constant and variable. Constant is a situation or value that does not
change, while a characteristic, number, or quantity that increases or decreases over time
or takes different values in different situations is called variable. Due to unchangeable
property, constant is not used and only variable is used for summary measures and
analysis.
Within the context of a research investigation, concepts are generally referred to as
variables. A variable is, as the name applies, something that varies. Age, sex, export,
income and expenses, family size, country of birth, capital expenditure, class grades,
blood pressure readings, preoperative anxiety levels, eye color, and vehicle type are all
examples of variables because each of these properties varies or differs from one
individual to another. There are five types of variable in terms of research methodology as
follows:
The variable, value of which affects the value of another variable is known as
independent variable. Such variable is not affected by the change in the value of another
variable but affects the value of another variable.
The variable, value of which may change due to change in the value of another variable is
called dependent variable. In other words, such characteristic is called dependent variable
for which different values can be obtained in the context of change in independent
variable.
We know that independent variable affects the value of dependent variable and
there has been cause and effect relationship between these two. The variable that affects
the cause-and-effect relationship between these two variables is called moderator variable.
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Email Address: [email protected] P a g e | 10
It means the effect of independent variable independent variable may be different in the
presence of moderator variable.
Next, If the effect of such variables that can affect the cause-and-effect relationship
of dependent and independent variable, is eliminated, it is called controlled variable. In
other words, if the effect of moderator variable is controlled, it is known as controlled
variable.
Lastly, any such variable is called intervening variable, that may affect the cause-
and-effect relationship of dependent and independent variables but either cannot be
measured clearly or is to be ignored during research. It means, intervening variables are
neither controlled nor taken care of during research. In other words, any moderator
variable, that cannot be measured or observed clearly or ignored is called intervening
variable. See Figure 1 for better understanding.
For quantitative research, there are four types of variables: nominal, ordinal,
discrete, and continuous. The first two are called qualitative data and the last two are
quantitative data. The first two (nominal and ordinal) are assessed in terms of words or
attributes called qualitative data, whereas discrete and continuous variables are part of
the quantitative data.
Quantitative variable is the data that show some quantity through numerical
value. Quantitative data are the numeric variables (e.g., how many, how much, or how
often). Age, blood pressure, body temperature, hemoglobin level, and serum creatinine
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level are some examples of quantitative data. It is also called metric data. It has two types:
discrete and continuous.
Discrete variable is the quantitative data, but its values cannot be expressed
or presented in the form of a decimal. For example, number of males, number of females,
number of patients, and family size are data that cannot be expressed in decimal points.
Continuous data are measured in values and can be quantified and presented in
decimals. Age, height, weight, body mass index, serum creatinine, heart rate, systolic
blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure are some examples.
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables

of interest in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection
component of research is common to all fields of study including physical and social
sciences, humanities, business, etc. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on
ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The goal for all data collection
is to capture quality evidence that then translates to rich data analysis and allows the
building of a convincing and credible answer to questions that have been posed. Data
collection is one of the most important stages in conducting a research. You can have the
best research design in the world but if you cannot collect the required data you will not
be able to complete your project. Data collection is a very demanding job which needs
thorough planning, hard work, patience, perseverance and more to be able to complete
the task successfully. Data collection starts with determining what kind of data required
followed by the selection of a sample from a certain population. After that, you need to use
a certain instrument to collect the data from the selected sample. Let us now take a closer
look on quantitative data.
Data collection is the process of gathering information on variables of interest from

a sample of research participants. There are two types of data collection:
1. Primary data collection refers to data that is collected from research participants
directly by the investigators of a study and the data is used for that study.
Below are some of the sources of primary data:
a. Experiments require an artificial or natural setting in which to perform
logical study to collect data. Experiments are more suitable for medicine, psychological
studies, nutrition, and for other scientific studies. In experiments, the experimenter must
keep control over the influence of any extraneous variable on the results.
b. Survey is the most commonly used method in social sciences, management,
marketing, and psychology to some extent. Surveys can be conducted in different
methods.
c. Questionnaire is the most commonly used method in survey. Questionnaires are
list of questions either open-ended or close-ended for which the respondents give answers.
Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, mail, live in a public area, or in an
institute, through electronic mail or through online platforms and other methods.
d. Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. In interview
the main problem arises when the respondent deliberately hides information otherwise it
is an in-depth source of information. The interviewer can not only record the statements
the interviewee speaks.
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2. Secondary data collection refers to data that is collected by investigators from research
papers that are already published online. Secondary data is used by these investigators in
a secondary research study (e.g., review of primary research).
The following are some examples of collecting secondary data:

Books
Records
Biographies
Newspapers
Published censuses or other statistical data
Data archives
Internet articles
Research articles by other researchers (journals)
Databases, etc.
Quantitative Data
It is numerical in nature and can be mathematically computed. Quantitative data
measure uses different scales, which can be classified as nominal scale, ordinal scale,
interval scale and ratio scale.
Often (not always), such data includes measurements of something. Quantitative

approaches address the ‘what’ of the study. They use a systematic standardized approach
and employ methods such as surveys and ask questions. Quantitative approaches have
the advantage that they are cheaper to implement, are standardized so comparisons can
be easily made, and the size of the effect can usually be measured.
Quantitative approaches however are limited in their capacity for the investigation
and explanation of similarities and unexpected differences. It is important to note that for
peer-based programs quantitative data collection approaches often prove to be difficult to
implement for agencies as lack of necessary resources to ensure rigorous implementation
of surveys and frequently experienced low participation and loss to follow up rates are
commonly experienced factors.
The quantitative data collection methods rely on random sampling and structured data
collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories.
They produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. If the intent is
to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will
employ probability sampling to select participants.
There are two main quantitative data collection methods:
1. Surveys: Traditionally, surveys were conducted using paper-based methods and have
gradually evolved into online mediums. Closed-ended questions form a major part of these
surveys as they are more effective in collecting quantitative data. The survey makes
include answer options which they think are the most appropriate for a particular
question. Surveys are integral in collecting feedback from an audience which is larger
than the conventional size. A critical factor about surveys is that the responses collected
should be such that they can be generalized to the entire population without significant
discrepancies. On the basis of the time involved in completing surveys, they are classified
into the following –
a. Longitudinal Studies are types of observational research in which the market researcher
conducts surveys from a specific time period to another (i.e., over a considerable course of
time, is called longitudinal survey). This survey is often implemented for trend analysis or
studies where the primary objective is to collect and analyze a pattern in data.
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b. Cross-sectional Studies are types of observational research in which the market
research conducts surveys at a particular time period across the target sample is known
as cross-sectional survey. This survey type implements a questionnaire to understand a
specific subject from the sample at a definite time period.
To administer a survey to collect quantitative data, the below principles are to be followed.
a. Fundamental levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales). There
are four measurement scales which are fundamental to creating a multiple-choice
question in a survey in collecting quantitative data. They are, nominal, ordinal, interval
and ratio measurement scales without the fundamentals of which, no multiple-choice
questions can be created.
b. Use of different question types. To collect quantitative data, close-ended questions have
to be used in a survey. They can be a mix of multiple question types including multiple-
choice questions like semantic differential scale questions, rating scale questions etc. that
can help collect data that can be analyzed and made sense of.
c. Survey distribution and survey data collection. In the above, we have seen the process
of building a survey along with the survey design to collect quantitative data. Survey
distribution to collect data is the other important aspect of the survey process. There are
different ways of survey distribution. Some of the most commonly used methods are:
email
sample size
embedding a survey
social distribution
2. One-on-one Interviews. This quantitative data collection method was also traditionally
conducted face-to-face but has shifted to telephonic and online platforms. Interviews offer
a marketer the opportunity to gather extensive data from the participants. Quantitative
interviews are immensely structured and play a key role in collecting information. There
are three major sections of these online interviews:
a. face-to-face interviews
b. online or telephonic interviews
c. computer assisted personal interview
Data Collection Procedure

It is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements. Whether you
are performing research for business, governmental, or academic purposes, data
collection allows you to gain first-hand knowledge and original insights into your research
problem.
While methods and aims may differ between fields, the overall process of data collection
remains largely the same. Before you begin collecting data, you need to consider:
a. the aim of the research;
b. the type of data that you will collect; and
c. the methods and procedures you will use to collect, store, and process the data.
To collect high-quality data that is relevant to your purposes, follow these four steps.
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Step 1: Define the aim of your research. Before you start the process of data
collection, you need to identify exactly what you want to achieve. You can start
by writing a problem statement: what is the practical or scientific issue that
you want to address and why does it matter?
Step 2: Develop operational definitions and procedures. What are we measuring?
How will it be measured? Who will measure it? Having clarity in these
questions is of utmost importance. Often, we will employ sampling in which
case we need to define a sampling plan.
Step 3: Choose more than one data collection technique. There is no “best” tool. Do
not let the tool drive your work but rather choose the right tool to address the
evaluation question.
Step 4: Begin to collect your data.
Activity 1: Multiple Choice !

Directions: Read and analyze the statement below, choose and ENCIRCLE the letter of
the correct answer.
1. Which one is a strength of using questionnaires in the data gathering?

A. Cheap and easy way to collect data C. Low response rate
B. Interviewer effect D. Unethical
2. Which one is a weakness of questionnaires in the data gathering?

A. Cheap C. Interviewer effect
B. Demand characteristics D. Low response rate
3. Which one is a strength of observations in the data gathering?

A. Cheap and easy way to collect data C. Quick
B. First hand data, which is rich in validity D. Representative
4. What is quantitative data?

A. A study of an individual or group over a long period of time
B. A small scale study done prior to the actual study
C. Data collected the written or descriptive form
D. Data collected in the numeric form
5. Which of the following is a type of secondary data?

A. Interview C. Observation
B. Official statistics D. Questionnaire
Activity 2: Likert Scale!

Directions: Conduct a random interview to your classmates using the Likert scale or
summated rating scale. Ask them on how they feel about themselves through Messenger
chats then record and collect their possible answers. Refer to the given survey form below
for the questions to be asked. After getting all the responses, copy the sample graph given
and plot the results. Write your answers on your notebook.
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Please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with each statement.
Likert Scale or Summated Rating
Scale
Strongly Agree (3) Disagree Strongly
Statement Agree (4) (2) Disagree
(1)
1. Overall, I am satisfied with myself.
2. I take positive attitude toward
myself.
3. I feel that I have good qualities.
4. I am able to do things like the most
other people.
5. I feel that I do have much to be
proud of.
Total Response
Reflection (for Teacher)

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POST TEST
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1. This type of interview is done to recall and reconstruct something that happened in the
past.
A. Informal interview C. Semi-structured interview
B. Structured interview D. Retrospective interview
2. This data collection strategy makes use of books, journals, magazine, art works, songs,
pictures, and others to obtain common themes or construct for analysis.
A. Documentary analysis C. Observation
B. Interview D. Survey
3. This involves an intensive interaction between the researcher and the subjects or
participants.
A. Simulation C. Naturalistic observation
B. Nonparticipant observation D. Participant observation
4. Observations used in research are examples of ____________________.

A. Methodological approach C. Qualitative data collection method
B. Quantitative data collection method D. Method of collecting data
5. What do we use when gathering primary data?

A. Experiments C. Surveys
B. Interviews D. All of the above
Answers’ Key
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References
Monette, D.R., Gullivan, T.J. & DeJong, C.R. (2010) “Applied Social Research: A Tool for
the Human Resources” Cengage Learning
Polonsky, M.J. & Waller, D.S. (2011) “Designing and Managing a Research Project: A
Business Student’s Guide” 2nd edition, SAGE
Vaus, D. (2002) “Surveys in Social Research” Taylor and Francis, p.5

Yamagata-Lynch, L.C. (2010) “Activity Systems Analysis Methods: Understanding
Complex
Learning Environments” Springer Publications

Source: Albery, I. &Munafo, M. (2008) “Key Concepts in Health Psychology” SAGE
Publications
Week
QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
7-8
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: ________________________________ Year/Section: _________________________
Objectives:
Describes adequately research design (either quantitative or qualitative), data
gathering instrument, sample, data collection and analysis procedures, prepares
data gathering instrument.
Time Allotment: 1 Week
PRE- TEST:
1. What are the sources of qualitative data?
A. Books and journal C. Interview and observation
B. Questionnaires and survey D. Primary sources and secondary sources
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

A. Deductive process C. Fixed research design
B. Inductive process D. Control over the context
3. Which of the following is a method that is commonly used in qualitative research?

A. Surveys C. Structured observations
B. Ethnography D. Self-completion questionnaires
4. Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research?

A. There is a lack of transparency.
B. The studies are difficult to replicate.
C. The approach is too rigid and inflexible.
D. The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic.
5. Qualitative data generally can include __________.

A. Only written material that respondents provide in response to open-ended items
B. Any sort of data that can be summarized with numbers.
C. Text, pictures, videos, sound recordings.
D. Survey and questionnaire data
Key Concepts: Understanding ways to collect data for qualitative research study.
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QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION
Qualitative data collection methods are exploratory in nature and are
mainly concerned with gaining insights and understanding on underlying
reasons and motivations. Qualitative data collection methods emerged after it
has become known that traditional quantitative data collection methods were
unable to express human feelings and emotions.
Monette et al (2010) credit qualitative methods with the
acknowledgement of abstraction and generalization. Polonsky and Waller (2011)
categorize vision, images, forms and structures in various media, as well as
spoken and printed word, and recorded sound into qualitative data collection
methods.
It is noted that “qualitative methods are often regarded as providing rich data
about real life people and situations and being more able to make sense of
behavior and to understand behavior within its wider context. However,
qualitative research is often criticized for lacking generalizability, being too
reliant on the subjective interpretations of researchers and being incapable of
replication by subsequent researchers.”
Popular qualitative data collection methods used in business studies include
interviews, focus groups, observations and action research. Moreover, grounded
theory and document analysis can be also used as data collection method in
qualitative studies. The main sources and procedures associated with the most
popular qualitative methods are presented on the table below as proposed by
Yamagata-Lynch (2010).
Data collection approaches for qualitative research usually involves:

A. direct interaction with individuals on a one-to-one basis;
B. or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting.
Qualitative research data collection methods are time consuming. Therefore,

data is usually collected from a smaller sample than would be the case for
quantitative approaches. This makes qualitative research more expensive. The
benefits of the qualitative approach are that the information is richer and has a
deeper insight into the phenomenon under study.
Qualitative data collection methods are exploratory, and usually more focused on
gaining insights and understanding the underlying reasons by digging deeper.
Although quantitative data cannot be quantified, measuring it or analyzing it
might become an issue. Due to the lack of measurability, qualitative data
collection methods are primarily unstructured or structured in rare cases in
some extent.
Below are the most common methods used for qualitative data collection.
A. individual interviews
B. focus groups
C. observation
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Interviews can be:
Data Collection Methods
a. Unstructured
• Can be referred to as 'depth' or 'in depth' interviews.
• They have very little structure at all.
• The interviewer may just go with the aim of discussing a limited number of
topics, sometimes as few as just one or two.
• The interviewer may frame the interview questions based on the interviewee
and his/her previous response.
• This allows the discussion to cover areas in great detail.
• They involve the researcher wanting to know or find out more about a specific
topic without there being a structure or a preconceived plan or expectation as
to how they will deal with the topic.
b. Semi structured
• Semi structured interviews are sometimes also called focused interviews.
• A series of open-ended questions based on the topic areas the researcher
wants to cover.
• • A series of broad questions to ask and may have some prompts to help
the interviewee.
• • 'The open-ended nature of the question defines the topic under
investigation but provides opportunities for both interviewer and interviewee to
discuss some topics in more detail.
• • Semi structured interviews allow the researcher to prompt or encourage
the interviewee if they are looking for more information or find what they are
saying interesting.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• • This method gives the researcher the freedom to probe the interviewee
to elaborate or to follow a new line of inquiry introduced by what the
interviewee is saying.
• • Work best when the interviewed has a number of areas he/she wants to
be sure to be addressing.
c. Structured
• The interviewer asks the respondent the same questions in the same way.
• A tightly structured schedule is used.
• The questions may be phrased in order that a limited range of responses may
be given(i.e. Do you rate our services as very good, good or poor?).
• A researcher needs to consider whether a questionnaire or structured
interview is more appropriate.
• If the interview schedule is too tightly structured this may not enable the
phenomena under investigation to be explored in terms of either breadth or
depth.
2. Focus groups. The use of focus groups is sometimes used when it is better to
obtain information from a group rather than individuals.
Group interviews can be used when:

a. Limited resources (time, manpower, finances)
b. The phenomena being researched requires a collective discussion in
order to understand the circumstances, behavior or opinions.
c. Greater insights may be developed of the group dynamic or cause
and consequence.
3. Observation involves may take place in natural settings and involves the
researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of what is happening. It is
argued that there are limits to the situations that can be observed in their
'natural' settings and that the presence of the research may lead to problems
with validity.
Limitations with observation include:

a. Change in people's behavior when they know they are being observed.
b. A 'snapshot' view of a whole situation
c. Think big brother...
d. The researcher may miss something while they are watching and taking
notes.
e. The researcher may make judgements of make value statements or
misunderstand what has been observed.
Strengths of observation:
a. Can offer a flavor for what is happening
b. Can give an insight into the bigger picture
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Can demonstrate sub-groups.
d. Can be used to assist in the design of the rest of the research
Data Collection Procedure

The process of data collection follows the identification of the sample.
Data collection can take the form of direct data or indirect data. Direct data
include recordable spoken or written words and observable body language,
actions and interactions. Here, the interactions may be human-to-human or
human responses to inanimate objects such as a hemodialysis machine.
Whatever can be observed or communicated are considered to be
potential or actual data. This will occur when considering the thoughts,
feelings, experiences, meaning of experience, responses, actions, interactions,
language, and processes of individuals and groups within their social and/or
cultural setting. It is this type of data that sets the context of qualitative
studies. Indirect data are generated, in the first instance, by someone or
something else, such as with documents or photographs reporting an event or
an artistic rendition of an event or experience (e.g. novels, songs, paintings,
poems, photographs).
There are skills required and involved in successful qualitative research
approaches which requires careful consideration and planning.
Take note that a good quality qualitative research involves:

thought
preparation
the development of the interview schedule
conducting and analyzing the interview data with care and consideration
Activity 1: Let’s Interview!

Directions: Prepare an interview schedule for investigating the experiences of
senior high students amidst pandemic. Give five (5) questions you might want
to ask to your participants?
Examples:
1. In your opinion, what are the most important characteristics of
distance education adopted during the pandemic?
2. What should be done to improve the efficiency of the distance
education system adopted during the pandemic?
Question 1. _____________________________________________________________
Question 2. _____________________________________________________________
Question 3. ____________________________________________________________
Question 4. ____________________________________________________________
Question 5. ____________________________________________________________
Activity 2: Multiple choice!
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. The most important consideration in selecting a sample is that the sample

should be ____________________.
A. representative of the population
B. made up of a large number of subjects
C. selected from a large number of individuals or elements
D. selected from the population by means of a table of random numbers
2. The first step in selecting a sample should be to ____________________.

A. define the population
B. compile a list of the population
C. determine how to randomize
D. decide how to stratify the population
3. Questionnaire is a ____________________.
A. interviews
B. secondary data
C. questionnaires
D. all of the above are methods of data collection.
4. Which one of the following in not a major method of data

collection____________________.
A. research method C. tool for data collection
B. measurement technique D. data analysis technique
5. Another name for a Likert Scale is____________________.

A. interview protocol C. summated rating scale
B. event sampling D. ranking
Reflection (for Teacher):

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________.
POST TEST:
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research?

A. There is a lack of transparency.
B. The studies are difficult to replicate.
C. The approach is too rigid and inflexible.
D. The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic.
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

A. Deductive process C. Fixed research design
B. Inductive process D. Control over the context
3. Which of the following is a method that is commonly used in qualitative

research?
A. Surveys C. Structured observations
B. Ethnography D. Self-completion questionnaires
4. What are the sources of qualitative data?

A. Books and journal C. Interview and observation
B. Questionnaires and survey D. Primary sources and secondary sources
5. Qualitative data generally can include __________.

A. Only written material that respondents provide in response to open-ended
items
B. Any sort of data that can be summarized with numbers.
C. Text, pictures, videos, sound recordings.
D. Survey and questionnaire data
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Answers’ Key
References
Monette, D.R., Gullivan, T.J. & DeJong, C.R. (2010) “Applied Social Research: A
Tool for the Human Resources” Cengage Learning
Polonsky, M.J. & Waller, D.S. (2011) “Designing and Managing a Research Project:
A Business Student’s Guide” 2nd edition, SAGE
Vaus, D. (2002) “Surveys in Social Research” Taylor and Francis, p.5

Yamagata-Lynch, L.C. (2010) “Activity Systems Analysis Methods: Understanding
Complex
Learning Environments” Springer Publications

Source: Albery, I. &Munafo, M. (2008) “Key Concepts in Health Psychology” SAGE
Publications
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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SHS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DINAGAT ISLANDS

Published by Schools Division of Dinagat Islands

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets

Writer: GERALD I. PIAMONTE

Printed in the Philippines by ______________________________

Department of Education – Learning Resource Management Section

Name: _________________________________ Year/Section: ___________________________

Time Allotment- 1 Week

Key Concepts: Synthesize review of related literature of the study.

SYNTHESIZING REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

How to synthesize a review of Related Literature?

1. Digest the material and understand the content of the sources.

2. Review and critically analyze the sources.

3. Synthesize the content of the information that you have gathered.

It means going beyond your critique to determine the relationships or patterns

Example of Synthesis of Review of Related Literature

Activity 1: Classify Me!

Activity 2: Fill Me In!

A. Critical Analysis F. Contrasts

Synthesizing an RRL demonstrates a (1)_______ of the papers or sources that the

Reflection (for Teacher)

______1. In synthesizing a collection of ideas, the researcher must identify the

Answer Key for Activity 1

Herrera,M.G.(2021). Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion-QIII-MIV- Citation of Review

La Jolla, G. (2021). What types of references are appropriate?. Department of Psychology.

Taylor, C. (n.d.). What is synthesis?. University of Manitoba. Retrieved from January

Panigrahi, R.,Srivastava, S.R., Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning: adaptation,

Name: ________________________________ Year/Section: _________________________

Time Allotment: 1 Week

1. Observations used in research are examples of ____________________.

2. What do we use when gathering primary data?

Author: GERALD I. PIAMONTE

QUANTITATIVE DATA COLLECTION

The tools may be enlisted as follows:

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis,

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables

Data collection is the process of gathering information on variables of interest from

The following are some examples of collecting secondary data:

Often (not always), such data includes measurements of something. Quantitative

Data Collection Procedure

Activity 1: Multiple Choice !

1. Which one is a strength of using questionnaires in the data gathering?

2. Which one is a weakness of questionnaires in the data gathering?

3. Which one is a strength of observations in the data gathering?

4. What is quantitative data?

5. Which of the following is a type of secondary data?

Activity 2: Likert Scale!

Reflection (for Teacher)

4. Observations used in research are examples of ____________________.

5. What do we use when gathering primary data?

Vaus, D. (2002) “Surveys in Social Research” Taylor and Francis, p.5

Learning Environments” Springer Publications

Time Allotment: 1 Week

2. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?

3. Which of the following is a method that is commonly used in qualitative research?

4. Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research?

5. Qualitative data generally can include __________.

Data collection approaches for qualitative research usually involves:

Name: _______ Year/Section: _

Name: ________ Year/Section: _