Chapter 1 - Introduction New Version

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
10/16/2023 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1

CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Objectives
After studying this chapter, the student should be able to:

 Define the Turing model of a computer.
 Define the von Neumann model of a computer.
 Describe the three components of a computer: hardware,

data, and software.
1-1 TURING MODEL
The idea of a universal computational device was first

described by Alan Turing in 1936.
He proposed that all computation could be performed

by a special kind of a machine, now called a Turing
machine.
He based the model on the actions that people perform

when involved in computation. He abstracted these
actions into a model for a computational machine that
has really changed the world.
1.1.1 Data processors
Before discussing the Turing model, let us define a

computer as a data processor.
Using this definition, a computer acts as a black box that

accepts input data, processes the data, and creates output
data (Figure 1.1).
In this model, a pocket calculator is also a computer (which

it is, in a literal sense).
Figure 1.1 A single purpose computing machine
1.1.2 Programmable data processors
The Turing model (Figure 1.2) is a better model for a

general-purpose computer.
• This model adds an extra element to the specific
computing machine: the program.
A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer

what to do with data.
Figure 1.2 A computer based on the Turing model
Figure 1.3 The same program, different data
Figure 1.4 The same data, different programs
1.1.3 The universal Turing machine
A universal Turing machine, a machine that can do any
computation if the appropriate program is provided, was the
first description of a modern computer.
It can be proved that a very powerful computer and a

universal Turing machine can compute the same thing. We
need only provide the data and the program—the description
of how to do the computation—to either machine.
In fact, a universal Turing machine is capable of computing

anything that is computable.
1-2 VON NEUMANN MODEL
Computers built on the Turing universal machine store
data in their memory.
Around 1944–1945, John von Neumann proposed that,

since program and data are logically the same, programs
should also be stored in the memory of a computer.
1.2.1 Four subsystems
Computers built on the von Neumann model divide the
computer hardware into four subsystems: memory,
arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and input/output
(Figure 1.5).
Figure 1.5 The von Neumann model

1.2.2 The stored program concept
The von Neumann model states that the program must be

stored in memory.
• This is totally different from the architecture of early
computers in which only the data was stored in memory:
The memory of modern computers hosts both a program and

its corresponding data. This implies that both the data and
programs should have the same format, because they are
stored in memory. In fact, they are stored as binary patterns
in memory—a sequence of 0s and 1s.
1.2.3 Sequential execution of instructions
A program in the von Neumann model is made of a finite number of

instructions.
The control unit fetches one instruction from memory, decodes it, then
executes it (instruction cycle).
The instructions are executed one after another.

• one instruction may request the control unit to jump to some
previous or following instruction, but this does not mean that the
instructions are not executed sequentially.
Sequential execution of a program was the initial requirement of a
computer based on the von Neumann model. Today’s computers
execute programs in the order that is the most efficient.
Instruction cycle
1.14
1-3 COMPUTER COMPONENTS
We can think of a computer as being made up of three
components:
• computer hardware,
• data, and
• computer software.
1.3.1 Computer hardware
Computer hardware today has four components under the

von Neumann model, although we can have different types
of memory, different types of input/output subsystems, and
so on.
1.3.2 Data
The von Neumann model clearly defines a computer as a
data processing machine that accepts the input data,
processes it, and outputs the result.
1.3.3 Computer software
The main feature of the Turing or von Neumann models is

the concept of the program.
Although early computers did not store the program in the

computer’s memory, they did use the concept of programs.
• Programming those early computers meant changing the

wiring systems or turning a set of switches on or off (1,
0).
• Programming was therefore a task done by an operator or
engineer before the actual data processing began.
Figure 1.6 Program and data in memory
Figure 1.7 A program made of instructions
Important Links
20
 https://drive.google.com/file/d/12kVSE1DQJm2S
1b2FD3tpiEuD7La3_MPF/view?usp=sharing
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CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

10/16/2023 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1

After studying this chapter, the student should be able to:

 Define the von Neumann model of a computer.

 Describe the three components of a computer: hardware,

The idea of a universal computational device was first

He proposed that all computation could be performed

He based the model on the actions that people perform

Before discussing the Turing model, let us define a

Using this definition, a computer acts as a black box that

In this model, a pocket calculator is also a computer (which

The Turing model (Figure 1.2) is a better model for a

A program is a set of instructions that tells the computer

It can be proved that a very powerful computer and a

In fact, a universal Turing machine is capable of computing

Around 1944–1945, John von Neumann proposed that,

Figure 1.5 The von Neumann model

The von Neumann model states that the program must be

The memory of modern computers hosts both a program and

A program in the von Neumann model is made of a finite number of

The instructions are executed one after another.

Computer hardware today has four components under the

The main feature of the Turing or von Neumann models is

Although early computers did not store the program in the

• Programming those early computers meant changing the

10/16/2023 Chapter 1: Software and Software Engineering

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