VECTOR INTEGRATION

Line integrals. Let r(u) = x(u) i + y(u) j + z(u) k , where r(u) is the position vector of
(x,y,z),define a curve C joining points P1 and P2 , where u = ul and u = u2 respectively. We
assume that C is composed of a finite number of curves for each of which r(u) has a
continuous derivative. Let A(x,y,z) = A1i + A2j + A3k be a vector function of position defined
and continuous along C. Then the integral of the tangential component of A along C from P1
to P2 , written as

is an example of a line integral. If A is the force F on a particle moving along C, this line
integral represents the work done by the force. If C is a closed curve (which we shall suppose
is a simple closed curve, i.e. a curve which does not intersect itself anywhere) the integral
around C is often denoted by

 In aerodynamics and fluid mechanics this integral is called the circulation of A about
C, where A represents the velocity of a fluid.
 Any integral which is to be evaluated along a curve is called a line integral. Such
integrals can be defined in terms of limits of sums as are the integrals of elementary
calculus
THEOREM.
If A=∇ ∅ everywhere in a region R of space, defined bya 1 ≤ a2, b 1 ≤ b2, c 1 ≤ c 2where ∅
(x,y,z) is single-valued and has continuous derivatives in R,
then

In such case A is called a conservative vector field and ∅ is its scalar potential.
A vector field A is conservative if and only if ∇ × A=0, or equivalently A=∇ ∅. In
such case A . d r= A1 dx + A 2 dy + A 3 dz +¿ d ∅ , an exact differential.

SURFACE INTEGRALS. Let S be a two-sided surface, such as shown in the figure

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Let one side of S be considered arbitrarily as the positive side (if S is a closed surface
this is taken as the outer side). A unit normal n to any point of the positive side of S is
called a positive or outward drawn unit normal. Associate with the differential of
surface area dS a vector dS whose magnitude is dS and whose direction is that of
n .Then.d S=n. dS
The integral

is an example of a surface integral called

Other surface integrals are

where ∅ is a scalar
function. Such integrals can be defined in terms of limits of sums as in elementary
calculus.

The notation ∯ .. is sometimes used to indicate integration over the closed surface S.
s
.

Where no confusion can arise the notation ∮ .may also be used.

To evaluate surface integrals, it is convenient to express them as double integrals

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VOLUME INTEGRALS. Consider a closed surface in space enclosing a volume V.
Then

are examples of volume integrals or

Examples
1. The acceleration of a particle at any time t ≥ 0 is given by

If the velocity v and displacement r are zero at t =0, find v and r at any time.

2. Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field given by F =
3xyi - 5z j + 10x k, along the curve x=t 2+ 1, y=2t 2 , z=t 3 from t =l to t=2.

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3. (a) Show that F = (2xy +z3 ) i + x2 j + 3xz2 k is a conservative force field.
(b) Find the scalar potential. (c) Find the work done in moving an object in
this field from (1,-2,1) to (3,1,4) .
(a) A necessary and sufficient condition that a force will be conservative is
that

Thus F is a
conservative force field.

(b) First Method

Integrating, we find from (1), (2) and (3) respectively,

These agree if we choose f (y,z) = 0, g(x,z) = xz3, h(x,y) = x2y so that = x2y +
xz3 to which may be added any constant.
Second Method
.

Since F is conservative, ∮ F . d r is independent of the path C joining(x1,

y1,z1) and (x,y,z).

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 Third Method.

4. Evaluate ∬ A . n d S, where A=18 z i−12 j+3 y k and S is that part of the

plane 2 x+3 y +6 z =12 which is located in the first octant

The surface S and its projection R on the xy plane are shown in the figure

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 To obtain n note that a vector perpendicular to the surface 2x +3y +6z = 12 is
given by ∇ (2 x+ 3 y +6 z )=2 i+ 3 j+6 k . Then a unit normal to any point of S
(see figure above) is

To evaluate this double integral over R, keep x fixed and integrate with respect
12−2 x
to y from y= 0 (P in the figure above) to y= (Q in the figure above);
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then integrate with respect to x from x= 0 to x = 6. In this manner R is
completely covered. The integral becomes

If we had chosen the positive unit normal n opposite to that in the figure
above, we would have obtained the result - 24 .
❑

5. Evaluate ∬ A . n d S,, where A=z i+ x j−3 y 2 z k and S is the surface of the

cylinder x + y 2=16 included in the first octant between z = 0 and z = 5.

Project S on the xz plane as in the figure below and call the projection R. Note
that the projection of S on the xy plane cannot be used here. Then

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A normal to x 2+ y 2=16 is ∇ ( x2 + y 2 ) =2 xi+2 yj . Thus the unit normal to S as shown
in the adjoining figure, is

2 2
x + y =16
since on S.

Then the surface integral equals

6. Let ∅ =45 x 2 y and let V denote the closed region bounded by the planes
.
4 x+ 2 y + z=8 , x=0 , y =0 , z =0. Evaluate the integral ∭ ∅ dV
V

The ideas involved in the method of summation can be used in evaluating the
integral.

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Keeping x and y constant, integrate from z = 0 (base of column PQ) to z = 8-4x - 2y (top of
column PQ). Next keep x constant and integrate with respect to y. This amounts to addition
of columns having bases in the xy plane (z = 0) located anywhere from R (where y = 0) to S
(where 4x+2y = 8 or y = 4 - 2x), and the integration is from y = 0 to y = 4 - 2x. Finally, we
add all slabs parallel to the yz plane, which amounts to integration from x = 0 to x = 2. The
integration can be written

Note: Physically the result can be interpreted as the mass of the region V in which the density
∅ varies according to the formula∅ =45 x 2 y