Definition of Terms Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

Fluid Mechanics
Specific Volume – volume occupied by a unit mass of
- is a physical science that deals with the actions of
fluid
fluids at rest
Unit Weight - the weight of a unit volume of a
Fluid Mechanics can be subdivided into two major
fluid
areas
Specific Gravity – dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s
 Fluid Statics – deals with fluids at rest
density to some standard reference density
 Fluid Dynamics – concerned with fluid in
motions Viscosity – the property of a fluid which determines
the amount of its resistance to shearing forces
Hydrodynamics – applied to the flow of liquids or to
low velocity gas flows where the gas can be Kinematic Viscosity – ratio of the dynamic viscosity
considered as being essentially incompressible of the fluid, to its mass density
Hydraulics – deals with the application of fluid
mechanics to engineering devices involving liquids, Surface Tension - a force within the surface layer
usually water or oil. of a liquid that causes the layer to behave as an
elastic sheet
Fluid - Any substance that flows or deforms -the membrane of skin that
continuously when subjected to shearing forces. seems to form on the free surface of a fluid is due
Two categories of fluids to the intermolecular cohesive forces

Ideal fluids Compressibility - the fractional change in the

volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure in a
 Exhibit infinite viscosities constant tempreartur process
 Non uniform velocity distribution when
Bulk Modulus of elasticity - ratio of the change in
flowing
unit pressure to the corresponding volume change
 Compressible
per unit of volume
 Experiences friction and turbulence in flow
-expresses the
Real Fluids compressibility of the fluid
 Assumed to have no viscosity Pressure Disturbances - imposed on a fluid move in
 Incompressible waves. The velocity or celerity of pressure wave
 Have uniform velocity when flowing known as acoustical or sonic velocity
 No friction between moving layers of fluid
Vapor Pressureb – the equilibrium pressure
 No eddy currents or turbulence
eexerted by these free molecules
Real Fluids Divided into
Volatile liquids - liquids near their boiling point or
 Newtonian Fluids that vaporizes easily
 Non-Newtonian Fluids
Boiling - occurs when the liquid temperature is
-Pseudoplastic Fluids increased to the point that the vapor pressure is
-Delatant Fluids equal to the local ambient pressure
-Bingham Fluid
Principles of Hydrostatics
Fluid Properties
Pressure –force per unit area exerted by a liquid
Mass Density – the density of a fluid is its mass per or gas on a body or surface, with the force acting
unit of volume. at right angles to the surface uniformly in all

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directions resist water pressure
Embankment Dam - gravity dam formed out of
Pascal - the pressure exerted onto a liquid a
loose rock, earth, or a combination of these
transmitted undiminished to all portions of the
materials
liquid
Buttress Dam - consist of wall, or face,
Absolute Pressure – pressure above absolute
supported by several buttresses on the
zero
downstream side
Gage Pressure – pressure above or below the
atmosphere and can be measured by pressure Buoyancy
gauges or manometers Archimedes Principle- Anybody immersed in a
fluid is subjected to an upward force called
Atmospheric pressure – pressure at any one point buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced
on the earth surface from the weight of the air fluid.
above it.
Buoyant Force – the net upward force acting on
Vacuum - space that has all matter removed from
the body
it
Stability of Floating Bodies
Relative Pressure – pressure above or below the Metacenter – the point of intersection between
atmosphere and can be measure by pressure the axis of the body and the line of action of the
gauges or manometers buoyant force

Metacentric height – the distance from the

Pressure head - the height h of a column of
metacenter to the center gravity of the body
homogenous liquid of unit weight that will produce
Equilibrium -When the ship is in upright position,
an intensity pressure
the force of buoyancy(up thrust) and the force of
gravity(weight) acts through the center of
Manometer -a tube, usually bent in a form of a U
buoyancy B and the Center of gravity respectively,
containing a liquid of known specific gravity
in the same vertical line. Then the ship is said to
be in equilibrium.
Open Manometer -a tube bent into a U-shape to
contain one or more fluids of different specific
Stable Equilibrium - When the ship’s metacenter
gravities. It is used to measure pressure
M lies above the center of gravity, then the vessel
is stable Ie, GM is positive. Here the force of
Differential Manometer - Without an
buoyancy acts upward through metacenter and the
atmospheric surface and capable of measuring
force of gravity acts through center of gravity,
only difference of pressure
thereby creating a momentum which tends to right
the ship
Piezometer -The simplest form of open
manometer
Unstable Equilibrium – When the ship’s metacenter
-It is a tube tapped into a wall of a
lies below the center of gravity, the moment acts
container or conduit for the purpose of
in the opposite direction, increasing the angle of
measuring pressure
heel. Hence, the vessel will not return to the
upright position. Then the vessel is said to be
Total Hydrostatic Forces
unstable ie, GM is negative.
Dam – structures that block the flow of a river,
Neutral Equilibrium – When the ship’s metacenter
stream, or other waterway
and center of gravity coincide at same point then
Types of Dams the vessel is said to be neutral equilibrium. There
is no moment acting on the ship so it remains
Gravity Dam - used only the force of gravity to

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inclined. -Uninterrupted flow in a fluid near
a solid boundary in which the direction of flow at
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
every point remains constant.
Discharge or Flow Rate - amount of fluid passing
through a section per unit of time Turbulent Flow - when the path of individual
particles are irregular and continuously cross each
Discharge – the volume of liquid passing a cross
other
section of a stream
One-Dimensional Flow -This occurs when in an
Fluid may be: Steady or unsteady, uniform or non incompressible fluid, the direction and magnitude
uniform; continuous; laminar or turbulent; one of the velocity at all points are identical
dimensional, two dimensional or three dimensional;
Two-Dimensional Flow -This occurs when the fluid
and rotational irrotational
particles move in planes or parallel planes and the
streamline patterns are identical in each plane.
Steady Flow - the discharge Q passing a given cross
Rotational Flow -A type of flow in which the fluid
section is constant with time
particles rotate about their own axis while flowing
-Type of flow where the flow rate does along the streamlines is called a rotational flow.
not change over time.
Irrotational flow - If the fluid particles while
flowing along the streamline do not rotate about
Unsteady Flow - If the flow Q at the cross section
their own axis
varies with time
-Type of flow where the mean velocity Streamlines -These are imaginary curves drawn
of flow for a given length or reach is the same at every through a fluid to indicate the direction of motion
cross section. in various sections of the flow of the fluid system.

Streamtubes -These represents elementary

Uniform Flow -the average velocity of flow is the
portions of a flowing fluid bounded by à group of
same at every cross-section
streamlines which confine the flow.
Non-uniform Flow - If the cross section and velocity Flow Nets -These are drawn to indicate flow
changes patterns in case of two-dimensional flow, or even
three-dimensional flow.
Continuous Flow -It occurs when at any time, the
discharge Q at every section if the stream is the Energy -consists of the kinetic and potential
same energy

- Type of flow where at any time, Head -the amount of energy per pound or Newton
the discharge or flow rate at every section of of fluid.
the stream is the same. Kinetic Energy - the ability of fluid mass to do
work by virtue of its velocity.
Critical Flow -Type of flow in which, for a fixed rate
of flow, the specific energy is minimum. Elevation Energy -energy possessed by virtue of
its position with respect to the datum line.
Incompressible Flow -Type of flow in which the
Pressure energy -energy possessed by virtue of
density of the fluid is constant from
its pressure.
one point to another.
Total Flow Energy -sum of kinetic and the
potential energies
Laminar Flow – when the path of individual fluid
particles do not cross or intersect Power and Efficiency - the rate at which work
done

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 Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem Torriceli’s Theorem - The speed of efflux is equal
Bernoulli - in any stream flowing steadily without to the speed of free fall from the surface of the
friction the total energy contained is the same at reservoir
every point in its path of flow
Fluid Flow in Pipes
Bernoulli’s Principle - states that, " As the speed
Pipes - are closed conduits through which fluid or
of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the
gases flow
pressure within that fluid decreases, and vice
versa Laminar Flow – when the path of individual fluid
particles do not cross or intersect
Pump - used basically to increase head

Turbine – extract flow energy to do mechanical Turbulent Flow - when the path of individual
particles are irregular and continuously cross each
work which in turn converted into electrical energy
other
for turbines
Critical Velocity -the velocity below which all
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines
turbulence are damped out by the viscosity of the
Hydraulic Grade line -known as pressure gradient fluid.
hydraulic grade line
Reynolds Number – defines as the ration of inertia
- The graphical representation force to viscous force and interpreted as the ratio
of the total potential energy of flow. dynamic pressure to shearing stress

Hydraulic Gradient – a line joining the points of Head Losses in Pipe Flow
highest elevation of water of a series of vertical
open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water Head Losses in Pipe classified into
flows under pressure Major head loss - caused by pipe friction along
Energy Grade Line -Graphical representation of straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter
the total energy (the sum of kinetic and potential and uniform roughness
energies) Minor head loss – caused by changes in velocity
Fluid Flow Measurement or directions of flow an are commonly express in
terms of kinetic energy
Orifice – an opening with a closed perimeter
through which fluid flows -These changes may be due to
sudden contraction, sudden enlargement, valves,
Venturi Meter – an instrument used in bends, and any other pipe fittings
measuring the discharge through pipes
Open channel
Nozzle – a converging tube installed at the end of
a pipe or hose for the purpose of increasing the Specific Energy – defined as the energy per unit
velocity of the issuing jet weight relative to the bottom of the channel

Pitot Tube – used to measure the velocity of fluid Boundary Shear Stress – the average boundary
flow or velocity of air flow as used in airplane shear stress acting over the wetted surface of the
speedometer channel

Gates – an opening in a dam or other hydraulic Normal Depth - depth at which uniform flow will
structure to control the passage of water occur in an open channel

Weir – overflow structures which are built across Most efficient cross section – known as economical
are open channel for the purpose of measuring or sections, these are sections which for a given slope
controlling the flow of liquids S, channel cross sectional area A, and roughness n,
the rate of discharge is a maximum

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Froude Number – It is a dimensionless value that 2. Friction Drag -the resultant of the shear
describes different flow regimes of open channel stress along the surface of the body in the
flow direction of motion.

Critical Depth - defined as the depth at which for Lift - component of the resultant force exerted
a given total head, the discharge is maximum, or by a fluid on a body PERPENDICULAR to the
conversely, the depth at which for a given flow, the relative motion of the body.
specific energy is minimum
Water hammer - a pressure surge or wave
Critical slope – slope required to give uniform flow caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop
at critical depth is known as the critical slope Sb or change direction suddenly

Hydraulic Jump – abrupt increase in depth of

rapidly flowing water

Hydrodynamics

Hydrodynamics - deals with the study of the motion

of a fluid and of the interactions of the fluid with
its boundaries. This chapter will discuss the forces
developed by moving fluids as it is important in the
analysis and design of such objects as pumps,
turbines, airplanes, rockets and many other
hydraulic devices.

The basic principles used in hydrodynamics are

the Newton's laws of motion which can be stated
as follows:

I. A body at rest will remain to be at rest or in

motion will remain in motion with a uniform velocity
along a straight line until acted upon by an external
force.(Law of inertia)

II. A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force

system has an acceleration inline with and directly
proportional to the resultant of the force system
and inversely proportional to its mass. (Law of
force)

III. In every action there is always an equal and

opposite reaction. (Law of stress)

Drag -component of the resultant force exerted

by a fluid on a body PARALLEL to the relative
motion of the fluid

Drag Force – It acts opposite to the

direction of the oncoming flow velocity

2 Types of drags

1. Pressure drag -the resultant of all pressure

forces exerted on the forces of the body.

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