Algorithms & Flow Charts

INTRODUCTION
Pseudocode, on the other hand, is a

textual representation of an algorithm.
It lists out all the logical functions an
algorithm will do including the input and
the output of the program.
1
INTRODUCTION
Eg. The program:
• Declare variable a, b;
• Sum = a + b;
• Print Sum; OR Cout << sum;
Pseudocode:
1. The program:
2. Declare variable a and b
3. Input: a,b. Output-Sum
4. Enter a and b
5. a and b must be added
6. Output must be stored in Sum
7. Output must be displayed 2
INTRODUCTION
• A flowchart is the graphical or pictorial

representation of an algorithm with the
help of different symbols, shapes and
arrows in order to demonstrate a process
or a program.
3
CONCLUSION OF INTRODUCTION
Take note that flowchart is normally used to

represent the algorithm in a diagrammatic
manner. OR A flowchart is a diagrammatic
description of an algorithm.
Pseudocode is a method of describing

computer algorithms using a combination of
natural language and programming
language.
4
Algorithm in programming
In programming, algorithms are the set of

well defined instruction in sequence to
solve a problem.
An algorithm should always have a clear

stopping point.
5
QUALITIES OF A GOOD ALGORITHM
• Inputs and outputs should be defined

precisely.
• Each steps in algorithm should be clear

and unambiguous.
6
QUALITIES OF A GOOD ALGORITHM
• Algorithm should be most effective

among many different ways to solve a
problem.
• An algorithm shouldn't have computer

code. Instead, the algorithm should be
written in such a way that, it can be used
in similar programming languages.
7
EXAMPLES OF ALGORITHM
• Algorithm to add two numbers

• Algorithm to find the largest among
three numbers
• Algorithm to find all the roots of
quadratic equation
• Algorithm to find the factorial
• Algorithm to check prime number
8
Examples Of Algorithms In Programming
• Write an algorithm to add two numbers

entered by user.
9
Examples Of Algorithms In Programming
Write an algorithm to add two numbers

entered by user.
10
Pseudocode
• Pseudocode is an artificial and informal

language that helps programmers
develop algorithms.
• Pseudocode is a "text-based" detail

(algorithmic) design tool.
11
Pseudocode
• The rules of Pseudocode are reasonably

straightforward. All statements showing
"dependency" are to be indented.
• These include while, do, for, if, switch.

Examples below will illustrate this notion.
12
Pseudocode
13
Class Exercise:
Pseudocode for Students’ Grading System
• Using KNUST grading system, write down the
pseudocode for determining student’s grades
based on the following criteria and
interpretations
• 70 – 100 – A – Excellent
• 60 – 69 – B – Very Good
• 50 – 59 – C – Good
• 40 – 49 – D – Password
• 0 – 39 – F – Fail
14
Class Exercise 2:
• A school conducts a 100 mark exam for its
student and grades them as follows:
Grade:
Grade A: Marks>75
Grade B: 75>Marks>60
Grade C: 60>Marks>50
Grade D: 50>Marks>40
• Write Pseudocode of the grades for a student,
using if. Else statement
15
Class Exercise 2:
Proposed Solution
.
1.input student's grade
2.if grade < 100 AND grade > 75 { student got an A }
3.else if grade < 75 AND grade > 60 { student got a B }
4.else if grade < 60 AND grade > 50 { student got a C }
5.else if grade < 50 AND grade > 40 { student got a D }
6.else { student got an F } // didn't fit into any of the above
scenerios, so must be an F
7.print to screen what the student got
16
Pseudocode
• Pseudocode can be very useful for

specifying the logic of a computer
program (or some critical portion of a
program) prior to that program being
written.
• It's also useful for documenting the logic

of a computer program after the fact.
17
Pseudocode
• It can be used to express the high-level

logic of an entire program, the lower-
level details of a core function in an
operating system or run-time library, the
behaviors and methods in an agent-
based or object- oriented program, and
everything in between.
18
FLOWCHART IN PROGRAMMING
• Flowchart is a diagrammatic
representation of an algorithm.
• Flowcharts are graphical methods of
outlining program structure and
generally utilise a set of standard
symbols known as the ANSI (American
National Standards Institute) symbols.
19
FLOWCHART IN PROGRAMMING
• Flowchart are very helpful in writing

program and explaining program to
others.
20
SYMBOLS USED IN FLOWCHARTS
• Different symbols are used for different

states in flowchart, For example:
Input/Output and decision making has
different symbols.
• The table below describes all the symbols

that are used in making flowchart
SYMBOLS USED IN FLOWCHARTS
SYMBOLS USED IN FLOWCHART
EXAMPLES OF FLOWCHARTS IN
PROGRAMMING
• Draw a flowchart to add two numbers

entered by user.
24
QUESTIONS TIME
25
NEXT TOPIC
• Introduction to C++ programming

• Software Installation and fundamental
concepts
26
Reading Assignment
• Write an algorithm to find the factorial of a
number entered by user.
27
References:
1. https://www.programiz.com/article/algorithm-programming
2. http://www.unf.edu/~broggio/cop2221/2221pseu.htm
3. (PDF) Introduction to Algorithms and Pseudocode. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309410533_Introduction_to_A
lgorithms_and_Pseudocode [accessed Aug 30 2018].
4. https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/1079057/what-is-the-difference-
between-flowchart-and-pseudocode
28

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INTRODUCTION

Pseudocode, on the other hand, is a

• A flowchart is the graphical or pictorial

Take note that flowchart is normally used to

Pseudocode is a method of describing

In programming, algorithms are the set of

An algorithm should always have a clear

• Inputs and outputs should be defined

• Each steps in algorithm should be clear

• Algorithm should be most effective

• An algorithm shouldn't have computer

• Algorithm to add two numbers

• Write an algorithm to add two numbers

Write an algorithm to add two numbers

• Pseudocode is an artificial and informal

• Pseudocode is a "text-based" detail

• The rules of Pseudocode are reasonably

• These include while, do, for, if, switch.

• Pseudocode can be very useful for

• It's also useful for documenting the logic

• It can be used to express the high-level

• Flowchart are very helpful in writing

• Different symbols are used for different

• The table below describes all the symbols

• Draw a flowchart to add two numbers

• Introduction to C++ programming

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