AFP CORE VALUES

AFP CORE VALUES

• LOVE OF THE COUNTRY
• VALOR
• HONOR
• LOYALTY
• DUTY
• SOLIDARITY

VALOR
-In shaping the Filipino soldier’s identity, even beyond valor, one could also see the strong sense
of honor that resonated with the call to arms in the past. -TO OVERCOME FEAR IN CARRYING
OUT ONES MISSION
• Power
• Strength
• Courage
• Ability
Your valor will allow you to do the following:
o Control your fear in physical and moral context.
o Take responsibility for your actions, mistakes and decisions. o Confront problems and do
what you believe is right.
o Report successes and failure with equal candor

HONOR

Honor is the Military crowning value, the hallmark of military conduct, the nature of the
soldier's awareness of individual dignity and self worth.

An individual soldier with honor does the following:

 Develop and maintain a keen sense of ethical conduct.
 Adhere to the public code of professional Philippine Army values.
 Identity with the ideals embodied in the Philippine Army values.

LOYALTY
 Loyalty to our nation
 Obey the mandate to support and defend the Constitution
 Obey lawful orders o Enhances dedication and pride in unit
 Foster cohesion
 Promote the well-being of fellow soldier’s
An individual soldier of loyalty displays the following:
o Put obligations in correct order:
o the Constitution, the Philippine Army, the unit and finally, self.
o Show faithfulness to unit and comrades by finishing all tasks with them.
o Carry out tough orders without expressing personal criticism.
o Defend soldiers against unfair treatment.
DUTY

Duty is service plain and simple. Actual duty means being always ready, all senses employed
and utilized whether in the garrison or in the field. Duty means satisfying your commitment.

Expressing the value of duty means, at a minimum, doing the following:

o Carrying out the requirements of the position to the best of your ability.
o Fulfill legal, civic and moral obligations.
o Sacrifice personal time in pursuit of excellence

SOLIDARITY
It is the manifestation of sound leadership as it is the expression that powers the smallest unit
to the largest battalion.
Strengthen by motto
MAKADIYOS
MAKABANSA
MAKATAO
MAKAKALIKASAN

STANDARDS OF CONDUCT
• Pursuit of Excellence
• Pride in Uniform
• Discipline
• Professionalism
• Adherence to Law
• Deference to Authority

APPLICATION
The primary responsibility regarding ingraining and strengthening the values and standards of
conduct is vested in the military leadership. Officers and NCOs in command-and-control
positions should commit these values to memory and be in a position to clarify the same
when inquired.

AFP HISTORY

• THE BATTLE OF MACTAN - was fought in the Philippines on April 27,1521 - First organized
resistance of the Filipinos against foreign invaders

•LAPU-LAPU -The chieftain of MACTAN defeated Spanish colonizer Magellan

•REVOLTS are categorized into three -Personal and religious -Resistance to Spanish -Land

Problems >IT FAILED BECAUSE - Absence of national leader - Lukewarm spirit of national
among Filipinos - inadaquate training & preparation for warfare

•KKK -KATAAS-TAASAN KAGALANG-GALANGAN KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN

•ANDRES BONIFACIO - founded KKK on July 7,1892 in tondo Manila

•GENERAL RICARTE - father of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

•PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY - reconstituted by retired American General Douglas Mc Arthur

•GENERAL DOUGLAS Mc ARTHUR -made a Field Marshall of Commonwealth on June 19,1936

•WORLD WAR II -Filipino vs. Japanese

•LtGen Masahuro Homma -Japanese Commander

•THE ARMY OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC

•MANUEL ROXAS - The first president of the third republic

•EXECUTIVE ORDER NR. 359 -Provide for the creation of 4 major services in the AFP 4 MAJOR

•SERVICES IN AFP

-Philippine ARMY
-Philippine CONSTABULARY
-Philippine NAVY
-Philippine AIRFORCE

AFP ORGANIZATION

FOUR MAJOR SERVICES

- PHILIPPINE ARMY (PA)
- PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE (PAF)
- PHILIPPINE NAVY (PN)
- PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY (PC)

AFP - Armed Forces of the Philippines

- Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas
- also known as Fuerza Armadas de Filipinas.

“The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people and the State. Its goal is
to secure the sovereignty of the State and the integrity of the national territory.” (Art II, Sec 3).

PHILIPPINE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY:

- The Tejeros Convention on 22 March 1897 gave birth to the Philippine Army.
COMMONWEALTH ARMY:
 - Commonwealth Act Nr 1 or the National Defense Act was signed into law by President
Manuel L Quezon and became the basis for the creation of the
Commonwealth Army.
POST WAR ARMED FORCES:
- In 1948, Executive Order 94 dated 4 October 1947 mandated the organization of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP).
CONSTITUTIONAL MANDATE
“Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military.” (Art II, Sec 3)
SUPREMACY OF CIVILIAN AUTHORITY
- COMMANDER IN-CHIEF OF AFP
- SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
- CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE AFP

CHAIN OF COMMAND

MISSION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE AFP

- To uphold the sovereignty of the state, support the Constitution, and defend the territory of
the Republic of the Philippines against all enemies foreign or domestic.
- To advance the national aims, interests and policies.
- To effectively plan for the organization, maintenance, development of its active and reserve
forces for national security.
- To perform such other duties as the President may direct.
(GHQ) GENERAL HEADQUARTERS - AFP

AFP WIDE SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS (AFPWSSUs)

INTELLIGENCE SERVICE AFP (ISAFP)

- AFP Medical Center (AFPMC)
- Philippine Military Academy (PMA)
- AFP Joint Command and Staff College (AFP JCSC) Communication Electronics and
Information System Service AFP (CEISSAFP)
- AFP Centralized Construction Center (AFPCCC)
- AFP Research and Development Center (AFPRDC)

AFP FINANCE CENTER (AFPFC)

- AFP Dental Service (AFPDS)
- AFP Commissary and Exchange Service (AFPCES)
- AFP Mapping Center (AFPMC)
- Civil Relations Service, AFP (CRSAFP)
- AFP Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM)
- Presidential Security Group (PSG)
- Office of Ethical Standard and Public Accountability (OESPA)

MISSION OF THE PHILIPPINE ARMY

- To organize, train and equip army forces for the conduct of prompt and sustained land
combat operations.
- To develop tactics, doctrines, procedures, techniques and equipment needed by the Army for
field operation.
- To train, organize and equip army reserve units and make them mobilizable in lesser span of
time.
- To perform such other functions as higher authorities may direct.
MISSION OF PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE
- To organize, train and equip air forces for the conduct of prompt and sustained operation in
the air.
- To organize, train and equip air forces for close support of ground forces.
- To develop doctrines, procedures, tactics, techniques and equipment for joint operations
peculiar to the air force.
- To furnish serial photographs for cartographic purposes.
- To perform such other functions as higher authority may direct.
MISSION OF PHILIPPINE NAVY
- To organize, train and equip, maintain and operate naval forces and naval aircrafts including
naval reserve and assistance required by the other components of the AFP in accomplishment
of their mission.
- To develop doctrines, procedures and naval equipment of joint operation and the doctrine
and procedures for amphibious operation.
- To be responsible for the naval phases of reconnaissance, anti-submarine warfare and the
protection of shipping.
- To perform such other duties as higher authorities may direct.

AFP COMPONENTS
- Consists of all standing forces as directed by the President.

RESERVE COMPONENT
- Consists of members of the reserve units in the major services of the AFP and the AFP wide-
support and separate units and affiliated reserve units as the President may authorize. The
organization of Reserve Consists of members of the reserve units in the major services of the
AFP and the AFP wide-support and separate units and affiliated reserve units as the President
may authorize. The organization of Reserve Land, Sea and Air Units shall in so far as
practicable, be that of the present TOE or TD of units in the regular forces of the major
services.Land, Sea and Air Units shall in so far as practicable, be that of the present TOE or
TD of units in the regular forces of the major services.

RANKS AND INSIGNIA

Commander in Chief of AFP – President Ferdinand Bong Bong Romualdez Marcos Jr.
Sec. of National Defense – GEN. JOSE FAUSTINO JR
AFP CHIEF OF STAFF - Gen. Bartolome Vicente Bacarro
AFP VICE CHIEF OF STAFF - MGen Arthur M Cordura
COMMANDING GENERAL OF PHILIPPINE ARMY - LIEUTENANT GENERAL ROMEO S
BRAWNER JUNIOR
COMMANDER RESERVE COMMAND – OIC COL SAMUEL B. MANZANO

GROUP COMMANDER 4TH REGIONAL COMMUNITY DEFENSE GROUP CAMP

MACARIO SAKAY LOS BAÑOS, LAGUNA – COL RAMIL B ANOYO INF (GSC) PA
402ND COMMUNITY DEFENSE CENTER – MAJ ARIEL T MATIC (INF) PA
CvSu Main Campus ROTC Commandant - MAJ ARIEL T MATIC (INF) PA

CvSU- Main ROTC unit

1ST CLASS
 Corps Commander- C/COL AARON PAUL A MATEO
 Executive Officer/ Corps S1 – C/LTC KEI LYN D FERANIL
 Cops S3 - C/LTC CHILTON P TERANA
 Corps S4 – C/LTC DANIELLA MARIE S MENDOZA
 Corps S7 – C/LTC TWINKLE M SOMBRIA
INC. 2ND CLASS
 C/CPT ROCHELLE B ACEDO
 C/CPT APRIL JOY C GEROLA
 C/CPT TREENA JIANELLI RODEROS

BASIC SIGNAL
COMMUNICATION
1. COMMUNICATION – process through which information is exchanged between individuals
using a common means, symbols or sign.
2. SIGNAL COMMUNICATION – method or means or a combination thereof of conveying
information of one person or place to another except direct conversation.
3. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION – a medium by which a message is conveyed from one
person to another.
a.) TELECOMMUNICATION
b.) VISUAL COMMUNICATION
c.) SOUND COMMUNICATION
d.) PHYSICAL COMMUNICATION
 Messenger
 Trained Animals
 Mail
4. AGENCY OF COMMUNICATION – a facility which embraces the personnel and the
equipment to provide signal communication by any particular means or combination thereof.
5. TACTICAL RADIO SETS – is the principal means of communication in tactical units. It use
for command, fire control, exchange of information and administrative purposes between and
within units.
6. RADIO – this means of communication is the most rapid one. The most frequently used for
maintaining command, control, contact and direction in contact. Has one distinct advantage
over ither means of communication.
7. PRO WORDS – are pronounceable words that have assigned meaning to facilitate
transmission by radio.
8. RADIO NET – group of several station working together in the same frequency.
9. NET CALL SIGN – call sign that identifies all radio station operating in a particular net and
using the same frequency.
10. CALL SIGN – combination of characters (letters or numbers) or pronounceable.
11. CALL – method of establishing the communication whereby the station calling transmit the
identity of the station called as well as his own identity.
12. INDIVIDUAL CALL SIGN – this call sign identifies a single call to any station within the
net. Example : FARGO this is KIWI, over, (KIWI, you are calling FARGO)
KIWI this is FARGO, over, (FARGO answer KIWI and the words "this is" may be omitted to
shorten the transmission.)

13. COLLECTIVE CALL SIGN – this call sign identifies two o more station in particular radio
net but not all stations in the net.
Example : BEACHRUNNERS, KIWI, over, (the battalion used to collective call sign
BEACHRUNNERS to contact all the companies. KIWI is the call sign of the battalion and the
word "this is" has been omitted.)
FARGO, standing-by
GOPHER, standing-by
KANGAROO, standing-by
OSTRICH, standing-by
14. VOICE-RADIO TERMINOLOGIES: (PRO WORDS)
OVER - end of my transmission, go ahead with yours, I will be listening.
OUT - end of my query, I will turn off the radio.
QUERY OR INTERROGATIVE - prowords used first before asking a question.
(Why, When, Where, Who, etc.) EXAMPLE "INTERROGATIVE LOCATION".
AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE - means yes or no respectively.
ROGER - I got your instruction and transmission clearly.
WILCO - I will comply with your instruction.
SAY AGAIN - request repeat transmission, I did not understand you clearly.
REQUEST NET WITH - may I talk with (say the name)
WAIT FIVE - kindly wait five minutes (it will take about 5 minutes to call the party you want to
talk to.)
I SPELL - I will spell in phonetic alphabet the word.
REQUEST RAED BACK FROM - kindly repeat your transmission from the word, I did not get
the party clearly.
HOW DO YOU READ MY SIGNAL? - how do you receive my radio transmission?
I CAN HEAR YOU LIMA CHARLIE - your transmission is LOUD and CLEAR.

15. PHONETIC  L – LIMA  Z - ZULU

ALPHABET  M – MIKE
 A – ALPHA  N – NOVEMBER 16. PHONETIC
 B – BRAVO  O – OSCAR NUMERALS
 C – CHARLIE  P – PAPA  1 – WUN
 D – DELTA  R – ROMEO  2 – TOO
 E – ECHO  S – SIERRA  3 – THU-REE
 F – FOXTROT  T – TANGO  4 – FO-WER
 G – GOLF  U – UNIFORM  5 – FI-YEB
 H – HOTEL  V – VICTOR  6 – SIX
 I – INDIA  W – WHISKEY  7 – SE-VEN
 J – JULIET  X – X-RAY  8 – ATE
 K – KILO  Y – YANKEE  9 – NI-NER
 0 – ZE-RO
 84 – ATE-FO-WER
 99 – NI-NER NI-NER
 131 – WUN
HUNDRED THU-REE
WUN
 500 – FI-YEB
HUNDRED
 9,000 – NI-NER
THOUSAND
 16,750 - WUN SIX
THOUSAND SE-VEN
FI-YEB ZE-RO
 300,00 - THU-REE
HUNDRED THOUSAND
 541,705 – FI-YEB
FO-WER WUN
THOUSAND SE-VEN
HUNDRED FI-YEB
 INTERIOR GUARD DUTY

 One of the very important job of every personnel in the AFP

 Deals with the security and protection of life of every personnel

DEFINITION OF TERMS
GUARD – A term used when referring to:
 Includes a Commander of the Guard, Sergeant of the Guard,
Commander of the relief and the Guard.
 A special unit responsibility to the Officer of the Day for the protection
and security of an installation or area
 Responsible to keep watch over, protect, shield, defend, warn or any
duties prescribed by general orders.

SENTRY
 A guard Sentinel or Lookout

SENTINEL
 Duties are prescribed by general or special orders.

OFFICERS OF THE DAY

 An officer acting directly under the commanding officer
 Responsible for the execution of all orders of the commanding officer
relating to interior guard duty and other as maybe assigned.

COMMANDER OF THE GUARD

 The senior officer or non-commissioned officer who is responsible for the
instruction, discipline and performance of duty of the guard.
 The member of the guard next junior to the Officer of the Day.

SERGEANT OF THE GUARD

 The senior or non-commissioned officer of guard.
 Supervise the enlisted members of the guard
 Responsible to the Commander of the Guard for the execution of all
orders relating to the guard duties.

COMPANY
 Includes battery, or any other similarly organized unit.
GUARD HOUSE
 A building occupied by men detailed for interior guard duty.
 It might guard tent or any other designated location for the headquarters
for the guard.

CHALLENGE
 The command “HALT” WHO IS THERE? Is used to cause and
unidentified.
 Any process carries-out by one unit or person with the objects of
ascertaining the friendly or hostile character or identify of another.

PASSWORD
 A word or distinctive sound, used to answer a challenge identifies the
person or party desiring to enter or pass and is always secret.

COUNTERSIGN
 Consists of a secret challenge and password.
 The words comprising the countersign are issued from the principal
headquarters of a command to aid guards and sentinels in their security of
person who apply to pass the lines.

FIXED POST
 A specific post with defined limits.

SENTINEL POST
 An area for which the sentinel is responsible
 A sentinel performs the duties required by general and special order.

CONFINEMENT OFFICER
 A Military police assigned to a stockade and charge with the security,
administration, care, and custody of all prison confined in the local stockade
or hospital prisoner ward.

RELIEF
 Is the procedure whereby members of the post are relieved and
members are posted In place.

RELIEVED
 Is to direct any members of the guard to cease performance of duty

SENTRY
 Enlisted personnel assigned to duty as member of the guard to keep
watch, maintain order, protect property and given alarm of any attack or
disorders.

WATCH
 Is a period of time during which member of the guard performed the
prescribed duties beginning when he is posted and terminated his duties.

STOCKADE
 A confinement facility under the jurisdiction of an installation commander,
used for the confinement of the military prisoners.

ORGANIZATION OF INTERIOR GUARDS

 Officer of the Day (OD)
 Commander of the relief or Junior Officer of the Day (JOOD)
 Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)
 Corporal of the Guard (COG)
 Sentries of sentinel

ARMS AND EQUIPMENT

 ARMS AND EQUIPMENT VARIES ACCORDING TO THEIR
PARTICULAR DUTIES
- Rifles (M16)
- Carbines
- Pistols
- Shot Gun
- Motor Vehicles

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF INTERIOR GUARD

OFFICER OF THE DAY

1. Responsible for the performance of the guard
2. Protect life and properties in case of alarm
3. Signature of the guard report
4. Responsible for guard

COMMANDER OF THE RELIEF

1. Responsible for instruction performance and discipline of the guard.
Prepare the daily report card.
2. Responsible for the posting of the relief at the proper time.
3. Form the reserve in case of alarm.

SERGEANT OF THE GUARD

1. Supervise the non-commissioned officer of the guard
2. Responsible for the cleanliness of the guard house and surroundings
3. Responsible for the posting of relief at the proper time
4. From the guard in case of emergency

CORPORAL OF THE GUARD

1. Assigned members of the guard to their post
2. Report to the Sergeant of the guard all violations of orders and unusual
incidents
3. Post him at the guardhouse
4. Awaken the next relief on time of relieving
5. Examine persons halted or determined by the sentinel

SENTINELS
1. Memorize, understand and complied with the general order
2. Memorize, understand and complied with special orders
TYPES OF ORDERS FOR INTERIOR GUARD
GENERAL ORDERS
 A set of permanent orders from a headquarters establishing policy for a
command or announcing official acts

SPECIAL ORDERS
 Directive in nature, pertain to employees, either individually or in groups,
and can be either temporary or permanent in nature. For instance, special
orders may be used to direct appointments, assignments, promotions,
transfers, etc.

THE ELEVEN (11) GENERAL ORDERS

1. To take charge of this post and all government properties in view
2. To walk my post in a military manner keeping always on the alert in
observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing
3. To report all violation of orders I am instructed to enforce
4. To repeat all calls from my post more distant from the guard house than
my own
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved
6. To receive, obey, and pass only on to the sentinel who relieves all orders
from the commanding officer, officer of the day and non-commissioned
officer to the guard only
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty
8. To give an alarm in case of fire and disorder
9. To call the commander of the relief in any case not covered by instruction
10. To salute all officers, colors, and standard not case
11. To be especially watchful at night during the time of challenging , and to
challenge all persons on or near my post, and to allow no one to pass
without proper authority.

THE INTERIOR GUARDS MAY CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING

ELEMENTS
 The main guard
 The special guard
 Exterior guard

PROCEDURES FOR CHALLENGING AND REPLY WITH THE

PASSWORD
1. When you are posted as sentry, you should report the situation on your
post when you are inspected by officers or non –commissioned officers of
the guard. Likewise, you should know the proper procedure for challenging
and reply for the password.
 Reporting a sentry post – Report to your superior in this manner
 “Sir, private _______ report in post number ______ is secure (Or you
report anything that is not
ordinary).

CHALLENGING ONE PERSON

MARINE SENTRY
a. To a person about to enter his post: “HALT, WHO GOES THERE?
b. The sentry orders the person forward: “ADVANCED, LT ROMAN TO BE
RECOGNIZED”
c. When person are closed enough to be identified. The sentry commands:
“HALT” (He does not recognized LT ROMAN)
d. The sentry will give the challenge in low voice: “PEPSI”
e. When the sentry has identified the person, he will permit him to proceed:
“PASS SIR”
CHALLENGING A GROUP

SENTRY
 To a group of person about to enter, his Post “HALT, WHO GOES
THERE”
 Sentry will order the senior forward Come forward to be recognized
 “ADVANCE LT LUCERO TO BE RECOGNIZED”
 When LT LUCERO is close enough to Be identified, sentry will command
“ADVANCE THE PATROL TO RECOGNIZED”
 The sentry will halt, identify or control the patrol as the situation demand.

GROUP CHALLENGED
 Group will immediately halt and most senior will answer “LT LUCERO
WITH PATROL”
 Person will advance without any reply.
 LT LUCERO will come forward then, he will be directed to identify other
members of his group
 The patrol will pass through post.
 JUNGLE OPERATION

Jungle- an area located in the humid tropics, wherein the land is covered
with such dense growth of trees or other types of associated vegetation
which impede military operations and tends to obstruct lines of
communications.
Mountain- a land-form higher than 500 or 600 meters and characterized by
slopes. Mountains may consist of an isolates peak, single ridge or complex
of ranges, extending for several kilometers.
Jungle climates (high temperature, high humidity, heavy rain) seriously
affect:
Men
Clothing
Equipment
Weapons
Vehicles
Maintenance Operations
Training
Tactics

TYPES OF JUNGLES
1. PRIMARY JUNGLES
These are tropical forests.
TWO CLASSIFIED OF PRIMARY JUNGLES: Tropical rain forest and
Deciduous forests
a. Tropical Rain Forests
These consist mostly of large trees whose branches spread and lock
together to form canopies. Extensive above-ground root systems and
hanging vines are common. Foot movement is easier in tropical rain forests
than in other types of jungle.
b. Deciduous Forests
These are found in semitropical zones where there are both wet and dry
seasons. Trees are generally less dense in deciduous forests than in rain
forests. Movement is more difficult than in the rain forest. In the dry season,
however, both observation and traffic ability improve.

2. Secondary Jungle
These are found at the edge of the rain forest and the deciduous forest, and
in areas where jungles appear when the ground has been repeatedly
exposed to sunlight.
Foot movement is extremely slow and difficult.
Common Jungle Features
1.SWAMPS
These are common to all low jungle areas where there is water and poor
drainage.
 Two basic types of swamps
 Mangrove Swamps
These are found in coastal areas wherever tides influence water flow.
 Palm Swamps
These exist in both salt and fresh water areas. Like movement in the
mangrove swamps, movement through palm swamps is mostly restricted to
foot (sometimes small boats).
2. SAVANNA
This is broad, open jungle grassland in which trees are scarce. The thick
grass is broad broad-bladed and grows 1 to 5 meters high.
3. BAMBOO
This grows in clumps of varying size in jungles throughout the tropics. Large
stands of bamboo are excellent obstacles for wheeled or tracked vehicles.
Troop movement through bamboo stands if possible.
4. CULTIVATED AREAS
These exist in jungles throughout the topics and range from large, well-
planned and well-managed farms and plantations to small tracts cultivated
by individual farmers.
A. Rice Paddies
These are flat, flooded fields in which rice is grown. Foot movement is poor
when the fields are wet because soldiers must wade through water about ½
meter (2 feet) deep and soft mud. When the fields are dry, foot movement
becomes easier.
B. Plantations
These are large farms or estates where three crops, such as rubber and
coconut, are grown.
C. Small Farms
These exist throughout the tropics. These small cultivated areas are usually
hastily planned.
Life in the Jungle (7)
3. Upon arrival in the jungle area, Leader must:
Allow time to adjust (acclimate) to the environment
Never limit the amount of water soldiers drink (it is very important to replace
the fluids lost through sweating)
Instruct the soldiers on the sources of disease. Insects cause malaria, yellow
fever, and scrub typhus. Typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and hepatitis are
caused by dirty food and contaminated water
4. WATERBORNE DISEASES (Health and Hygiene)
Water- is vital in the jungle and is usually easy to find. However, water from
natural resources should be considered contaminated.
Water purification procedures must be taught to all soldiers.
Germs of serious diseases, like dysentery, are found in impure water.
Other waterborne diseases, such as blood fluke, are caused by exposure of
an open sore to impure water.
Soldier can prevent waterborne diseases by:
Obtaining drinking water from approved engineer water points
Using rain water
Insuring that all drinking water is purified
Not swimming or bathing in untreated water
Keeping the body fully clothed when crossing water obstacles
5. FUNGUS DISEASES (Health and Hygiene)
These disease are caused by poor personal health practices. The jungle
environment promotes fungus and bacterial diseases of the skin and warm
water immersion skin disease. Bacteria and fungi are tiny plants which
multiply fast under the hot, moist conditions of the jungle. Sweat-soaked skin
invites fungus attack.
a. Warm Water Immersion Foot.
This disease occurs usually where there are many creeks, streams, and
canals to cross, with dry ground in between. The bottoms of the feet become
white, wrinkled, and tender.
b. Chafing
This disease occurs when soldiers must often wade through water up to
their waists, and the trousers stay wet for hours.
The crotch area becomes red and painful to even the lightest touch.
Most skin diseases are treated by letting the skin dry.
6. HEAT INJURIES (Health and Hygiene)
These result from high temperatures, high humidity, lack of air circulation,
and physical exertion.
All soldiers must be trained to prevent heat disorders.
Heat Injuries are prevented by:
Drinking plenty of water
Using extra salt with food and water
Slowing movement
7. Natives
Like all other regions of the world, the jungle also has its native inhabitants.
Soldiers should be aware that some of these native tribes can be hostile if
not treated properly.
Respect the natives’ privacy and personal property
Observe the local customs and taboos
Do not enter a native house without permission of their owners.
Treat the natives as friends

Jungle survival
Jungle Survival Shelter are used to protect personnel and equipment from
the harsh elements of the jungle. Shelters are necessary while sleeping,
planning operations, and protecting sensitive equipment.

When selecting shelter, leaders should;

Choose high ground, away from swamps and dry river beds.
Avoid trails, game tracks, or villages.

PREPARING FOR JUNGLE OPERATIONS

Commander must first consider the following:
Where will the unit be training or operating?
What are the climatic and terrain conditions of the objective area?
How much times does the unit have to prepare?
Will the unit be taking its own equipment?
Does any of the unit’s equipment require modification (including camouflage
painting)?
What special equipment does the unit require?
Doe the unit have any jungle warfare instructors, soldiers with jungle
experience, or linguists?
What available training areas have climate and terrain resembling the
objective area?

 Commander must first consider the following:

What available training areas have climate and terrain resembling the
objective area?
What training assistance is available?
Outside instructors? Training aids?
What type operations are to be conducted – conventional or counter-
guerilla?
Does higher headquarters have special standing operating procedures
(SOP) for jungle war?
Are all soldiers physically fit?
What information is available about the enemy?
What information is available about local civilians and allied forces in the
objective area?
The key overcoming these problems lies with the unit chain of command in
their efforts to develop a “will to win” as well as “will to train to win.”

TRAINING TIPS
 Making use of the time in garrison.
 Making use of local training areas.
 Integrating individual training into unit training exercises
 Acclimation
 Survival, Evasion and Escape
 Swimming
 Camouflage and concealment
 Jungle Living
 Target Area Orientation
 Jungle Tactics
 Movement
 Weapons Training
 Intelligence
 Maintenance and Logistics
 The Threat In Jungle Area
 Guerilla Forces
 Conventional Forces
Jungle living
 MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLE

- THE WHOLESOME RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JUNIORS AND

SENIORS
- INCLUDES AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF A FULL AND PROPER
APPRECIATION OF THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS
- ACTS OF POLITENESS, CIVILITY AND RESPECT.
CORRECT USE OF TITLES (for commissioned officers)
- Lieutenants are addressed as Lieutenants
- Other officers are addressed by their titles.
- Ma'am for female officers
- Chaplains are addressed as Chaplains
- Women officers of the Tech Sve as well as those WAC are addressed by
their titles.
CORRECT USE OF TITLES (for non-commissioned officers)
- Sargeants Majors are addressed as "Sgt Major"
- A first sargeants is addressed as "F/Sgt"
- Sargeants are addressed as "Sgt"
- Corporals are addressed as "Cpl"
- Private First Class are addressed as "Pvt"
THE SALUTE
- most important forms of military courtesy
- the way it is executed indicates the state of morale and discipline.
PERSONS ENTITLED FOR THE SALUTE
- Commissioned officers of the AFP
- Commissioned Officers of Allied Nations
- High civilian officials or foreign dignitaries during military honors
GENERAL RULES FOR SALUTING
- Required on or off military installations and on and off office hours
- Rendered at a distance of 6 paces
- Never salute when smoking
- Salute should not be executed in a haphazard manner
- Salute must be returned by the person entitled to it.
- Do not salute when running
- When reporting to an officer indoor or outdoor, a salute is rendered with a
distance of 3 paces.
- Salute after a conversation
- When in a group, not in a formation, all will rise and salute.
- When in formation, only the commander salutes.
- Salute is used in making courtesy calls
WHEN NOT TO SALUTE
- While at work
- indoors, except when reporting
- Carrying articles with both hands
- Driver of a vehicle in motion
- When actively involved in games.
- In churches, theaters or in public
- When meeting a prisoner of war.
HONORS TO THE NATIONAL COLOR AND ANTHEM
- The driver may disembark and stand by the door of the vehicle and salute
when the national anthem is played, salute to passing colors reveille and
retreat.

DISPLAY OF THE FLAG

- It should be hoisted fully at the top of the pole.
- When displayed with other flag, the National Flag is on the right side.
- When displayed on walls, red at the right side.
- When displayed in a horizontal position, the triangle is at the right side with
the blue part up.
- When displayed over the casket the triangle in the direction of the head of
the cadaver with the blue part on the right side.
OTHER FORMS OF COURTESY
- Avoid undue familiarity with your seniors
- Walk on the left of the senior and keep in step with him
- The most senior enters the cars last, and gets out ahead of others
- To pass a senior while walking, salute and ask permission to go ahead.
- The word “I wish” and “I desire” are to be taken as orders
- Inside a car, the place of honor is at the right (same with the back seat)
- When walking in a group of three, the most senior occupies the middle
position
- For Officers, never invite an EP to an Officers Club.
MILITARY DISCIPLINE
- State of order and obedience existing within a Command
- Subordination of individual will for the good of the group
- Demands habitual but reasoned obedience to command
- Created by training, use of punishment and rewards
- Demands correct performance of duty
IMPORTANCE OF MILITARY DISCIPLINE
- Ensures orderly & effective group action (teamwork)
- Instill a sense of obligation to oneself, to his cmdr, unit, and entire
organization
- Ensure unit efficiency in battle
CREATING A CLIMATE FOR DISCIPLINE
- Training
- Judicious use of punishment and rewards
- Instilling sense of confidence and responsibility
JUDICIOUS OF PUNISHMENT
- Punish only the guilty person.
- Impose the punishment promptly.
- Make the guilty person realize his mistake.
- Impose punishment appropriate for the offense.
- Unlike giving rewards which should be done in public, punishment should
be administered in private.
INSTILLING A SENSE OF CONFIDENCE AND RESPONSIBILITY

- By instilling a sense of confidence and responsibility among his

subordinates, a leader succeeds in creating a climate of discipline in his unit.

- A confident and responsible soldier realized that he has an obligation not

only to himself but also to the other soldier in the unit.

- He knows that violation of the rule of discipline will not reflect in him as an
individual but will also discredit, if not cause irreparable damage to his unit.

HOW DISCIPLINE IS MEASURED?

- RESULTS OF THE JOB
- Subordinate's Attitude
- Performance of Jobs even in the absence of the commander
INDICATION OF MILITARY DISCIPLINE
- ATTENTION TO DETAILS
- PROPER SUBORDINATE RELATIONSHIP
- PROMPTNESS IN RESPONDING TO COMMANDS AND DIRECTIVES
- HARMONIOUS RELATIONS BETWEEN UNIT AND INDIVIDUAL
- PROPER CONDUCT OF INDIVIDUAL ON AND OFF DUTY
- DEVOTION TO DUTY
- STANDARD CLEANLINESS OF DRESS, UNIFORMS EQUIPMENT,
BARRACKS AND MATERIALS
- ADHERENCE TO THE CHAIN OF COMMAND
TABOOS
- UNIFORM MUST NOT BE DEFAMED
- OLD MAN TO BE SPOKEN WITH CARE
- OFFER NO EXCUSES
- AVOID GOING OVER THE OFFICER'S HEAD
- EXCESSIVE INDEBTEDNESS TO BE AVOIDED
- AVOID PRAISING YOUR COMMANDER TO HIS FACE
- HARSH REMARKS ARE TO BE AVOIDED

“A SOLDIER, AN ARMY, WHICH LOSES ITS SENSE OF DISCIPLINE,

CEASES TO BE AN ARMY.”

- Juan Carlos I, Spanish Monarch

 MILITARY JUSTICE

Military Justice – is a system enforcing discipline administering the criminal

law of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
Administrative Cases - are those that result in the decision not involving
penal sanction and may take such mild discipline or instructive forms as
admonition, reprimand and the like.
Punitive Cases - are those that result in judgment of fine, hard labor,
deprivation of liberty or combination of those whenever guilt of those
involved are proven.
Concept of Military Justice System
Designed to enforce discipline and administer justice in the military service.
Components:
Investigation
Prosecution
Trial or Adjudication
Judgment or Decision
Punitive Cases - required guilt to be proven beyond reasonable doubt while
Admin Cases - required only preparedness to evidence to gain punitive
adjudication
Person Subject to Military Law
● All Officers and soldiers in the active service of the AFP
● Members of the Reserve Force from dates of their CAD and while on
active duty
● Training undergoing military instructions
● All persons under sentence adjudge by Court-Martial
● All other persons lawfully called, Draftees or ordered into, or to duty or for
training in the service from dates of their calls, drafs or order to obey the
same.
● Cadets of PMA, Flying Cadets of the PAF, Flying Schools and P2LTs
● All retainers to the camp and all person accompanying or serving with
the AFP in the field in time of war or when Martial Law is declared.
Role of the Military
In consonance with national objectives:
● Uphold the sovereignty, support the constitution and defend the territory
of the RP against all enemies, foreign and domestic
● Promote and advance the national aims, goals, interest and policies
● Plan, organize, maintain, develop and deploy its regular and citizen
reserve forces for national security
● Assist and support the National Government in its task of nation building
● Perform other functions as may be provided by law or assigned by higher
authorities

Role of the Military during Normal Conditions

● Perform civic action
● Law enforcement duties
● Socio-economic programs
● Enhancement of training programs
● Strengthening of Reserve Force
● Upgrading mission, objectives or goals to include policies
● Formulation of self-reliance program
● Enhance of Public Relation program
● Upgrading of morale and welfare of the members of the AFP
● Enhancement of sports and other recreational activities
Military Jurisdiction
Court-Martial - is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the
armed forces subject to military law, and, if the defendant is found guilty, to
decide upon punishment.
Classification:
General, Special and Summary
Composition:
● All commissioned Officer in the Active Duty
● No distinction exists among the various classes of officer in the military
service
● 2LTs and members of the Nurse Corps and Reserve Officer on Active
Duty training may not serve on court martial.

Military Jurisdiction
Court Martial - a law member, who shall not be an officer of the Judge
Advocate General Service shall be detailed as one of the members of the
GCM
Number:
General CM - any member of officer not less than five (5).
Special CM - any member of officer not less than three (3).
Summary CM - consist of one (1) officer.

Appointing Authorities:
General Court-Martial
President of the Philippines
CSAFP
When empowered by the President
CO of Division
Supt of PMA (except for the trial of an officer)
CO of Separate Brigade or Body of Troops
Special Court-Martial
Persons who can appoint GCM
When empowered by the President
CO of Garrison, Fort, Camp, Brigade, Regiment, Detached Battalion or other
Detached Command
Summary Court-Martial
CO of Garrison, Fort, Camp or other place where troops are on duty and the
CO of a Regiment, Detached Battalion, Detached company or other
detachment.

PUNITIVE ARTICLES OF WAR

Fraudulent Enlistment
False Musters
False Returns
Desertion
Absence Without Leave
Disrespect, Insubordination
Mutiny
Arrest and Confinement

Article 54 - Fraudulent Enlistment

Fraudulent enlistment is not void but voidable only at the option of the
government. The offenses can be waived and the soldier may be retained in
the service.
Any Person who procures himself to be enlisted by:
Willful misrepresentation
Concealment as to qualification for enlistment and receive Pay and
Allowances

Article 54 - Fraudulent Enlistment

Instance Offenses
Concealment of previous dishonorable discharge
Concealment of discharge without honor
Concealment that he was a deserter
False representation of marital status
Maximum Punishment
Dishonorable Discharge
Forfeiture of all Pay and Allowances
1- year confinement and hard labor
Article 55 - Officer Unlawful Enlistment
Any officer who knowingly enlist or musters into the military service to any
person whose enlistment or muster is prohibited.

Article 56 - False Muster

Any officer who:
Make false muster of a men or animals.
Sign, direct, or allows the signing of any muster roll knowing to the same
contain false statements as to the absence or pay an officer or soldier.
Wrongfully takes money or other consideration
Punishment:
Dismissal from the service
Suffer punishment as Court-Martial may direct

Article 57- False Return

Committed by officer who render false report to superior authority on the
return of troops under his unit or arms, ammunition, funds, etc.
Punishment:
Dismissal from the service
Suffer other punishment as Court-Martial may direct

Article 171
Falsification of public office, employee, notary or ecclesiastics

Article 58 - Acts Constituting Desertion

Any officer, having tendered his resignation and prior notice or
acceptance, quits his post or proper duties without leave and with intent to
absent permanently.
Any officer without having first discharge against enlist in the AFP or AF of
foreign country.
Any person subject to military law quits his organization or place of duty with
intent to avoid hazardous duty or shirk important service.

Article 59 - Desertion -No intent to Return

Any person subject to military law desert or attempt to desert the AFP shall:
● If the offense committed in time of war shall suffer death or such other
punishment as Court-Martial may direct
● At any other time - any punishment that Court-Martial may direct except
death.

Article 60- Advising or Aiding another to Desert

Any person who:
Advises, persuades, assist another to desert the service
Punishment:
Wartime - DEATH
Committed at other time - any punishment except death

Article 62 - Absent Without Leave (AWOL)

Any person subject to military law who:
Fails to report at fixed time to the properly appointed place of duty.
Goes from same without proper leave.
Absent himself from his command, guard quarters, station without leave.
Punishment:
As Court-Martial may direct

Article 63-Disrespect toward President, Vice President, Congress, or SND

Any officer who uses contemptuous or disrespect words against the above
Punishment:
Dismissed from the service
As Court-Martial may direct

Article 64 - Disrespect toward Superior Officer

Punishment:
As Court-Martial may direct
Offenses:
Words like open declaration of intention to disobey orders
Disrespect word uttered against an officer in the presence of other officer
Acts neglecting the customary salute
By indifference, insolence or rudeness in his presence

Article 65 - Assaulting or Willfully Disobeying Superior Officer

Any person subject to military who:
Strikes his superior officer.
Draw or lift any weapon.
Officer violated against him being in the execution of his office.
Willfully disobey any lawful command of his superior.
Punishment:
DEATH or as Court-Martial may direct.

Article 66 - Insubordinate Conduct toward Non-Commissioned Officer

Any soldier who:
Strikes or assaults, or who attempts of threatens to strike or assault, or
willfully disobeys order of a NCO or uses threatening or insulting language,
or behaves in an insubordination or respectful manner toward a NCO while
in an execution of his office
Punishment:
As Court-Martial may direct

Article 67 - Mutiny or Sedition

Mutiny - concerted insubordination on opposition, defiance of, or
resistance to lawful mil authority by two or more persons subject to such
authority or neutralize it for the time being.
Sedition - form of resistance to civil power demonstrated by riot,
disorder.
Any person subject to military law who:
Attempt to create or who begins, excite, causes or joins any mutiny or
sedition in company, party, post, camp, detachment guard or command.
Punishment:
DEATH
As Court-Martial may direct
Article 68 - Failure to suppress Mutiny or Sedition
Any officer or soldier present at any mutiny or sedition does not use his
utmost endeavor to suppress the same of having reason to believe that
mutiny or sedition is to take place does not without delay, give info to his
CO.
It is crime simply to “stand by” while mutiny is being committed.
Punishment:
DEATH
As Court-Martial may direct

Article 69 - Quarrels, Frays, Disorders

As amended by RA 516
Any officer, NCO have power to part and quell all quarrels, frays, and
disorders among person subject to mil law and to order officers who take
part in the same into arrest, and other persons subject to mil law who in the
same arrest, or confinement as circumstances may require until their proper
superior officer is acquitted there with. And whoever, being dared to refuse
to obey such officer, or draws a weapon upon otherwise threatens or does
violence to him.
Punishment:
DEATH
As Court-Martial may direct

MILITARY LEADERSHIP

- Is the art of influencing others to accomplish the mission by providing:

Purpose
Direction
Motivation
Responsibilities of the Leader:
- Accomplishment of the mission
- To look out for the welfare of his men
- A model soldier and commander
- An instructor
- A personal technician
- A counselor
- A custodian of men’s welfare

11 Principle of Leadership
1. Know yourself and seek self-improvement.
2. Be technically and tactically proficient.
3. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your action.
4. Make timely and sound decisions.
5. Set the example.
6. Know your soldiers and look out for their welfare.
7. Keep your subordinate informed.
8. Develop a sense of responsibility in your subordinates.
9. Ensure that the task is understood, supervised and accomplished.
10. Train your people as a team
11. Employ your unit in accordance with its capabilities.

3 Basic Types of Leadership

1.Authoritative
2.Participative
3.Delegative

Authoritarian leader
- are often described as those with ultimate authority and power over
others.
- tend to make choices based upon their own ideas alone and do not listen
to their team or seek input from others.
Participative leadership
- a style of leadership in which all members of the organization work
together to make decisions.
- also known as democratic leadership, as management teams encourage
all employees to participate.

Delegative
- often referred to as “laissez-faire”
- a leadership style focuses on delegating initiative to team members.
- generally known as one of the least intrusive forms of leadership, this
literally translates to “let them do”.
- considered a very hand-off leadership style.
4 Factors of Leadership
- Follower
- Leader
- Communication
- Situation
4 Values that make up the professional ethics.
- Loyalty to the ideals of the nation.
- Loyalty to the unit.
- Personal responsibility.
- Selfless service.
Leadership Framework
As a leader you must.
- Be committed to the professional ethics.
- Possess professional character and traits.
- Know the 4 factors of leadership and how they affect each other.
- Know yourself. 5.Know human nature.
- Know your job.
- Know your unit.
- Provide direction.
- Implement.
- Motivate.

MARCHES AND BIVOUACS

1. FOOT MARCH – are the movement of troops and equipment mainly by

foot with limited support of vehicles and do not depend on the existence
of roads.
2. CHARACTERIZATION OF FOOT MARCH - combat readiness, ease
control, adaptability to terrain, slow rate of movement, increased
personnel fatigue
3. CLASSIFICATION OF MARCHES
 Tactical - conducted in the combat zone to emphasize tactical
considerations such as security & the use of combat-ready
formation. Reemphasize efficiency & ease of movement.
 Administrative – conducted prior to the combat zone. Emphasize
the best method of movement & reemphasize tactical
considerations
4. FOUR TYPES OF MARCHES
 Day Marches – preferred in the absence of enemy threats. Permit
faster movement & are less tiring for troops.
 Limited Visibility Marches – night marches exploit darkness to gain
surprise & help units avoid extreme heat. Requires detailed planning,
stringent control measures, thorough training & march, light &
communication discipline.
 Forced Marches – requires Requires speed, exertion & more hours
marched. Normally accomplished by increasing the marching hours
for each day rather than the rate of march. Reason for march must be
told to ensure maximum effort.
 Shuttle Marches – alternative riding & marching in troop movement.
Normally due to lack of enough vehicles to carry the entire unit.
Requires alternate transporting types, equipment & supplies by a
series of round trips with the same vehicle
5. FACTORS AFFECTING FOOT MARCH – the march, location of the
enemies, the nature of the terrain and weather, and the activity of enemy
aviation, contact with the enemy should be expected from any direction
that is not protected by friendly forces or terrain barriers.
6. MARCH DISCIPLINE – includes observing and enforcing the rules and
instructions that govern a unit on a march, which include formation,
distance between elements, speed, the effective use of concealment and
cover.
7. WATER DISCIPLINE – must be observed by all unit members to ensure
best health and marching efficiency. The following rules must be adhered
to: Drink plenty of water before each march to aid sustainment during
movement. Drink only treated water from approved sources
8. MORALE – can greatly affect the marching effectiveness of troops. Low
morale can be contagious and magnifies any discomfort soldiers might
experience. Leaders can improve morale by applying proper march and
leadership techniques
9. INDIVIDUAL LOAD – to prevent an individual load from hindering a
marching soldier’s mobility and combat readiness, commanders must
reduce the carried load to the minimum mission-essential and survival
equipment.
10. ORGANIZATION OF FOOT MARCH
 RECON PARTY – reconnoiters the route to determine the
following: travel time, capacity of underpasses & bridges, locations
of ferries & culverts, to identify points & obstacles. It can be
conducted to confirm & supplement map studies, higher
Headquarters & air recon
 QUARTERING PARTY – Prepare for the systematic arrival of
units. Formulates a plan to receive & guide units from the release
point to their areas, indicates the location of major subordinate
units on the ground.
 MAIN BODY – bulk or the rest of the unit
 TRAIL PARTY – last march unit in a battalion serial, consists of
elements of the maintenance platoon & medical personnel
11. SECURITY – Passive measures w/c may include the ff: use of
concealed routes & assembly areas, movement on secure routes, night
marches, increased intervals between elements, dispersion when under
attack
– Active measures include the use of organic & attached
weapons, main weapons throughout the column are oriented on
specific sectors. The first elements cover the front, following
elements cover alternate flanks & the last elements cover the rear

12. COMMUNICATION – Messengers are the primary means of

communication but visual signals & road guides can also be used. Radio
is only used in emergencies & when no other means can be used since
the en might have direction finding equipment, Visual communication
means include flashlights, lanterns, luminous markers, flags,
pyrotechnics, smoke & arm and hand signals. The use & meaning are
 standardized to avoid misunderstanding, Sound communication
includes voice, whistles, horns and gongs which can be used to
assemble troops or to warn of an attack, It should also be standardized.
13. HALTS – enforced routinely to rest personnel & adjust equipment,
regulated by SOP or by the road movement order, Day marches should
end early to provide troops with rest & time to prepare for the following
day, at halt signal, troops should move to the sides of the road while
staying close to their units.
14. ACCORDION EFFECT – It is caused by changes in the rate of march &
often occurs as lead elements ascend or descend terrain or passes
through critical points along the march route.
15. DISTANCE – terrain, weather & the en situation influence distances
between soldiers & units, Distances should sustain march efficiency &
reduce the effects of accordion action, Normal distances are usually
included in the unit SOP
16. BIVOUACS – are establish at the end of marches to allow the elements
of the marching unit to rest

THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

1. THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY – any expression of intuition to

inflict evil, injury, or damage to national security, dangers to the
components of National Security and stability.
2. TYPES OF THREATS
 GENERAL THREATS
 Political – caused by person/group of people who aspires for
power and or position into the government.
 Economic – caused by businessmen who amass large amounts
but do not pay due taxes, hoarders, dollar syndicates, dollar
salters, smugglers, and big time criminals.
 Psycho-social – caused by activities that could under-mine the
morale of the populace such as: indulgence to vices, drug
addiction, prostitution, and other criminal acts.
 INTERNAL THREATS – National Security relates to the defense of
the government against hostile local elements seeking replacement
with their own system.
 EXTERNAL THREATS – concerned with safeguarding the state
against outside or foreign forces, pressures or influence designed to
conquer it or undermine its sovereignty, for the purpose of placing it
under the domination or control of some foreign state or states.
3. TERRORISM – the calculated use of violence to create a general climate
of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political
objective.
4. NINE (9) CATEGORIES OF TERRORIST GROUP
 Separatist – main goal is should be independent and have their
own government or in some way live apart from other people.
 Ethnocentric – they believe that a particular group or race is
superior than others.
 Nationalistic – the loyalty and devotion to a nation and the
national consciousness derived from placing one’s nation culture
and interests above those of other nations or group.
 Revolutionary – dedicated to overthrow of an established order
and replacing it with a new political or social structure.
 Political – political terrorist entails violent acts perpetrated against
citizens, with the goal of making a point with governmental
leaders. The ideologies are concerned with the structure and
organization of the forms of government and citizens.
 Religious – terrorist that are motivated with their Holy Writ,
therefore they are infallible and non-negotiable.
 Domestic/Homegrown – terrorist that targets their own citizens.
 International – terrorist that operate multiple countries but retain
geographic focus for their activities.
 Transnational – operate internationally but not tied to a certain
country.
5. TERRORIST GROUP IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Al Jemaah Al Islamiya (JI) – Abu Bakar Bashir and Abdullah
Sungkar. Religious, Separatists, Transnational. Indonesia, 1993.
Indonesia (primary operations); Malaysia and Singapore (cells); the
Philippines, Cambodia, and Thailand (possible operations)
 Abu Sayaff Group (Beaerer of The Sword) – Separatists, Political,
Domestic. Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani – Moro chief founder and
leader of the Abu Sayyaf organization was born on the Philippine
Island of Basilan to a Muslim-Christian family in 1959. Khadaffy
Janjalani – took control of the organization upon the death of his
brother Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani
 Moro Islamic Liberation Front – Sheikh Salamat Hashim - born on
7th July, 1942 in the Municipality of Pagalungan, Maguindanao.
Separatists, Domestic. 1977, Bangsamoro Region
 Moro National Liberation Front – Nur Misuari - Separatists,
Domestic, 1972. Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. The
Mother Group of MILF and Abu Sayyaf Group.
 Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army/
National Democratic Front (CPP/NPA/NDF) – Jose Maria Sison.
Political, Revolutionary, Domestic, December 26, 1968. Philippines.
6. ORGANIZED CRIME – A structural group of three or more persons
existing for the period of time and acting in concert, with the aim of
committing one or more serious offenses established in accordance with
this conviction in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other
material benefit (UN Conventions Against Transnational Organized
Crime.2000).
 Enforcer – the one makes arrangement for killing
 Corrupter – the one who bribes, threatens, negotiate and conduct
sweet talks with the public officials, police or anyone who can help
the organization
 Corruptee – a public official that not part of organization who can
influence on behalf of organizations interest.

7. DIFFERENT ORGANIZED CRIME GROUP

 La Cosa Nostra/Sicilian Mafia – Racketeering, drug trafficking,
murder, extortion, loan sharking, assault, smuggling, terrorism,
illegal gambling, prostitution, theft, money laundering, arms
trafficking, fraud, fencing, kidnapping, robbery.
 Yakuza, also called bōryokudan or gokudō – extortion,
blackmail, smuggling, prostitution, drug trafficking, gambling, loan
sharking, day-labour contracting, and other rackets and control
many restaurants, bars, trucking companies, talent agencies, taxi
fleets, factories, and other businesses in major Japanese cities.
 Chinese Triad – Extortion, protection, murder, assault,
racketeering, contract killing, human trafficking, prostitution, illegal
gambling, loan sharking, counterfeiting, copyright infringement,
kidnapping, robbery, drug trafficking, police and political
corruption, money laundering, arms trafficking, health care fraud,
online fraud.
 Pentagon Group – Headed by Tahir Alonto with around 168
armed members, engaged primarily in KFR and operates in
Mindanao. This group is a creation of the Moro Islamic Liberation
Front (MILF). It was organized not only to generate funds for the
latter through illegal means but also insulate the MILF from
accusations that its members are involved in purely criminal acts.
Its leader, Tahir Alonto is the former planning and operations
office of the BIAF and the nephew of MILF’s Chairman Al Haj
Murad. Relatedly, there are other members of the group who are
listed as members of the MILF.