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    Cells

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    neelam
    1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Cell shape and structure vary depending on its function. 2. Plant and animal cells differ in size, shape, and internal structures. Plant cells tend to be larger than animal cells. 3. Within multicellular organisms, different types of cells perform specialized functions to form tissues and organs that work together in organ systems.

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    Cells

    Uploaded by

    neelam
    25 views12 pages
    1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Cell shape and structure vary depending on its function. 2. Plant and animal cells differ in size, shape, and internal structures. Plant cells tend to be larger than animal cells. 3. Within multicellular organisms, different types of cells perform specialized functions to form tissues and organs that work together in organ systems.

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    1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Cell shape and structure vary depending on its function. 2. Plant and animal cells differ in size, shape, and internal structures. Plant cells tend to be larger than animal cells. 3. Within multicellular organisms, different types of cells perform specialized functions to form tissues and organs that work together in organ systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    25 views12 pages

    Cells

    Uploaded by

    neelam
    1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Cell shape and structure vary depending on its function. 2. Plant and animal cells differ in size, shape, and internal structures. Plant cells tend to be larger than animal cells. 3. Within multicellular organisms, different types of cells perform specialized functions to form tissues and organs that work together in organ systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    Cell structure

    Most living things are made of cells. Cell shape varies according to its function. Plant
    and animal cells differ in size, shape and structure (plants cells are usually larger than
    animal cells).

    Similarities and differences between animal cell and plant cell

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    Mnemonic

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    Cell functions

    Multicellular plants and animals contain many different types of cell. Each type of cell is design for a
    particular function.

    Here are examples of cells and their functions in tissues.

    1. Ciliated cells in respiratory tract

    Features: tiny hairs called cilia which can move mucus.

    Function: waft mucus with bacteria and dust away from the lungs.

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    2. Muscle cells

    Features: cells merge together to form fibres that can contract

    Function: cause movement

    3. Red blood cells

    Features: have no nucleus, contain hemoglobin

    Function: transport oxygen around the body

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    4. Root hair cell (plants)

    Features: the hair gives a large surface area

    Function: absorb water and mineral ions; anchor the plant firmly in the soil

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    5. Xylem cells

    Features: long, thin cells arranged end-to-end to form vessels (tubes). The cells lack end wall and cell
    contents such as cytolplasm and nucleus. The walls become lignified (woody).

    Function: conduction (transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves) support (Ligmin
    provides strength for the stem).

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    Common misconceptions
    Xylem and phloem tissue are often confused. Xylem carries water and mineral salts, while Phloem
    transports sugars and amino acids.

    In a vascular bundle in a stem, Phloem is on the outside and Xylem is on the inside.

    Examiner's tips
    1. You need to be able to give examples of tissues, organs and organ systems in both plants and
    animals. A leaf is an organ made up of a number of tissues, e.g. upper epidermis, palisade,
    mesophyll.
    2. If you draw a diagram to support an exam answer, make sure you refer to its in your written
    answer. Annotation is more likely to help you gain extra mark.

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    Example of annotation
    Action of phagocyte

    Tissues, Organs and organ Systems

    Cells are organized to form tissue, organs, and organ systems. In a healthy organism, all the systems
    work together.

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    SPECIALIZED CELLS

    A specialized cell is designed to do a particular job.

    Nerve cells have long fibers to carry massages.

    Muscle cells can contract and relax.

    White blood cells attack bacteria. Platelets


    help clotting.

    TISSUES
    Large numbers of specialized cells make up tissue.

    Muscles, blood and nerves are all tissues.

    Blood tissue contains red cells for carrying oxygen, white cells for destroying harmful bacteria, and
    platelets to cause clotting in cuts

    ORGANS
    Various tissues together make up an organ.

    Each organ has its own specific job.

    The heart, the stomach and the brain are all organs.

    The heart has to pump blood around the body. It is made up of muscle tissue, blood
    vessels and nerves.

    Arteries and veins are usually thought of as organ as they consist of several tissue layers.

    ORGAN SYSTEMS
    Various organs together make up an organ system. E.g. the circulatory system carries blood to all
    parts of the body. It is made up of heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood.

    ORGANISM
    Various organ systems together make up an organism. An human
    organism has:

    Respiratory system

    Digestive system

    Circulatory system Nervous


    system

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    Endocrine system

    Levels of organisations

    Key definitions
    Organells: a structure within a cell (e.g. nucleus, vacuole, cytoplasm and chloroplast are all
    organelles of a plant cell).

    Tissue: a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared
    function.

    Organ: a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions.

    Organ system: a group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body
    functions.

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