Ethnobotanical Survey of The Traditional Antiparasitic Use of Medicinal Plants in Humans and Animals in Laghouat (Southern Algeria)

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Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 RESEARCH ARTICLE

Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.16/February-2023/15.pdf Open Access

Ethnobotanical survey of the traditional antiparasitic use of medicinal


plants in humans and animals in Laghouat (Southern Algeria)
Fathia Benlarbi1 , Nora Mimoune2 , Noureddine Chaachouay3 , Karim Souttou1 , Radhwane Saidi4 ,
Mohamed Rahmani Mokhtar4 , Rachid Kaidi5 , and Mohammed Hocine Benaissa6

1. Laboratory for Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems (EVES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural
Sciences and Life, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria; 2. Department of Clinics, Animal
Health and Production Laboratory, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, 16000, Algeria; 3. Agri-Food and Health
Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Settat, Hassan FIRST University, Po. Box. 382, 26000 Settat,
Morocco; 4. Laboratory of Biological and Agronomic Sciences, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Laghouat
University, Laghouat, Algeria; 5. Institute of Veterinary Sciences, LBRA, University of Blida 1, PB 270, Soumaa, Blida,
09000, Algeria; 6. Scientific and Technical Research Centre for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biophysical Station, PB 30240,
Nezla, Touggourt, Algeria.
Corresponding author: Mohammed Hocine Benaissa, e-mail: ben.medhocine@gmail.com
Co-authors: FB: f.benlarbi@univ-djelfa.dz, NM: nora.mimoune@gmail.com, NC: noureddine.chaachouay@uhp.ac.ma,
KS: kasouttou@hotmail.com, RS: saidi.radhwane@yahoo.fr, MRM: m.mokhtarrahmani@mail.lagh-univ.dz,
RK: kaidirachid@yahoo.fr
Received: 08-08-2022, Accepted: 06-01-2023, Published online: 24-02-2023

doi: www.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2023.357-368 How to cite this article: Benlarbi F, Mimoune N, Chaachouay N,


Souttou K, Saidi R, Mokhtar MR, Kaidi R, and Benaissa MH (2023) Ethnobotanical survey of the traditional antiparasitic
use of medicinal plants in humans and animals in Laghouat (Southern Algeria), Veterinary World, 16(2): 357–368.

Abstract
Background and Aim: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among the inhabitants of the Aflou region of Laghouat
(Southern Algeria). This study was considered as a first step toward the identification of new bioactive antiparasitic
molecules. The preservation and documentation of this traditional knowledge will ensure its continuity and transmission
from one generation to another, especially because of the emergence of resistant parasites and the lack of references caused
by the lack of work in this area; therefore, we intended to inventory and collect the maximum amount of information on
medicinal plants that are traditionally used by the local population as antiparasitic in humans and animals (small ruminants,
cattle, and livestock).
Materials and Methods: The information was collected using open interviews; the ethnobotanical survey was carried
out in the area mentioned above from April to July 2021 using a semi-structured questionnaire and a global sample of 200
respondents. The data were analyzed using the System Package for the Social Sciences software and Microsoft Excel 2010
using the following quantitative indices: Relative frequency of citation (RFC), family importance value (FIV), fidelity level,
and informant consensus factor (ICF).
Results: The investigation uncovered the antiparasitic use of 58 plant species belonging to 30 families. The family
Asteraceae had the highest FIV (FIV = 0.23). The pathology with the highest degree of agreement among the informants was
genitourinary parasitosis (ICF = 0.930). The species that was most commonly cited by the local population was Artemisia
herba-alba Asso (RFC = 1), and the foliage was the most commonly used part (46.4%). Infusion (38.8%) was the most-used
preparation for remedies.
Conclusion: This investigation revealed a rich ethnopharmacological knowledge in southern Algeria; therefore, the data
gathered in this survey may be utilized to create novel antiparasitic compounds with activity in humans and animals.
Keywords: antiparasitic medicinal plants, ethnobotanical survey, human and animal parasitosis, Laghouat.
Introduction schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, lymphatic filaria-
Parasites affecting humans and animals are a sis, helminthic diseases [4], and gastrointestinal par-
severe health complication in developing countries, asitosis, is predominantly caused by parasites such as
especially in Africa [1, 2]. More than 1 to 2 bil- Haemonchus contortus and Fasciola hepatica from
lion infections are probably caused by parasites; small ruminants [2]. In addition, several ectopara-
this causes several million human deaths per sites, especially ticks, lice, and mites, have also been
year [3]. The appearance of parasitic diseases in reported in cattle [5] and humans. Furthermore, para-
humans, such as Chagas disease, malaria, leishmaniasis, sites cause a decrease in the productivity of the herds,
as they reduce fertility, provoke skin irritation, and
Copyright: Benlarbi, et al. Open Access. This article is distributed suck blood, eventually leading to death [6].
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ In recent years, parasites have been exhibit-
by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and ing resistance to known conventional treatments,
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit
to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the which are costly and out of reach for many impov-
Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. erished individuals [5]. Therefore, it is necessary to
The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://
creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data
discover novel antiparasitic medicinal compounds.
made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Natural products are a crucial source of novel active
Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 357
Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.16/February-2023/15.pdf

compounds, because most clinically proven pharma- is 106.6 Hab/km² [11]. Aflou has a semi-arid climate;
ceuticals are derived from plants [7]. Moreover, tradi- the annual average temperature is 13.42°C with a
tional knowledge is in danger of extinction. Therefore, maximum temperature of 34.37°C in summer) (July)
the preservation and documentation of this traditional and a minimum of −3.65°C in winter (January), and
knowledge to revalue this indigenous information are the rainfall is, on average, 324.38 mm from 2005 to
mandatory conditions for maintaining the continuity 2014 [12]. The soil is rich in grass and water; it is an
and transmission of traditional medicine. According area of breeding and grazing, so it is the traditional
to the World Health Organization, traditional medi- economic activity of the locality. Aflou, Sebgag, and
cine is used by 80% of the world’s population to meet Sidi Bouzid are the largest municipalities in the Daïra
their primary healthcare needs [8]. of Aflou, among the three municipalities that compose
In Algeria, the use of medicinal plants is a thou- it. According to the Algerian administrative division
sand-year-old tradition, with more than 4000 species and the population density of the commune of Aflou,
and subspecies of plants being used [9]. Unfortunately, it is considered an urban area. The other two: Sebgag
very few ethnobotanical studies have focused on the and Sidi Bouzid are in rural areas; their information is
use of medicinal plants against the predominant inter- presented in Table-1 [11].
nal and external parasites, with the former including Data collection
Taenia, Oscaris, Echinococcus, Fasciola (humans/ Face-to-face interviews were conducted accord-
animals), and Oxyure (humans) and the latter includ- ing to the protocol proposed by Mehdioui and
ing skin leishmania, scabies (skin parasites), ticks, and Kahouadji [13]. They were based on discussions per-
lice (humans/animals) [10]. formed in the local language using a semi-structured
In the wilaya of Laghouat, particularly in the questionnaire that included two parts: One containing
Daïra of Aflou, to the best of our knowledge, such ref- general information about the respondent (age, school
erences are infrequent because of a lack of work in this level, and occupation) and the other concerning the
direction. This ethnobotanical analysis was carried out antiparasitic plants used (vernacular name, type of
among the inhabitants of the Aflou region of Laghouat plant, and state of the plant). For the inclusion crite-
(Southern Algeria) with the aim of inventorying and ria, we generally targeted local people, herders, tra-
collecting as much information as possible on the anti- ditional healers, and herbalists who had an excellent
parasitic medicinal plants that are traditionally used knowledge of plants for antiparasitic use. In turn, the
by the local population in humans and animals (small exclusion criteria were individuals who did not have
ruminants). the necessary knowledge to use medicinal plants and
Materials and Methods did not live in the study area.
Ethical approval and informed consent Sampling and plant species identification
Approval for this study was granted by the The municipality of Aflou is urban, whereas the
Committee for ethical research of the Faculty of remaining two localities (Sidi Bouzid and Sebgag)
Nature and Life Sciences, Department of Biology, are rural. The survey allowed us to interview 200
Ziane Achour University, with Ref: 012/FSNV/2021. people (27 herbalists, seven traditional practitioners,
Before starting data collection, oral informed consent 100 citizens, and 66 breeders). These respondents were
was obtained in each case at the site level and then sep- selected by convenience sampling [14]. The determina-
arately before each interview. In addition, informants tion of the scientific terminology of the local medicinal
were made aware that the study’s goals were strictly species collected during the survey was verified and
scientific research and not for commercial purposes. confirmed by the botanists of the Department of Natural
Participants gave verbal consent to participate in the and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University
study; they were free to withdraw their information of Laghouat, and with the help of the following bib-
at any time. Finally, informants accepted the topic’s liographic support [15]. Furthermore, the scientific
importance and clearly agreed to have their data pub- names of plant species were checked using internet
lished without mentioning their names. sources; specifically, the list of plants (http://www.the-
Study period and location plantlist.org). The ethical guidelines of the International
The ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Society of Ethnobiology were adopted [16].
Daïra of Aflou from April to July 2021. The Daïra Data processing
of Afou is an Algerian administrative district located The collected data were entered analyzed by
in the Wilaya of Laghouat to the west, 110 km and System Package for Social Sciences, version 20
406 km from Algiers. The region of Aflou is located (IBM Corp., NY, USA) and Microsoft Office “Excel
in a valley in the heart of the Jebel Amour massif. 2010”(Microsoft, USA), using descriptive and quan-
Built at an altitude of 1400 m, it is one of the high- titative statistics of the numbers expressed as per-
est cities in Algeria. This area is located between centages. The results of the ethnobotanical survey
(34° 07’ N Latitude and 02° 06’ E Longitude) were analyzed using the relative frequency of citation
(Figure-1). The number of inhabitants is 175890 on (RFC), family importance value (FIV), fidelity level
a total area of 1650 km² [11]. The population density (FL), and informant consensus factor (ICF).
Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 358
Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.16/February-2023/15.pdf

Figure-1: The geographical map of Aflou [Source: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C3%AFra_d%27Aflou].

Table-1: Distribution of area and density by municipality condition and N is the number of informants who used
in the study area [11].
these plants as medicine to treat a given disease [19].
Municipality Population Area Density Informant consensus factor
(km2) (habitant/km2)
For data analysis, the ICF was employed to indi-
Aflou 160,131 405 395.39 cate the extent to which the information was homoge-
Sidi Bouzid 7,897 860 9.18
neous. Informant consensus factor values will be low
Sebgag 7,862 385 20.42
(near 0) if plants are chosen randomly, or informants
do not exchange information about their use; whereas
Relative frequency of citation ICF values will be high (near 1) if there is a well-de-
The RFC value was calculated using the follow- fined selection criterion in the community and if the
ing formula [17]: information is exchanged among informants. The fol-
RFC = FC/N, lowing formula was used:
Where, FC is the number of respondents who men- ICF = Nur – Nt/Nur – 1 [20],
tioned the use of the species and N is the total number Where, Nur is the number of citations for each
of respondents. The RFC value varied from 0 (when no particular condition and Nt is the number of species
individual referred to a plant as applicable) to 1 (when used to treat that condition.
all informants mentioned it as an appropriate medicine).
Results and Discussion
Family importance value
Socio-demographic profile of the respondents
The FIV gives local importance to the families of wild A total of 200 local informants, including citi-
species. It is a culturally important metric that can be used zen residents, herbalists, traditional practitioners, and
in ethnobotany to define the taxonomic value of a natural other healers, were interrogated using semi-structured
plant. To calculate the FIV, we used the following formula: surveys and group interviews (Table-1 and Figure-1).
FIV = FCF/NS, Location of the citizens surveyed
where FCF is the number of informants who cited The bulk of the local people interviewed (65%)
the family and NS is the total number of species in lived in urban regions (Table-2), and most of them
each family [18]. were ordinary citizens; the remainder of the interview-
ees (35%) were breeders residing in rural areas. These
Fidelity level
proportions are close to those reported by Zougagh
The FL factor was calculated using the following
et al. [14].
formula:
Gender of the citizens surveyed
FL (%) = Np/N × 100, The results of our investigation indicated that
Where, Np is the number of informants who both sexes are involved in herbal medicine. More than
reported the use of the plant species to treat a particular half of the informants were men (58%), including
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Table-2: Distribution of 200 respondents by habitat Marital situation of the respondents


municipality. In terms of marital status, married respondents
Municipalities Respondents Percentage (74%) used medicinal plants much more than did sin-
Aflou (urban) 130 65.0
gle respondents (19%), with 05 % of widowers ver-
Sebgag (rural) 39 19.5 sus only 2% of divorced informants using these plants
Sidi Bouzid (rural) 31 15.5 (Figure-2d). The difference between family status and
Indigenous knowledge for treating antiparasitic infec-
tions was statistically significant (p = 0.000). This
mainly herbalists, breeders, and a large proportion of
may be explained by the fact that married individuals
citizens (Table-3). In comparison, women (42%) were
may avoid or reduce the material fees used to pay doc-
traditional practitioners and the remaining portion of
tors and pharmacists [21, 22].
citizens, with a male/female sex ratio of 1.38. This
suggests that the profession of herbalist and breeder Occupation of the respondents
is preferentially reserved for men. Women’s vigilance Half of the respondents interviewed in the study
can explain this predominance of males for the bal- area were ordinary citizens who used antiparasitic
ance of the disease and their attachment to all that is plants to remedy their illnesses. Concomitantly, breed-
traditional; males give sustenance and healthcare to ers accounted for only 33% of the respondents, with
their families in the case of an illness. In turn, women the remainder of the cohort being distributed between
practice herbal medicine (traditional practitioners) in herbalists and traditional practitioners (Figure-2e).
the household, which may be attributed to the customs Plants surveyed
of the region. These results confirm the findings of Most-used botanical families
another ethnobotanical study performed in the Djelfa
The data collected allowed the identification of
region [21].
58 species of plants belonging to 30 botanical families
Age of the citizens surveyed that were used to treat parasitic diseases in humans
The findings of this investigation revealed that and animals (small ruminants). These plants are pre-
the use of medicinal species is prevalent across all sented in Table-4 using their family and scientific
age classes, with varying percentages. The majority of names, local names, parts used, the form of prepa-
the respondents were in the age range between 40 and ration, mode of administration, and quantitative val-
60 years (31.3%), followed by informants who were ues (FL, ICF, RFC, and FIV). The most represented
older than 60 years (27.5%), informants who were families were Lamiaceae, with nine species; followed
between 36 and 45 years (20.5%), and informants who by Asteraceae and Apiaceae, six species each; and
were between 20 and 35 years (19%). Finally, infor- Myrtaceae, three species. In comparison, the remain-
mants younger than 20 years came in the last position ing families were represented by two or only one spe-
(1.5%) (Figure-2a). The data showed that the elderly cies (Figure-3). According to research performed in the
acquired therapeutic knowledge from their parents or Mediterranean region, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae are
the experiences of others. The oldest informants offer the most-used plants in traditional medicine [10, 14, 24].
more credible information because they possess much Asteraceae (FIV = 0.23), Amaryllidaceae (FIV = 0.188),
of the traditional knowledge that is part of the folk tales. Cupressaceae (FIV = 0.11), and Lamiaceae (FIV = 0.08)
As a result, there is a loss of knowledge about medicinal (Table-3) were the four families most cited accord-
plants, which may be explained by the doubts of some ing to the FIV index. This high proportion could be
young people who are disinterested in herbal medicine explained by the fact that these families are widely
because of modernization and foreign cultural influ- present among the flora of Aflou. This dominance
ences. Furthermore, knowledge of the properties and was also observed, albeit with some differences, in
use of medicinal plants is often acquired (70%) through the results of other ethnobotanical surveys conducted
a long-accumulated experience (Figure-2b), and then in other countries [14, 22].
passed orally from one generation to another [13, 22].
Educational level of the respondents
Most frequently cited medicinal plants
Regarding educational level, 46.5% of the Some of the antiparasitic medicinal plants that
respondents were illiterate, 24.5% had a primary were inventoried during the investigations were
school level, 17.5% were between a middle and more frequently cited in the Aflou region. The RFC
secondary school level, and 11.5% had a university of the medicinal plants cited ranged from 0.005
level (Figure-2c). Thus, the use of medicinal plants to 1 (Table-3). The highest values were observed
decreased as the level of education increased [23]. for Artemisia herba-alba Asso (RFC = 1), followed
Our results confirmed the findings of the study per- by Allium sativium L. (RFC = 0.305), Rosmarinus
formed by Bouzid et al. [23], who reported that more officinalis L. (RFC = 0.165), Lavandula offici-
than half of the users of medicinal plants (64%) were nalis L. (RFC = 0.165), Cotula cinereum Delile
illiterate and 27% of the users had a primary school (RFC = 0.16), Thymus guyonii Noë (RFC = 0.145),
level. In contrast, very few of those with a university Artemisia campestris L. (RFC = 0.14), Juniperus phoe-
level (9%) used medicinal plants [22]. nicea L. (RFC = 0.125), Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 360
Table-3: List of medicinal plants for human and animal parasites in the region of Aflou (Laghouat).

Scientific name and family Local name Part used Preparation form Administration mode Traditional uses FL% FC RFC FIV
Anacardiaceae 0.03
Pistacia atlantica Desf. Butom Leaves/Galls/ Infusion/Oil/ Oral/Swabbing RA, DA, (H) 50 6 0.03
Fruit Decoction SP (leish) (H)
Apiaceae 0.029
Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel Hentit Latex Maceration Oral PD (H) 100 12 0.06
Scorodosma poetidum L.
Cuminum cyminum L. Kamoun Seeds Decoction/powder Oral PD (H) 100 8 0.04
Ferula vesceritensis Coss. Fasoukh Latex Other Swabbing SP (leish) (A) 100 6 0.03
Carum carvi L. El-Karwia Seeds Decoction/powder Oral PD (H) 100 2 0.01
Bunium mauritanicum L. Tal-ghouda Tuber Powder Oral PD, GD (H) 50 6 0.03
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Habet lehlawa Seeds Decoction Oral PD (H) 100 1 0.005

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Aristolochiaceae 0.035
Aristolochia baetica L. Berrostom Roots Powder Swabbing SP (leish) (A) 100 7 0.035
Apocynaceae 0.055
Nerium oleander L. Defla Leaves/Whole Infusion/Powder Swabbing/Rinsing DA, SP (leish, sca, tic) (A/H) 63.6 11 0.055
Asteraceae 0.23
Artemisia herba-alba Asso Chih Leaves/Whole Infusion/Decoction/ Oral/Rinsing/Swabbing PD, GP, DA, BP, SP (leish, 39.5 200 1
Powder sca) (A/H)
Artemisia campestris L. Dgouft Leaves Infusion Oral PD (H) 100 28 0.14
Anthemis nobilis L. Babounje Flowers/ Infusion Rinsing/ DA (H) 100 10 0.05
Chamaemelum nobile L. Whole Oral
Cotula cinereum Delile Guertoufa Whole Infusion/Decoction Oral/Rinsing PD, DA (H) 93.7 32 0.16
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Redbakia Leaves Infusion Oral GP (H) 100 3 0.015
Moench.
Artemisia absinthium L. Chiba Leaves Infusion Oral PD (A/H) 100 10 0.05
Brassiaceae 0.035
Zilla macroptera Coss. Chabrag Whole Decoction Rinsing/ DA, SP (leish) (H) 71.4 7 0.035
Amaranthaceae 0.017
Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin Remth Whole Decoction Rinsing SP (leish, sca) 80 5 0.025
(A/H)
Atriplex halimus L. Gtaf Whole Infusion Oral GP (H) 2 0.01
Cucurbitaceae 0.02
Cucurbita pepo L. Kabouya Seeds Raw Oral PD (H) 100 2 0.01
Colocynthis vulgaris (L.) schrad. Hadja Fruit Powder Swabbing SP (leish, sca) 100 7 0.035
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(A/H)
Cupressaceae 0.11
Juniperus phoenicea L. Arar Whole Oil/vegetable tar Swabbing/ DA, AL (A/H) SP (leish, sca, 60 25 0.125
tic) (A/H)
Cupressus sempervirens L. Essarw Whole Oil/vegetable tar Oral/Swabbing/ DA, RA, AL, SP (leish, sca) 57.9 19 0.095
(A/H)
Euphorbiaceae 0.017
Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. and Lebina Stems Latex Swabbing/ SP (leish, sca) (H) 100 2 0.01
Reut.

(Contd...)

361
Table-3: (Continued).

Scientific name and family Local name Part used Preparation form Administration mode Traditional uses FL% FC RFC FIV
Ricinus communis L. Kharoua Seeds Oil Swabbing AL (H) 100 1 0.005
Fabaceae 0.025
Retama raetam Webb. Retam Whole Decoction/Powder Oral/Swabbing SP (leish,sca) 100 5 0.025
(A/H)
Plantaginaceae 0.005
Globularia alypum L. Tasselgha Leaves Infusion Rinsing SP (sca) (A/H) 100 1 0.005
Juglandaceae 0.005
Juglans regia L. El-djouz Leaves Infusion Oral PD (H) 100 1 0.005
Lamiaceae 0.08
Thymus guyonii Noë Zaatar Leaves/Whole Infusion/Decoction Oral/Rinsing PD, RA, AL (H) 48.3 29 0.145
SP (leish) (H)
Thymus ciliatus Lam. Djertil Leaves/Whole Infusion/Decoction Oral PD (A/H) 100 12 0.06

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Teucrium polium L. Djaida Leaves Infusion Oral PD, BP (H) 58.3 12 0.06
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lazir Leaves Infusion/Decoction Oral Swabbing PD, GP, RA (A/H) 45.4 33 0.165
AL (H)
Lavandula officinalis L. Khzama Flowers/ Oil/Infusion Swabbing/Rinsing GP, AL (A/H) 90.9 33 0.165
Leaves
Salvia officinalis L. Miramia Leaves Infusion Oral GD (H) 100 8 0.04
Origanum majorana L. Bardakouch Leaves Infusion Oral GD (H) 100 12 0.06
Mentha spicata L. Naanaa Leaves Infusion/Oil Oral RA, PD (H) 66.7 3 0.015
Mentha pulegium L. Feliou Leaves Infusion Oral PD (H) 100 2 0.01
Lauraceae 0.01
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Qarfa Bark of trunk Decoction Oral RA (H) 100 2 0.01
Amaryllidaceae 0.188
Allium sativium L. Toum Clove Raw Oral/Swabbing PD, AL, SP (leish, sca) (A/H) 42.6 61 0.305
Allium cepa L. Basla Clove Raw/Maceration Oral/Swabbing PD, AL (A/H) 71.4 14 0.07
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Mor -sebar GÈLE/suc Powder Oral/Swabbing PD, SP (leish, sca) (A/H) 66.7 3 0.015 0.015
Linaceae 0.005
Linum usitatissimum L. Zereat-ketane Seeds Decoction Oral AL (H) 100 1 0.005
Lythraceae 0.02
Lawsonia inermis L. Elhénna Leaves Powder Swabbing SP (leish, sca) 100 4 0.02
(A/H)
Meliaceae 0.05
Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.16/February-2023/15.pdf

Melia azedarach L. Mélia/ Leaves/Fruit Decoction/Oil/ Oral/Swabbing/Rinsing SP (leish, sca) 60 10 0.05


Sébahiya Lotion PD, AL (A/H)
Insecticid
Myrtaceae 0.038
Eugenia caryophyllus L. Lekrounfel Flower bud Decoction/Oil Oral/Swabbing SP (leish, sca) (H) 50 6 0.03
PD, AL (H)
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Kalitousse Leaves Infusion/Decoction Oral/Rinsing DA, RA (H) 46.7 15 0.075
AL, BP (H)
Myrtus communis L. Rihane Leaves Infusion Oral PD (H) 100 2 0.01

(Contd...)

362
Table-3: (Continued).

Scientific name and family Local name Part used Preparation form Administration mode Traditional uses FL% FC RFC FIV
Oleaceae 0.05
Olea europea L. Zitoun Fruit/Leaves Oil/Infusion Oral/Swabbing DA (A/H) 100 10 0.05
Piperaceae 0.005
Piper nigrum L. Felfel-akhal Seeds Powder Swabbing AL (H) 100 1 0.005
Punicaceae 0.075

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Punica granatum L. Romane Bark of the Raw/Decoction Oral PD (A/H) 100 15 0.075
fruit
Renonculaceae 0.015
Nigella sativa L. Sanoudj Seeds Decoction/Oil Oral/Swabbing PD (A/H) 66.7 3 0.015
BP (H)
Hydrastis canadensis L. Khatem- Rhizom Decoction Oral GP (H) 100 3 0.015
dehab
Rhamnaceae 0.05
Zizyphus lotus (L.) Lam. Sedra Leaves Powder Swabbing SP (leish, sca) (H) 80 10 0.05
DA (A/H)
Rutaceae 0.045
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Laymoune Fruit Maceration Oral PD (A/H) 100 14 0.07
Ruta graveolens L. Fidjel Whole Infusion/Powder Oral/Swabbing PD (H) 50 4 0.02
AL (H)
Theaceae 0.025
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Latay Leaves Decoction Oral PD (A) 100 5 0.025
Zingiberaceae 0.072
Zingiber officiale Roscoe Zandjabil Rhizom Raw/Powder Oral PD, RA (A/H) 41.6 24 0.12
GP (H)
Curcuma longa L. Kourkoum Rhizom Powder/Maceration Oral PD (H) 100 5 0.025
Zygophyliaceae 0.055
Peganum harmala L. Harmal Seeds Powder/Decoction Oral Swabbing SP (leish, sca) (H) 54.5 11 0.055
AL (H)
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BP (H)
PD=Parasites of the digestive tract, SP (sca)=Skin Parasites (scabies), SP (leish)=Skin Parasites (leichmaniasis), SP (tic)=Skin Parasites (ticks), DA=Dermatologic Affection;
GP=Genetourinary Parasites, RA=Respiratory ailments, GD=Gland Disorders, BP=Blood Parasites (malaria), A/H=Animals/humans, AL=Affection by Lice, FL=Fidelity level,
FC=Frequency citation, RFC=Relative frequency of citation, FIV=Family importance value

363
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University
< 20 years 12%
Secondary
1% 20_35
> 60 years 9% Illiterate
19% Empirical
28% 46%
30%

Middle
36_45 9%
20%

Acquired
46_60 70%
a 32% b c Primary
24%

Divorced Herbalist
Widower 2% 13%
Ordinary
5% citizen 50%

Single Breeder
19% 33%

Married
74% Traditional
e healer 4%
d
Figure-2: Socio-demographic profile of the informants; (a) Age of the citizens surveyed (b) Origin of information of the
respondents (c) Educational level of the respondents (d) Marital status of the respondents and (e) Occupation of the
respondents.

(RFC = 0.12), Punica granatum L. (RFC = 0.075), sheep [26]. It was associated with Olea europea L. for
Allium cepa L. (RFC = 0.07), Artemisia absinthium use in humans and particularly to remove external par-
L. (RFC = 0.05), and Olea europea L. (RFC = 0.05). asites on domestic animals [30]. Root macerations of
Their high RFC values indicate that these plants are P. granatum L. are used to control tapeworms in small
the most known and used by most respondents to treat ruminants [26] and against roundworms [31]. Allium
parasitic diseases. cepa L. and Artemisia absinthium L. are also used as
Many investigations aimed at testing their bio- anthelmintics in humans and animals [26]. The medic-
logical and phytochemical activity have been carried inal properties of Artemisia herba-alba Asso and
out for these plants. In India, Singh et al. [25] reported A. campestris L. remain of interest to researchers [32].
that Allium sativum L. is used against amoebiasis and Fidelity level index
as a dewormer in animals [26]. Artemisia herba-alba,
According to our results, most plants had a high
T. guyonii Noë, J. phoenicea L., and A. campestris
FL, with a value of 100% recorded for 25 plant species
L. are used as antiparasitic plant remedies in Algeria,
(Table-3). Most of them were used by several infor-
as reported by Boudjelal et al. [10]. Kpabi et al. [27]
mants to treat a single pathology, and we ignored the
found that Zingiber officinale Roscoe is used against
plants that were mentioned only once for better accu-
amoebiasis in northern Togo. Several studies have
racy [22]. The high FL of a species indicates the pres-
mentioned the use of L. officinalis L. to control lice
ence of a specific disease in a given area and the use of
and other external parasites [28]. In Morocco, El
Rhaffari and Zaid [29] proved the anti-leishmania plant species to treat it by its citizens [33]. Therefore,
activity of R. officinalis L., and veterinarians con- the plant species with the highest FL that had not been
tinue using it as a pulmonary antiseptic in animals previously researched should be suggested for future
[26]. Regarding J. phoenicea L., the most-used form clinical-practice-related investigations.
of preparation of this plant is juniper oil, which is Pathologies and their ICF values
obtained after the distillation of the wood of old trees. The ICF ranges from 0 to 1. A high ICF indi-
This oil is also known as cade oil, vegetable tar, or by cates agreement regarding plant species selection
the Arabic name of Gatran. It is mainly a veterinary among informants, whereas a low value indicates dis-
product that is used to treat specific animal diseases agreement. Recently, a consensus ratio analysis was
in the study area: fasciolosis and as a deworm for used as an important factor for ethnobotanical data
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Table-4: Informant consensus factor values by category for treating parasitosis.

Pathology Plants species and number of uses Nt Nur ICF


Genitourinary Artemisia herba‑alba Asso. (29), Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (3), Hydrastis 8 101 0.930
parasites canadensis L. (3), Cupressus sempervirens L. (11), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (15),
Lavandula officinalis L. (30), Zingiber officiale Roscoe. (8), Atriplex halimus L. (2).
Blood parasites Artemisia herba‑alba Asso. (45), Teucrium polium L. (5), Eucalyptus globulus 5 57 0.929
Labill. (4), Nigella sativa L. (2), Peganum harmala L. (1).
Gland disorders Bunium mauritanicum L. (3), Origanum majorana L. (12), Salvia officinalis L. (8). 3 23 0.909
Dermatological Pistacia atlantica (Desf). (3), Nerium oleander L. (7), Artemisia herba‑alba Asso. 12 107 0.896
affection (12), Anthemis nobilis L. (10), Cotula cinereum Delile (30), Eucalyptus globulus
Labill. (7), Zilla macroptera Coss. (5), Olea europea L. (10), Zizyphus lotus (L.)
Lam. (8), Peganum harmala L. (6), Cupressus sempervirens L. (3), Juniperus
phoenicea L. (6).
Parasites of the Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel (12), Cuminum cyminum L. (8), Carum carvi L. (2), 30 257 0.887
digestive tract Bunium mauritanicum L. (3), Artemisia herba‑alba Asso. (79), Foeniculum vulgare
Mill. (1), Artemisia campestris L. (28), Cotula cinereum Delile (2), Artemisia
absinthium L. (10), Cucurbita pepo L. (2), Juglans regia L. (1), Allium sativium L.
(10), Allium cepa L. (4), Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (5), Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
(1), Thymus guyonii Noë (14), Thymus ciliatus (Desf). (12), Teucrium polium
L. (7), Mentha spicata L. (2), Mentha pulegium L. (2), Rosmarinus officinalis L.
(5), Melia azedarach L. (1), Eugenia caryophyllus L. (1), Myrtus communis L.
(2), Punica granatum L. (15), Nigella sativa L. (1), Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (14),
Zingiber officiale Roscoe. (6), Curcuma longa L. (5), Ruta graveolens L. (2).
Affections by Lice Juniperus phoenicea L. (15), Cupressus sempervirens L. (3), Ricinus communis 15 92 0.846
L. (1), Allium sativium L. (25), Allium cepa L. (10), Thymus guyonii Noë (8),
Lavandula officinalis L. (3), Linum usitatissimum L. (1), Melia azedarach L. (6),
Eugenia caryophyllus L. (3), Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (2), Piper nigrum L. (1),
Ruta graveolens L. (2), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (10), Peganum harmala L. (2).
Skin parasite Pistacia atlantica (Desf). (2), Ferula vesceritensis Coss. (6), Artemisia herba‑alba 21 127 0.841
Asso. (35), Hammada scoparia (Pomel) Iljin. (5), Colocynthis vulgaris (L.)
schrad. (7), Juniperus phoenicea L. (4), Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss. & Reut.
(2), Zilla macroptera Coss. (2), Retama raetam Webb. (5), Globularia alypum L.
(1), Allium sativium L. (26), Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (2), Thymus guyonii Noë (5),
Melia azedarach L. (3), Eugenia caryophyllus L. (1), Zizyphus lotus (L.) Lam. (2),
Lawsonia inermis L. (4), Peganum harmala L. (2), Cupressus sempervirens L.
(2), Nerium oleander L. (4), Aristolochia baetica L. (7).
Respiratory ailments Pistacia atlantica (Desf). (1), Thymus guyonii Noë (2), Rosmarinus officinalis L. 8 22 0.666
(3), Cinnamomum verum J.Presl. (2), Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (2), Zingiber
officiale Roscoe. (10), Mentha spicata L. (1), Eugenia caryophyllus L. (1).
ICF=Informant consensus factors, Nur=Number of citations for each particular condition, Nt=Number of species used to
treat that condition.

10
9
9
8
7
Number of plants

6 6
6
5
4
3
3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
0
Cupressaceae

Piperaceae
Amaryllidaceae

Juglandaceae

Oleaceae
Amaranthaceae

Zygophyliaceae
Anacardiaceae

Apocynaceae

Brassiaceae
Cucurbitaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Lamiaceae
Lauraceae

Lythraceae
Meliaceae
Myrtacees

Plantaginaceae

Renonculaceae
Linaceae

Punicaceae

Xanthorrhoeaceae
Zingiberaceae
Asteraceae

Fabaceae

Rhamnaceae
Rutaceae
Apiaceae

theaceae
Aristolochiaceae

Botanical families

Figure-3: The most-used botanical families.

analysis [22, 34]. The ICF values in this study ranged conditions (0.896), digestive tract parasites (0.887),
from 0.666 to 0.930, depending on the pathology lice-associated conditions (0.846), skin parasites
treated (Table-4). The condition with the highest level (0.841), and respiratory diseases (0.666). These high
of agreement among informants was genital–urinary ICF values indicate reasonable reliability in the use
parasites (0.930), followed by blood parasites of medicinal plant species by citizens [35]. Moreover,
(0.929), glandular conditions (0.909), dermatological they demonstrate the most significant agreement
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between medicinal plants and parasitic diseases preparation (6.7%) (Figure-4b). The predominant use
because the informants often utilized certain plant of the infusion form can be explained by the fact that
species to treat antiparasitic disorders. this technique allows the extraction of the greatest
Parts of plants used, method of preparation, and number of active principles and attenuates or cancels
routes of administration of recipes the toxic effects of specific traditional recipes. Several
Parts of plants used other ethnobotanical studies have shown that most
Our results showed that the foliage is the most- respondents prepared the remedies by infusion [22, 40].
used plant part, with a percentage of 46.4%, followed Method of administration
by whole plants (20.9%), bulbs (9.7%), fruits (7.5%), The route of administration is related to the type
rhizomes (5.7%), and seeds (3.8%). The least used of pathology to be treated and the form of preparation
parts are barks (2.2%), stems (0.5%), and flowers of the plants used. In general, the traditional recipes
(0.4%) (Figure-4a). We also found that other parts of prepared were administered through the oral route
plants, such as gels, juices, or latex, were used at a (56.4%), because it is the most straightforward, most
percentage of 2.9% in total. Thus, the leaves are the effective, and quickest route, followed by brushing
most-used plant organs in the preparation of reme- (22.8%), rinsing (19.1%), and massage in only 1.7%
dies in the Aflou region. Similar results indicated that of cases. Most ethnobotanical studies conducted in
leaves were the most dominant plant parts [36, 37]. Africa [41–43] agree with our results regarding the
This could be because the leaves are sites of photo- predominance of oral administration (Figure-4c).
chemical reactions [38] and are characterized by ease
and speed of harvesting [39]. The fight against over- Type of disease treated
grazing can be promoted by applying the technique The ethnobotanical investigation conducted in
of prohibiting plowing in pastoral areas. The census Aflou listed some parasitic diseases treated by medici-
of endangered plants and the encouragement of spe- nal plants, with the most frequent being (in descending
cialized state nurseries to produce plants and distrib- order): Parasites of the digestive tract and its annexes
ute them to environmental protection associations for (32.7%), cutaneous parasites (16.2%), dermatological
planting should be promoted. affections (13.6%), genital–urinary parasites (12.8%),
affections caused by lice (11.7%), and blood para-
Form of preparation sites (7.2%). The other diseases treated, such as respi-
The parts of antiparasitic plants in the study ratory and glandular disorders, did not exceed 3%
area were prepared in the form of infusion (38.8%), (Figure-4d). Diseases of the digestive tract were the
followed by decoction (27.4%), powder (11.8%), most widely treated by medicinal plants. These results
raw (6.9%), maceration (2.5%), and other forms of are similar to those reported in Africa [36, 44].

Stems Other Massage


Flowers Fruits Other
1% Other Seeds methods Oil 2%
0% 7% 0%
3% 4% Barks 7% 6% Swabbing
2% 23%
Aerial parts
Infusion Decoction
21%
39% 27%
Rhizome
6%
Macération Oral
2% 56%
Cloves
10%
Powder
Leaves Raw 12% Rinsing
46% 7% 19%
a b c

Dermatological
affection Skin parasite One day One week
Gland
13% 1% 8%
disorders 3% 16%
One month
Respiratory Genitourinary 1%
ailments 3% parasites
13%
Affections
by lice
12%

Until the
healing
Parasites of
90%
Blood the digestive
Parasites tract
7% 33%
d e
Figure-4: Antiparasitic medicinal plants and their different criteria; (a) Parts of plants used (b) Forms of treatment
preparations (c) Modes of administration (d) Diseases treated and (e) Duration of treatment.

Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 366


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Duration of treatment Publisher’s Note


The treatment duration varied according to the
Veterinary World remains neutral with regard
pathologies to be treated and the plants used. This dura-
to jurisdictional claims in published map and institu-
tion can be indefinite and will continue until the patient
tional affiliation.
is cured; thus, it can be limited to 1 day or will extend
to 1 week or even 1 month. Our results were similar to References
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