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    Telencephalon - General Organization

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    Mirko Belan
    The document provides detailed information about the organization and functional areas of the cerebral cortex. It describes: 1) How the cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres separated by the falx cerebri, and each hemisphere is further divided into lobes based on overlying cranial bones. 2) The folding of the cerebral cortex into gyri and sulci, with the pia mater following the brain tissue into the sulci and the arachnoid mater covering the gyri. 3) The major sulci such as the central sulcus of Rolando and lateral sulcus of Sylvius that help define the lobes and their boundaries. 4) The organization of functional areas

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    Telencephalon - General Organization

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    Mirko Belan
    18 views23 pages
    The document provides detailed information about the organization and functional areas of the cerebral cortex. It describes: 1) How the cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres separated by the falx cerebri, and each hemisphere is further divided into lobes based on overlying cranial bones. 2) The folding of the cerebral cortex into gyri and sulci, with the pia mater following the brain tissue into the sulci and the arachnoid mater covering the gyri. 3) The major sulci such as the central sulcus of Rolando and lateral sulcus of Sylvius that help define the lobes and their boundaries. 4) The organization of functional areas

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    The document provides detailed information about the organization and functional areas of the cerebral cortex. It describes: 1) How the cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres separated by the falx cerebri, and each hemisphere is further divided into lobes based on overlying cranial bones. 2) The folding of the cerebral cortex into gyri and sulci, with the pia mater following the brain tissue into the sulci and the arachnoid mater covering the gyri. 3) The major sulci such as the central sulcus of Rolando and lateral sulcus of Sylvius that help define the lobes and their boundaries. 4) The organization of functional areas

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as KEY, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as key, pdf, or txt
    18 views23 pages

    Telencephalon - General Organization

    Uploaded by

    Mirko Belan
    The document provides detailed information about the organization and functional areas of the cerebral cortex. It describes: 1) How the cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres separated by the falx cerebri, and each hemisphere is further divided into lobes based on overlying cranial bones. 2) The folding of the cerebral cortex into gyri and sulci, with the pia mater following the brain tissue into the sulci and the arachnoid mater covering the gyri. 3) The major sulci such as the central sulcus of Rolando and lateral sulcus of Sylvius that help define the lobes and their boundaries. 4) The organization of functional areas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as KEY, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as key, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Telencephalon - general organization.

    Functional organization of the cerebral


    cortex.

    Teaching assistant Marija Drakul, MD


    Laboratory class 2, Week 12th
    The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, spanning all three
    cranial fossae. Firstly, the cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres
    – a left and a right – by the falx cerebri (inferior projection of the
    dura mater containing the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses)
    along the longitudinal cerebral fissure. Each hemisphere can then be
    subdivided into lobes that are named according to the cranial bones
    under which they reside. The forebrain undergoes a significant
    amount of folding during development. This resulted in the surface
    of the cerebral cortices being arranged in a vast array of hills and
    valleys. The hills are known as gyri (lobules) and the valleys are the
    sulci (or fissures). It should be noted that the pia mater (inner most
    meningeal layer) is closely associated with the brain tissue and
    follows it into the sulci.
    Conversely, the arachnoid mater (middle meningeal layer) covers the
    gyri and covers over the sulci (without going into the depression).
    Sulci and lobes
    Knowledge of the sulci helps with the identification of the different lobes. The
    largest sulcus is the central sulcus of Rolando. It’s a midline structure that
    separates the frontal lobe (anteriorly located) from the parietal lobe.
    The lateral sulcus of Sylvius (or the Sylvian fissure) is an inferolateral sulcus that
    separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes (both of which are
    superior to the sulcus).
    The preoccipital notch is a posteroinferior point that demarcates the transition
    from the temporal lobe to the occipital lobe. An imaginary line from the
    preoccipital notch to the parieto-occipital sulcus also helps to define the boundary
    between the parietal and the occipital lobes. A horizontal imaginary line extending
    from the upper part of the Sylvian fissure to intersect the previously described line
    will also help in marking the transition from the parietal lobe to the temporal lobe.
    Telencephalon-lateral view
    Telencephalon-medial view
    Telencephalon-inferior view
    Telencephalon-horizontal section.
    White and gray matter
    organization.
    Frontal lobe
    The frontal lobe occupies the anterior cranial fossa. It is made up of four gyri –
    superior, middle, inferior and precentral – that are separated from each other by a
    superior frontal, an inferior frontal and a precentral sulcus. The superior frontal
    gyrus is cranial to the superior frontal sulcus.
    Below that sulcus is the middle frontal gyrus,while caudal to that is the inferior
    frontal sulcus and gyrus. All three gyri are anterior to the vertical precentral sulcus
    and gyrus (the gyrus is just anterior to the central sulcus of Rolando).
    The inferior frontal gyrus is further subdivided into three parts by the anterior and
    ascending rami of the lateral sulcus of Sylvius. Anterior to the anterior ramus is
    the pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus. Between the anterior ramus and the
    ascending ramus is the pars triangularis. Finally, posterior to the ascending ramus
    is the pars operculum, which is also bounded posteriorly by the Sylvian fissure’s
    posterior ramus.
    Parietal lobe
    The parietal lobe also has three gyri and two sulci. The central sulcus
    of Rolando is its anterior boundary of the postcentral gyrus. Posterior
    to the postcentral gyrus is the postcentral sulcus. An intraparietal
    sulcus (roughly perpendicular to the postcentral sulcus) travels toward
    the occipital lobe with the superior parietal lobule above and the
    inferior parietal lobule below. The latter is further subdivided into a
    supramarginal gyrus anteriorly and an angular gyrus posteriorly.
    The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, the precentral gyrus of the
    frontal lobe and the paracentral gyrus (in the medial surface of the
    brain) are collectively referred to as the central lobe of the brain.
    Temporal lobe
    The temporal lobe can be found in the middle cranial fossa. It has three gyri and
    two sulci. The superior temporal gyrus is just caudal to the Sylvian fissure, but
    cranial to the superior temporal sulcus. The middle temporal gyrus rests between
    the superior and inferior temporal sulci; while the inferior temporal gyrus is
    inferior to the latter sulcus.

    Occipital lobe
    The occipital lobe is the most posterior of the five lobes. It occupies the posterior
    cranial fossa and has several sulci in its substance. There is a small lateral
    projection of the calcarine sulcus, a transverse occipital sulcus and an inconstant
    lunate sulcus. The gyri of the occipital lobe are better appreciated when the
    cerebrum is viewed medially.

    Insula
    The insula (or island of Reil) is a deep cerebral lobe that has two sulci and two gyri.
    There is a short gyrus that is located anteriorly and a long gyrus posteriorly.
    Between both gyri is the central sulcus of the insula. A circular sulcus courses along
    the medial parts of the opercula of the frontal, parietal, orbital and temporal lobes.
    A sagittal section along the longitudinal cerebral fissure reveals the medial surface of
    the cerebrum. Additional gyri and sulci of the previously mentioned lobes can be better
    appreciated in this view.
    Sulci and gyri
    Inferior to the genu of the corpus callosum and anterior to the lamina terminalis of the
    hypothalamus is the subcallosal gyrus. The cingulate gyrus commences just anterior to the
    parolfactory area (inferior to the genu of the corpus callosum) and follows the contour of
    the commissural body and the callosal sulcus. The cingulate sulcus is superior to the
    cingulate gyrus and separates it from the medial frontal gyrus.
    The medial frontal gyrus is limited posteriorly by the paracentral sulcus. Posterior to the
    paracentral lobule (which is behind the paracentral sulcus and contains a small medial
    projection of the central sulcus of Rolando), the cingulate sulcus courses superiorly and
    becomes the marginal sulcus. The lobule just posterior to the marginal sulcus is the
    precuneus. It is separated posteriorly from the cuneus by the parieto-occipital sulcus.
    The calcarine sulcus travels horizontally from the occipital pole to meet the parieto-
    occipital sulcus just posterior to the venous junction of the great vein of Galen and the
    straight sinus. Inferior to the calcarine sulcus is the lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe, which
    rests on the cerebral surface of the tentorium cerebelli (roughly horizontal projection of the
    dura mater).
    The cerebral cortex
    and brain lobes,
    including
    important sulci and
    gyri
    Medial view of the brain cortex
    Inferior view of the brain
    cortex
    Lateral view
    Central sulcus of Rolando
    Lateral sulcus of Sylvius
    Parieto-occipital sulcus
    Frontal lobe
    Superior/Middle/Inferior frontal gyri & sulci
    Precentral sulcus & gyrus
    Temporal lobe
    Superior/Middle/Inferior temporal gyri & sulci
    Parietal lobe
    Postcentral sulcus & gyrus
    Intraparietal sulcus
    Superior/Inferior parietal lobules Key
    Supramarginal gyrus
    Angular gyrus facts!
    Insula
    Short gyrus
    Long gyrus
    Central sulcus of the insula
    Circular sulcus
    Occipital lobe
    Calcarine sulcus
    Transverse occipital sulcus
    Lunate sulcus
    Medial view
    Subcallosal gyrus
    Cingulate gyrus
    Callosal sulcus
    Cingulate sulcus
    Medial frontal gyrus
    Marginal sulcus
    Precuneus
    Cuneus
    Calcarine sulcus
    Lingual sulcus
    Inferior view
    Frontal lobe
    Rectus gyrus
    Olfactory sulcus Key
    Orbital sulci & gyri
    Temporal lobe
    Uncus
    facts!
    Parahippocampal gyrus
    Rhinal sulcus
    Medial occipitotemporal gyrus
    Collateral sulcus
    Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus
    Occipitotemporal sulcus
    Function
    The cerebral cortex is organized into different functional areas/units that process various stimuli and are
    responsible for specific brain functions including sensory, motor and higher intellectual functions. Its
    neurons receive input from several subcortical structures conveyed by the thalamus as well as from
    other cortical regions via association fibers. Neuronal fibers from the cerebral cortex, in turn, project to
    several structures in the central nervous system including other cortical areas, the thalamus, basal
    nuclei, brainstem nuclei, pontine nuclei, cerebellum and spinal cord. These functional areas are located
    in the various lobes of the cerebral cortex.
    The frontal lobe contains the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex (Brodmann
    area 6), Broca’s area (Brodmann areas 44 and 45, inferior frontal gyrus). This lobe is responsible for
    the control of voluntary movement, and is involved in attention, short term memory tasks, motivation,
    planning and also contributes to personality traits.
    The parietal lobe is responsible for integrating proprioceptive and mechanoceptive stimuli, and also
    plays a role in language processing. It contains the primary somatosensory cortex (Brodmann areas
    3,2,1), somatosensory association cortex (Brodmann areas 5, 7), and the inferior parietal lobule which
    forms part of the Wernicke’s area.
    The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex (Brodmann Area 17) and is the center for visual
    processing (calcarine sulcus, part of cuneus and lingual gyrus).
    The temporal lobe is involved in decoding sensory input into derived meanings for retention of visual
    memory and language comprehension. It contains the primary auditory cortex ( superior temporal
    gyrus) and Wernicke's area.
    The insular cortex plays a role in the processing and integration of taste sensation, visceral and pain
    sensation and vestibular functions.
    The limbic lobe contains areas that are concerned with the modulation of emotions, modulation of
    visceral and autonomic functions, learning, and memory.
    Motor and sensory cortical
    homunculi
    This image shows a
    coronal section of the
    brain through the
    precentral gyrus and the
    postcentral gyrus.
    The motor
    homunculus (superior
    image) represents the
    topographic map of the
    motor innervation of the
    body. Note that the body
    parts of the homunculus
    are not proportional to the
    real body parts. This is
    because the amount of
    cortex dedicated to each
    body part is proportional
    to the intricacy and
    complexity of the motor
    function of each body part.
    The sensory
    homunculus (inferior
    image) is a topographic
    distribution of the
    somatosensory
    innervation of different
    body parts. Again the area
    BA 44 and 45: Broca’s speech and language area (located in dominant
    hemisphere)
    BA 17: Primary visual cortex (striate cortex)
    BA 18: Secondary visual cortex
    BA 19: Associative visual cortex
    BA 41 & 42: Primary auditory
    cortex
    Laboratory class 2-THE
    END!

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